Exam 3

Google scholar metrics

- provide an easy way for authors to quickly gauge the visibility and influence of recent articles in scholarly publications - Scholar Metrics summarize recent citations to many publications, to help authors as they consider where to publish their new research

Basic steps in initiating the development of a questionnaire

1. A questionnaire or survey study instrument is a tool for systematically gathering information from study participants 2. a. sample size is important in that to big waste recources and to small makes the study invalid.

Importance of tables, figures, and photographs

1. All of these are an integral part of a well-written scientific paper, not an adjunct. 2. The bulk of the detailed information in a paper is typically presented in its tables. 3. Many of the descriptions and basic concepts are presented in figures. 4. Figures are often the best means of presenting scientific data. 5. Poor or repeating information can confuse the reader or clutter the manuscript

ranked questions

1. Answers on a scale/ranked 2. Example: Strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree

Purpose of a primary target journal

1. Authors should choose a primary target journal early in the writing process and allows you to tailor your writing for the format required for that journal. 2. a. Submitting a manuscript to an unsuitable journal is one of the most common mistakes made by authors

Key content & purpose of the introduction

1. Biggest rule is do not begin introduction until you have a detailed outline of what you want to cover. 2. This introduces specific vocabulary, concepts, important literature and important past critical and pivotal events necessary. 3. Main function is to educate your readers so that they can understand your research project and what you want to tell them.

Common vs specific knowledge

1. Common Knowledge is known by everyone or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community (Scientific or medical) in which the term is used. 2. Specific Knowledge is statistic or results from a study and must be cited

major events that occur during the 'transition from writing to submission' phase

1. If it has not been published then it is not contributing to advancing knowledge in their discipline. if research has not been published then it is as if the work was never done. 2. Manuscripts should be formatted and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal as soon as the co-authors agree that the project is complete and all of the data has been analyzed

Define the Aim/Scope of a journal

1. It is crucial for authors to consider when choosing a potential target journal is the fit of your research topic with the aims, scope and audience of the journal. 2. Some journals have a very narrow focus on what they publish while other journals have a broad focus.

List the purpose and function of tables and figures

1. Many of the descriptions and basic concepts, key natural trends, key discoveries, and some of the conclusions are presented in figures. 2. The bulk of the detailed information in a paper is typically presented in its tables. 3. Both tables and figures are used to support conclusions or illustrate concepts, but they have essential differences in purpose.

factors that can delay or expedite the writing and submission process

1. Procrastination 2. Formatting manuscript properly 3. Sending out your best on the first try

Steps involved in the Preliminary review

1. Submit Manuscript, Editor can either reject without review or send to external peer review. 2. They will either reject it, accept it or ask for revisions. 3. New submissions go through an in-house quality control check to ensure adherence to our policies and requirements.

Validity

1. The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure 2. Content validity: This is related to our ability to create questions that reflect the issue we are researching and make sure that key related subjects are not excluded. 3. Internal validity: This asks whether the questions we pose can really explain the outcome we want to research.

criteria that often lead to rejection

1. The manuscript contains fundamental errors that cannot be rectified through author revisions 2. There are serious concerns about ethical issues in the manuscript that cannot be rectified through author revisions 3. The authors are unwilling or unable to address my concerns sufficiently to make this manuscript suitable for publication

commentary article

1. These seek to provide a critical/alternative viewpoint on a key issue of interest to a large number of scientists. 2. These narrowly focused articles are usually commissioned by the journal.

Responsibilities of the reviewers for manuscript publications

1. They will give back expert constructive feedback about a draft report submitted for publication. 2. The responsibility of the reviewer is to identify weaknesses in the manuscript & asking authors to carefully think about the areas of the paper to fix.

Strategies listed for successfully writing in the medical/health sciences field

1. Use outlines, visuals , don't overkill point (state it and support it), generous with transitions, avoid equivocal language, don't avoid significant issues which apply to the project, Avoid unsupported arguments, don't assume reader is familiar with subject, and Carefully review, edit, and proofread. 2. Join journal club, join writing climb, get feedback from others, Practice reviewing articles.

anonymity and explain how it should be used when developing surveys

1. When anonymity is important, avoid asking questions that could allow the participant's identity to be determined based on his/her responses 2. Anonymity protects the participants and allows them to provide honest answers to sensitive questions.

1When do you provide citations and when do you not?

1. You provide citations when are summarizing someone elses work into your own however you can not state what the said directly. Just summarize into your own words. 2. Try not to cite old papers or use the same citation over and over. 3. You cite every time you use specific knowledge and found it on someone else's work.

Falsification

1. a form of deception that involves presenting false, fabricated information as though it were true

Google Scholar

1. a freely accessible search engine that provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature 2. Pro: you can immediately get scholarly articles on just about any scientific and medical topic 2. Con: is most of the citations are 6-10 years old

writers block

1. a sense of "stuckness" when trying to write 2. lack the creative spark to begin to build a momentum for writing that section

systematic reviews

1. a. randomized controlled trials are key in the practice of evidence-based medicine, and a review of existing studies. 2. They are use predetermined and comprehensive searching and screening method to identify relevant articles to take away biases.

Reliability

1. consistency of measurement 2. a. refers to the repeatability of findings. Reliability also applies to individual measures. When people take a vocabulary test two times, their scores on the two occasions should be very similar.

Key Content of Discussion

1. discussion/interpretation of the results and major findings. 2. You can use outside published sources for support and should include main findings, how it relates to previous research, policys and implications, and strengths & limitations of study

purpose and benefit of editorial assignments and peer review

1. external peer review can lead to three possible results: rejection, an opportunity to revise and resubmit (R&R), or acceptance. 2. Some journals allow just the Editor to be the peer reviewer especially if that's their field 3. Most journals average about 3 external reviewers for each article submitted 4. Peer review in all its forms plays an important role in ensuring the integrity of the scholarly record

criteria your manuscripts should possess when selecting a primary journal

1. fit with aim and scope 2. meets the needs of the readers 3. meets the criteria of acceptable paper 'styles' of the journal

randomized-control trial

1. has a treatment group and a control group; the treatment group receives the treatment under investigation and the control group either receives no treatment, a placebo, or the current standard of care 2. The researcher randomly assigns study subjects to conditions

fake impact factors

1. impact factor (IF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal 2. Fake impact factors are produced by companies not affiliated with Thomson Reuters. These are often used by predatory publishers. The Journal Impact Factor metric is a trademark of the Thomson Reuters company.

Cross-Sectional surveys

1. measure risk factors and the presence or absence of a disease at the same time 2. The advantage is is to prove and/or disprove assumptions. 3. It is not costly to perform, does not require a lot of time, and can capture a specific point in time.

Confounding Variables (CV)

1. might influence the relationship between key exposure and outcomes. These are called Potential Confounders. 2. is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable causing a spurious association.

Factors when selecting a target journal

1. most important factors in selecting a target journal depend on your publishing goals; 2. it may be most important to select a journal with: a high impact factor, fast publishing time, or a specific target audience.

Transitioning from research to the writing

1. often intimidating and difficult to begin and often put off for later time often never completed. 2. Some authors will sit down an crank it out in a single burst while others will have high motivation followed by periods of low motivation or even periods.

predatory journals

1. take money from researchers to publish articles and solicit grad students 2. Predatory journals exhibit questionable marketing schemes, follow lax or non-existent peer-review procedures and fail to provide scientific rigor or transparency.

Key content & purpose of the materials & methods

1. talks about the materials, methods and techniques used in the study. 2. Key is to always use the specific journal's format in this section. 3. Remember when doing this section, you are writing so others can follow the exact methods and techniques you used.

Bibliography

1. the written list of all the books used in a report or book 2. A bibliography is NOT a literature cited section and has different function than one

null vs alternative hypothesis

A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables. It is usually the hypothesis a researcher or experimenter will try to disprove or discredit. 2. alternative hypothesis is one that states there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables.

steps when given the opportunity to revise and resubmit

Author needs to give two documents 1. An edited version of the manuscript 2. A file providing a response to each and every reviewer comment

double-barrel question

Avoiding multiple question-questions ("double barrel" questions that actually address multiple issues and require more than one answer)

steps for testing a hypothesis

Step 1: State the Null Hypothesis Step 2: State the Alternative Hypothesis HA: treatment level means not all equal Step 3: Set α (0.05) Step 4: Collect Data Step 5: Calculate a test statistic Step 6: Construct Acceptance / Rejection regions Step 7: Based on steps 5 and 6, draw a conclusion about H0

rejected without review

The authors should be prepared to identify a different target journal that might be a better fit beause there target journal wasn't the right fit for their project

corresponding author and list the responsibilities

The one individual who takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during the manuscript submission, peer review, and publication process, and typically ensures that all the journal's administrative requirements.

polar-survey question

Yes-no question. ... In linguistics, a yes-no question, formally known as a polar question, is a question whose expected answer is either "yes" or "no".

common reasons for manuscript rejection

a. It fails the technical screening b. It does not fall within the Aims and Scope. c. It's incomplete. d. The procedures and/or analysis of the data is seen to be defective. e. The conclusions cannot be justified on the basis of the rest of the paper. f. It's simply a small extension of a different paper, often from the same authors. g. It's incomprehensible. h. It's boring.

personal benefits of publishing scientific advances

a. To help improve writing and research skills b. To experience the scholarly publication process c. To connect with professors and researchers d. To display leadership and initiative e. To inform a future career path f. It can alsk enhance resume, support the author in that community, Reinforces that the author(s) are capable of following a project, perminant record, improve job opportunities.

Who should the research consult with for development of a questionnaire

a. carefully crafted for a specific purpose, wording for each question is crucial, should consult with a statistician.

purpose of the preliminary review

decides whether to send the manuscript to external peer reviewers

Who conducts the Preliminary review

journal's editorial staff & Academic Editor