Exam #2 - Speech
What might specific-purpose statement for a HOW-TO speech say?
"At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to use the principles of feng shui to select wall colors."
What might the specific purpose of an ENTERTAINING speech be?
"At the end of my speech, the audience will laugh and applaud"
What might a specific-purpose statement for a PERSUASIVE speech say?
"at the end of my speech, the audience will be able to explain why the United States should ban texting while driving"
Define Antithesis
"opposition". In language style, a sentence that has two parts with parallel structures but contrasting meanings
What are the six criteria for evaluating internet resources?
accountability, accuracy, objectivity, timeliness, usability, diversity
Define Mapping
clustering- write the main ideas, sub points, and supporting material for the speech and then use shapes and arrows to indicate the relationships among them
Define Statistics
collecting and analyzing numerical data
What are the three guidelines for selecting a topic?
consider the audience, consider the occasion, consider yourself
What should be your first research goal?
creating a list of promising resources
Should the central idea be a declarative sentence, phrase, clause, or a question?
declarative sentence
Define Hypothetical illustration
describes situations or events that have not actually occurred
Define Main Ideas
detailed points of focus that help you develop your central idea
What are three things you should do while preparing for an interview?
determine your purpose, schedule the interview, plan your questions
What are the five strategies for a methodical research process?
develop a preliminary bibliography, locate potential resources, evaluate their usefulness of resources, take notes, identify possible presentation aids
Define Figure of Speech
deviates from the ordinary, expected meanings of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable
Define Concise
does not necessarily mean "short"; rather it means "succinct" or "to the point"
Define Problem-solution organization
emphasize on how best to solve a problem
Define Operational definition
explaining how something works or why it does
What are the five important functions that a speaker must perform in order to have a good introduction?
get the audience's attention, give the audience a reason to listen, introduce the subject, establish your credibility, preview your main ideas
What did Mark Twain do wrong while speaking at the 75th birthday celebration for John Whittier.
his topic was not appropriate for the occasion
What are some good methods for introducing a speech?
illustrations or anecdotes, startling facts or statistics, quotations, humor, questions, references to historical or recent events, personal references, references to the occasion, references to preceding speeches
List seven types of supporting material.
illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, statistics, opinions
How long should you allow between selecting a topic and delivering a speech that will last less than ten minutes?
one week
What are the three differences between oral and written language styles?
oral is more personal than written, less formal than written, more repetitive than written
Define Chronological organization
organization by time
Define Signposts
organizational cues for your audience
Define Complexity
organize your speech to progress from simple to complicated
Define Topical organization
organizing your speech by topics
What type of speaker was the MADD speaker at your high-school who urged you not to drink and drive?
persuasive
Define Definition by classification
places a term in the general class, group, or family to which it belongs and differentiates it from all other members of that class
Define Suspension
placing a key word or phrase at the end of a sentence rather than at the beginning
List two types of speech outlines.
preparation outline, speaking notes
What are the two basic types of interview questions?
closed-ended, open-ended
Define Explanation
a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists/existed
Define Illustration
a story or anecdote that almost always guarantees audience interest by appealing to their emotions
Define Boolean search
Allows you to enclose phrases in quotation marks or parentheses so that a search yields only those sites on which all words of the phrase appear in that order. Also, allows "AND" or "+" between words and allows you to restrict dates of when the documents were posted
Define Omission
Leaving out a word or phrase that the audience expects to hear
Define Extended illustration
Longer and more detailed than a brief illustration, resembles a story. It has a plot - an opening, complications, climax, and a resolution.
List five potential sources of supporting material for a speech.
Personal knowledge and experience, the internet, online databases, traditional library holdings, interviews
Define Transition
a verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker has finished discussing one idea and is moving to another
What guidelines will help you prepare your statement of purpose?
Use words that refer to observable or measurable behavior, limit the specific purpose to a single idea, make sure your specific purpose reflects the interests, expectations, and knowledge level of your audience
Which typically comes first, an open-ended or closed-ended question?
closed-ended
Define Vertical search engine
a Web site that indexes World Wide Web information in a specific field
Define Nonverbal transition
a change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, or movement all may indicate the transition.
Define Analogy
a comparison
Define Literal analogy
a comparison between two similar things
Define Ladder of abstraction
a concept or model showing the development of a thought or language from abstract to concrete
Define Simile
a direct comparison that includes the word "like" or "as"
Define Preparation outline
a precursor to your speech outline
Define Rhetorical question
a question that you ask without expecting an answer
Define Summary
a recap of what has been said
Define Speaking notes
a shorter outline that you will use when you deliver your speech
Define Cause-and-effect organization
a speech organized by situation and then discuss the effects or vise versa
Define Preview
a statement of what is to come
Define Initial preview
a statement of what the main ideas of the speech will be
Define Blueprint
a statement of your central idea plus a preview of your main ideas
Define Central Idea
also known as thesis, states in one sentence what your speech is about
Define Anecdote
an illustration, an interesting or amusing short story
Define Metaphor
an implied comparison of two things or concepts that are similar in some virtual way
Define Ethnic vernacular
an informal combination of multiple languages, such as "Spanglish"
Define Expert testimony
an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on the subject under discussion
Define Literary quotation
an opinion or description by a writer, expressed in a memorable or often poetic way
Define Lay testimony
an opinion or description offered by a non-expert who has first hand experience
Define Cliché
an overused expression that has become meaningless and perhaps even irritating
Define Brief illustration
an unelaborated example that is often no longer than a sentence or two
List a few methods that can be used for an effective conclusion.
any methods of the methods suggested for an introduction, refer to the introduction of your speech, issue an inspirational appeal or challenge
Define Spatial organization
arranging ideas according to their location or direction
In standard outline form, how many subpoints should you use?
at least two
What does the purpose statement focus on?
audience behavior
How can you establish your credibility early in a speech?
be well prepared, appear confident, tell the audience of your personal experience on the topic
List five supporting material that the library resources may include.
books, periodicals, online data bases, newspapers, reference resources
What are the three strategies for selecting a topic?
brainstorming, listening and reading for topic ideas, scanning web directories
How are stacks organized?
by call numbers
How can you integrate supporting material into a speech when the five standard organizational patterns don't seem suited for your material?
by using one of these five strategies: primacy, regency, specificity, complexity, soft to hard evidence
List six types of signposts.
initial previews, internal previews, verbal transitions, nonverbal transitions, final summaries, internal summaries
Define Internal preview
introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses
What are the two purposes that an effective conclusion will serve?
it will summarize the speech and provide closure
Define Standard outline form
lets you see at a glance the exact relationships among various main ideas, sub points, and supporting material in your speech
Define Stacks
libraries' collections of books
Define Preliminary bibliography
list of promising potential resources
List six criteria for determining the best supporting material.
magnitude, proximity, concreteness, variety, humor, suitability
What are three types of memorable word structures that can create figurative imagery?
metaphors, similes, personification
Define Primacy
most important point first
Define Recency
most important point lasrt
Can print reference resources usually be checked out of the library?
no
Define Internal summary
occurs within the body of a speech; it restates the ideas that have been developed up to that point
Where can you find call numbers?
on card-catalog entries
Should the central idea be a be one or two ideas?
one
Define Online databases
provide access to bibliographic information, abstracts, and full texts for a variety of sources. Most are restricted to patrons of libraries that subscribe to them
Define Description
provides the details that allow audience members to develop mental images of what a speaker is talking about
List the order that a sample preparation outline should go in.
purpose, introduction, central idea, preview, body outline, conclusion, reverences
Define Figurative analogy
relies on imaginative insights. For example comparing two paintings to the to the choice between harmony and conflict
Define Verbal transition
repeating a key word from an earlier statement or using a synonym or pronoun that refers to an earlier keyword or idea to make one sentence flow smoothly into the next sentence.
List four ways to use word structures with cadence.
repetition, parallelism, antithesis, alliteration
Define Final summary
restates the main ideas of a speech and gives an audience their last exposure to those ideas
Define Inversion
reversing the normal word order of a phrase or sentence
Define Cadence
rhythm of the speech
What are the first four steps in preparing your speech?
select and narrow your topic, determine your purpose, develop your central idea, generate your main ideas
What is an alternative to selecting a topic which you are already familiar with?
selecting one that you would like to know more about
List four ways to use word structures with drama.
short sentence, omission, inversion, suspension
Should your main ideas run from complex-to-simple or simple-to-complex?
simple to complex
Define Reference librarians.
specialists in the field of information science
Define Behavioral Objective
specify the behavior that you seek from the audience
Define Definition
statements of what terms mean or how they're applied in instances
Define Hard evidence
supporting material includes factual examples and statistics
Define Soft evidence
supporting material rests on opinion or inference
Define Opinions
testimony or quotations that express someone's attitudes, beliefs, or values
In a library's card catalog, what does the prefix 'ref' indicate?
that they are house in the reference section of the library
Define Personification
the attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas
Define Specific Purpose
the concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do when you finish speaking
What does the central idea focus on?
the content of the speech
Define World Wide Web
the internet's primary delivery system
Define Standard American English (SAE)
the language taught by schools and used in the media, business, and government in the United States. It conforms to a standard that most speakers of U.S. English will readily understand
Define Denotation
the literal meaning of a word, the definition that you would find in a dictionary
Define Connotation
the meaning we associate with a word, based on our experiences, usually not found in the dictionary
What do audience-centered speakers consider during their entire speech preparation process?
the needs, interests, and expectations of their audience
Define Primary source
the original collector and interpreter of the data
Define General Purpose
the overarching goal, such as, to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
Define Alliteration
the repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence
Define Secondary source
the secondhand account
Define Jargon
the specialized language of your profession or hobby
Define Domain
the type of site you found is indicated by the last three letters of the site's URL. For example .com or .org
What are informative speakers trying to increase?
their listeners' knowledge
What are the best public-speaking topics?
those that reflect your personal experience or especially interest you
How many parts does every speech have?
three
Define Closure
to cue the audience that the speech is coming to an end by making it "sound finished"
What are five patterns for organizing the main ideas of a speech?
topical, chronological, spatial, casual, problem-solution
How can you adapt your language style to diverse listeners?
use language your audience can understand, use appropriate language, use unbiased language
Define Crisis rhetoric
use of a metaphor or simile in times that are especially momentous or overwhelming
List a few guidelines that can help you analyze and use statistics effectively and correctly.
use reputable resources, use authoritative sources, use unbiased sources, interpret statistics accurately, make your statistics understandable and memorable, round off numbers, use visual aids
List four ways to use words effectively.
use specific, concrete words; use simple respectful, unbiased words; use words correctly; eliminate unnecessary words and phrases
Define Repetition
using a key word or phase more than once
Define Parallelism
using different words but the identical grammar patterns such as, "We are enriched", "We are governed", "We are defined"
Define Regionalism
words or phrases that are specific to one part of the country but rarely used in quite the same way in other places
Define Brainstorming
writing down as many possible topics for your speech as you can with-in a certain time period
What should everything you do while preparing your speech contribute to?
your specific purpose