Exam #2 - Speech

What might specific-purpose statement for a HOW-TO speech say?

"At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to use the principles of feng shui to select wall colors."

What might the specific purpose of an ENTERTAINING speech be?

"At the end of my speech, the audience will laugh and applaud"

What might a specific-purpose statement for a PERSUASIVE speech say?

"at the end of my speech, the audience will be able to explain why the United States should ban texting while driving"

Define Antithesis

"opposition". In language style, a sentence that has two parts with parallel structures but contrasting meanings

What are the six criteria for evaluating internet resources?

accountability, accuracy, objectivity, timeliness, usability, diversity

Define Mapping

clustering- write the main ideas, sub points, and supporting material for the speech and then use shapes and arrows to indicate the relationships among them

Define Statistics

collecting and analyzing numerical data

What are the three guidelines for selecting a topic?

consider the audience, consider the occasion, consider yourself

What should be your first research goal?

creating a list of promising resources

Should the central idea be a declarative sentence, phrase, clause, or a question?

declarative sentence

Define Hypothetical illustration

describes situations or events that have not actually occurred

Define Main Ideas

detailed points of focus that help you develop your central idea

What are three things you should do while preparing for an interview?

determine your purpose, schedule the interview, plan your questions

What are the five strategies for a methodical research process?

develop a preliminary bibliography, locate potential resources, evaluate their usefulness of resources, take notes, identify possible presentation aids

Define Figure of Speech

deviates from the ordinary, expected meanings of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable

Define Concise

does not necessarily mean "short"; rather it means "succinct" or "to the point"

Define Problem-solution organization

emphasize on how best to solve a problem

Define Operational definition

explaining how something works or why it does

What are the five important functions that a speaker must perform in order to have a good introduction?

get the audience's attention, give the audience a reason to listen, introduce the subject, establish your credibility, preview your main ideas

What did Mark Twain do wrong while speaking at the 75th birthday celebration for John Whittier.

his topic was not appropriate for the occasion

What are some good methods for introducing a speech?

illustrations or anecdotes, startling facts or statistics, quotations, humor, questions, references to historical or recent events, personal references, references to the occasion, references to preceding speeches

List seven types of supporting material.

illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, statistics, opinions

How long should you allow between selecting a topic and delivering a speech that will last less than ten minutes?

one week

What are the three differences between oral and written language styles?

oral is more personal than written, less formal than written, more repetitive than written

Define Chronological organization

organization by time

Define Signposts

organizational cues for your audience

Define Complexity

organize your speech to progress from simple to complicated

Define Topical organization

organizing your speech by topics

What type of speaker was the MADD speaker at your high-school who urged you not to drink and drive?

persuasive

Define Definition by classification

places a term in the general class, group, or family to which it belongs and differentiates it from all other members of that class

Define Suspension

placing a key word or phrase at the end of a sentence rather than at the beginning

List two types of speech outlines.

preparation outline, speaking notes

What are the two basic types of interview questions?

closed-ended, open-ended

Define Explanation

a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists/existed

Define Illustration

a story or anecdote that almost always guarantees audience interest by appealing to their emotions

Define Boolean search

Allows you to enclose phrases in quotation marks or parentheses so that a search yields only those sites on which all words of the phrase appear in that order. Also, allows "AND" or "+" between words and allows you to restrict dates of when the documents were posted

Define Omission

Leaving out a word or phrase that the audience expects to hear

Define Extended illustration

Longer and more detailed than a brief illustration, resembles a story. It has a plot - an opening, complications, climax, and a resolution.

List five potential sources of supporting material for a speech.

Personal knowledge and experience, the internet, online databases, traditional library holdings, interviews

Define Transition

a verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker has finished discussing one idea and is moving to another

What guidelines will help you prepare your statement of purpose?

Use words that refer to observable or measurable behavior, limit the specific purpose to a single idea, make sure your specific purpose reflects the interests, expectations, and knowledge level of your audience

Which typically comes first, an open-ended or closed-ended question?

closed-ended

Define Vertical search engine

a Web site that indexes World Wide Web information in a specific field

Define Nonverbal transition

a change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, or movement all may indicate the transition.

Define Analogy

a comparison

Define Literal analogy

a comparison between two similar things

Define Ladder of abstraction

a concept or model showing the development of a thought or language from abstract to concrete

Define Simile

a direct comparison that includes the word "like" or "as"

Define Preparation outline

a precursor to your speech outline

Define Rhetorical question

a question that you ask without expecting an answer

Define Summary

a recap of what has been said

Define Speaking notes

a shorter outline that you will use when you deliver your speech

Define Cause-and-effect organization

a speech organized by situation and then discuss the effects or vise versa

Define Preview

a statement of what is to come

Define Initial preview

a statement of what the main ideas of the speech will be

Define Blueprint

a statement of your central idea plus a preview of your main ideas

Define Central Idea

also known as thesis, states in one sentence what your speech is about

Define Anecdote

an illustration, an interesting or amusing short story

Define Metaphor

an implied comparison of two things or concepts that are similar in some virtual way

Define Ethnic vernacular

an informal combination of multiple languages, such as "Spanglish"

Define Expert testimony

an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on the subject under discussion

Define Literary quotation

an opinion or description by a writer, expressed in a memorable or often poetic way

Define Lay testimony

an opinion or description offered by a non-expert who has first hand experience

Define Cliché

an overused expression that has become meaningless and perhaps even irritating

Define Brief illustration

an unelaborated example that is often no longer than a sentence or two

List a few methods that can be used for an effective conclusion.

any methods of the methods suggested for an introduction, refer to the introduction of your speech, issue an inspirational appeal or challenge

Define Spatial organization

arranging ideas according to their location or direction

In standard outline form, how many subpoints should you use?

at least two

What does the purpose statement focus on?

audience behavior

How can you establish your credibility early in a speech?

be well prepared, appear confident, tell the audience of your personal experience on the topic

List five supporting material that the library resources may include.

books, periodicals, online data bases, newspapers, reference resources

What are the three strategies for selecting a topic?

brainstorming, listening and reading for topic ideas, scanning web directories

How are stacks organized?

by call numbers

How can you integrate supporting material into a speech when the five standard organizational patterns don't seem suited for your material?

by using one of these five strategies: primacy, regency, specificity, complexity, soft to hard evidence

List six types of signposts.

initial previews, internal previews, verbal transitions, nonverbal transitions, final summaries, internal summaries

Define Internal preview

introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses

What are the two purposes that an effective conclusion will serve?

it will summarize the speech and provide closure

Define Standard outline form

lets you see at a glance the exact relationships among various main ideas, sub points, and supporting material in your speech

Define Stacks

libraries' collections of books

Define Preliminary bibliography

list of promising potential resources

List six criteria for determining the best supporting material.

magnitude, proximity, concreteness, variety, humor, suitability

What are three types of memorable word structures that can create figurative imagery?

metaphors, similes, personification

Define Primacy

most important point first

Define Recency

most important point lasrt

Can print reference resources usually be checked out of the library?

no

Define Internal summary

occurs within the body of a speech; it restates the ideas that have been developed up to that point

Where can you find call numbers?

on card-catalog entries

Should the central idea be a be one or two ideas?

one

Define Online databases

provide access to bibliographic information, abstracts, and full texts for a variety of sources. Most are restricted to patrons of libraries that subscribe to them

Define Description

provides the details that allow audience members to develop mental images of what a speaker is talking about

List the order that a sample preparation outline should go in.

purpose, introduction, central idea, preview, body outline, conclusion, reverences

Define Figurative analogy

relies on imaginative insights. For example comparing two paintings to the to the choice between harmony and conflict

Define Verbal transition

repeating a key word from an earlier statement or using a synonym or pronoun that refers to an earlier keyword or idea to make one sentence flow smoothly into the next sentence.

List four ways to use word structures with cadence.

repetition, parallelism, antithesis, alliteration

Define Final summary

restates the main ideas of a speech and gives an audience their last exposure to those ideas

Define Inversion

reversing the normal word order of a phrase or sentence

Define Cadence

rhythm of the speech

What are the first four steps in preparing your speech?

select and narrow your topic, determine your purpose, develop your central idea, generate your main ideas

What is an alternative to selecting a topic which you are already familiar with?

selecting one that you would like to know more about

List four ways to use word structures with drama.

short sentence, omission, inversion, suspension

Should your main ideas run from complex-to-simple or simple-to-complex?

simple to complex

Define Reference librarians.

specialists in the field of information science

Define Behavioral Objective

specify the behavior that you seek from the audience

Define Definition

statements of what terms mean or how they're applied in instances

Define Hard evidence

supporting material includes factual examples and statistics

Define Soft evidence

supporting material rests on opinion or inference

Define Opinions

testimony or quotations that express someone's attitudes, beliefs, or values

In a library's card catalog, what does the prefix 'ref' indicate?

that they are house in the reference section of the library

Define Personification

the attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas

Define Specific Purpose

the concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do when you finish speaking

What does the central idea focus on?

the content of the speech

Define World Wide Web

the internet's primary delivery system

Define Standard American English (SAE)

the language taught by schools and used in the media, business, and government in the United States. It conforms to a standard that most speakers of U.S. English will readily understand

Define Denotation

the literal meaning of a word, the definition that you would find in a dictionary

Define Connotation

the meaning we associate with a word, based on our experiences, usually not found in the dictionary

What do audience-centered speakers consider during their entire speech preparation process?

the needs, interests, and expectations of their audience

Define Primary source

the original collector and interpreter of the data

Define General Purpose

the overarching goal, such as, to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

Define Alliteration

the repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence

Define Secondary source

the secondhand account

Define Jargon

the specialized language of your profession or hobby

Define Domain

the type of site you found is indicated by the last three letters of the site's URL. For example .com or .org

What are informative speakers trying to increase?

their listeners' knowledge

What are the best public-speaking topics?

those that reflect your personal experience or especially interest you

How many parts does every speech have?

three

Define Closure

to cue the audience that the speech is coming to an end by making it "sound finished"

What are five patterns for organizing the main ideas of a speech?

topical, chronological, spatial, casual, problem-solution

How can you adapt your language style to diverse listeners?

use language your audience can understand, use appropriate language, use unbiased language

Define Crisis rhetoric

use of a metaphor or simile in times that are especially momentous or overwhelming

List a few guidelines that can help you analyze and use statistics effectively and correctly.

use reputable resources, use authoritative sources, use unbiased sources, interpret statistics accurately, make your statistics understandable and memorable, round off numbers, use visual aids

List four ways to use words effectively.

use specific, concrete words; use simple respectful, unbiased words; use words correctly; eliminate unnecessary words and phrases

Define Repetition

using a key word or phase more than once

Define Parallelism

using different words but the identical grammar patterns such as, "We are enriched", "We are governed", "We are defined"

Define Regionalism

words or phrases that are specific to one part of the country but rarely used in quite the same way in other places

Define Brainstorming

writing down as many possible topics for your speech as you can with-in a certain time period

What should everything you do while preparing your speech contribute to?

your specific purpose