Exam 3

*Cuius regional's, emus religio

"whose region, his religion

*the Council of Trent

-Called by *Pope Paul III to address issues of reform, met sporadically from 1545-1563

Battle of Kappel

-During the early 1530s , tensions between Catholic and Protestant territories in Switzerland lead to open war -1531: Zwingli is killed in battle between Swiss Catholics and Protestant at Kappel

Hutterites

-his followers, known as Hutterites, eventually fled, settles in Great Plains/ Western Canada

the various "Radical Reformers" advocated a "return to New Testament Christianity"

1. Emphasis on Scripture as the sole guide to Christian belief/practice 2 Rejection of infant baptism 3 Emphasis on separation of church and state -in the case of some fringe movements: 4 Emphasis on direct influence of Holy Spirit 5 Belief in imminent of the world 6 Rejection of Nicene Trinitatian theology

The Canons of Dort

At the Synod of Dort, the Dutch reformed Church rejected the Five Articles of Remonstrance and issued the Canons of Dort, a set of teachings defining the official Calvinist position on the issue of predestination and eternal security

*transubstantiation

Catholic view that the bread and wine were transformed into the body and blood of Christ

*Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided non-European territories between Portugal (Brazil, Africa, Asia) and Spain (the Americans except for Brazil)

*imputes righteousness

Humans are incapable of actually being righteous, but God attributes Christs righteousness to believers, so that their sinfulness is "covered" by Christs righteousness, which make possible their salvation

Luthers Bible

Luther went into hiding, spent the years 1512-22 producing the first translation of the New Testament in German

*Sanctification

(or "Christian Perfection") Process by which believers become more like Christ and increasingly resistant to sin through disciplined pursuit of holiness/spiritual growth

*Immanuel Kant

- In the 1780s, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant critiqued both rationalism and empiricism -On one hand, there is no such thins as "pure reason" that exists apart from our interactions with the world around us- our reasonings is shaped by our experiences -On the other hand, our perceptions of our experiences are also shaped by the way that our rational minds work -So, we cannot ultimately claim any objective knowledge about reality- we can only say how we perceive things to be -Thus, for Kant, evidence of Gods existence cannot come either through reason or sensory data, but only throughout consciences- he viewed God as the source of humanity moral impulses -Like Deism, this view ultimately results in a sort of "universal religion" that is distant from the specific claims of Christian belief

*The Spanish Inquisition

- in 1478, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain established a religious court to conduct trials. of suspected heretics. The court often used torture to get confessions and executed those who refuse to repent -Partially designed to ensure that Jews and Muslims who claimed to have converted to Christianity were not secretly prating their old religions -1492: Jews expelled from Spain Early 1500s :Muslims expelled from Spain

*Justification

-* Justification by faith Alone " (Sola fide) came to be seen as the central tenet of the Protestant Reformation -this teaching Is based primarily on Luthers understanding of Pauls letters -Galatians 2:16, 21 -Romans 3:28 -when Luther translated the NT into German, he changed Romans 3:28 to read " a person is justified by faith alone.."

Timeline of the Reformation Era

-**1517: Martin Luther publishes 95 theses, beginning of Reformation in Germany, birth of Lutheran tradition -1521: Edict of worms, Luther condemned -**1522; Huldrych Zwingli begins Swiss Reformation, birth of Reformed/ Presbyterian tradition -**1525: Conrad Grebel and Swiss Brethren split from Zwingli, birth of Anabaptist tradition -1529: 2nd Diet of Speyer, Letter of Protestation -1529" Marburg Colloquy (split between Luther and Zwingli) -**1534: Henry VIII passes First Act of Supremacy; beginning of the English Reformation, birth of Anglican tradition -1536: John Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion -1540: Foundation of Jesuit Order -**1545: Council of Trent -1555: Peace of Augsburg (cuius regional's, emus religio -1558-1603: Reign of Queen Elizabeth I, Elizabethen Settlement and Growth of Puritanism -1609-11Orgins of Baptism movement under Smyth and Helwys -1610: Arminians issue Five Articles of Remonstrance -1611: King James Version of the Bible -1618-19:Synod of Dort (five points of Calvinism -1618: Thirity Years War Begins -1647: George Fox founds Quaker movement -**1648: Peace of Westphalia -1688: Passage of Toleration Act in England

*Luthers 95 Thesis

-*1517 -Luther presented his "95 Theses" which criticized the system of indulgences

Catholic Missionary Expansion

-1490s: Age of Exploration begins, paving way for the global expansion of Christianity -Earliest European naval powers were Spain and Portugal, which meant Catholicism spread earlier then Protestantis, -1494: Treaty of tordesillas

*Ignatius of Loyola

-1491-1556 -Spanish soldier who was injured battle and underwent a religious conversion -Studied theology at Paris where he attracted a group of followers -1534, Ignatius and six others took vows dedicating themselves to religious services

Wars of Religion

-1500-1600 witnessed several major armed conflicts in Europe between Catholics and Protestant -These wars were not purely religious, but influences by political factors such as the growth of nationalism, dynastic disputes

*Francis Xavier

-1506-1552 -Spanish Jesuit, one of the seven co-founders of the Jesuit order (which produced many early Catholic missionaries -In the 1540s-50s, Francis did extensive missionary work in India and Japan behalf of the Catholic monarchs of Portugal

Leo X and Exsurge Domine

-1520 -*Pope Leo X issued the papal decree Exsurge Domine condemning Luthers teachings and threatening him with excommunication -Luther responded by publishing further attacks on the church and publicly burning a copy of the popes decree -1521, Leo X excommunicated Luther

*The Wurstessen "Affair of the Sausages"

-1522 -Christian in Zurich served sausages during Lent in protest against the Catholic Church rules about fasting meat -Zwingli preached a sermon insisting that Christians were not required to fast meat during Lent because Scripture did not command it -This event is viewed as the formal beginning of the Reformation in Switzerland

*Schleitheim Confession

-1527 -Swiss Brethren produced the Schleitheim Confession which set out the core distinctive element of Anabaptist doctrine

Catholic Lutheran Conflict in Germany

-1531: Lutheran princes in Germany formed a military allocate known as the *Schmalkalidc League against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V -1555: *Peace of Augsburg brought an end to war between Charles and the League- German princes were allowed to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism as religion of their own territories -This principle was known as Cuius regional's, emus religio -Calvinist and Anabaptist faith were still illegal in the Empire

*Institutes of the Christian Religion

-1536: Calvin published 1st edition of Instituted of the Christian Religion - most important systematic presentation of Protestant theology -As Calvins teachings become increasingly influential Christians in the Reformed tradition Began to be referred to as "Calvinists"

Copernicus and Galileo

-1543: Nicolaus Copernicus theorizes that the sun is the center of the solar system and that Earth moves around the sun -1632: Galileo Galilei defends Copernicus crew on the basis of observations made with a telescope -The catholics Church objected to Galileo theories because they challenged humanity place at the center of the universe and seemed to contradict Scripture -Psalms 93:1 -Joshua 20:13 -Ecclesiastes 1:5 -Galileo was tried for heresy and places under house arrest, and his writings were banned

*Thirty Years War

-1618-1648 -Beginning in late 1610, Holy Roman Emperors sought to reestablish Catholicism as sole religion of the Empire -War broke our in Bohemia in 1618 and moon engulfed the entire empire -Several other European nations became involved; 8 million people were killed

Francis Bacon

-1620: Francis Bacon presented an early version of what became known as the scientific method -Bacon saw science as a means of understanding nature and thus gaining greater control over it -Bacon criticized peoples reverence for the opinions of ancient thinkers (including Christian writers) which he viewed as an obstacle to scientific progress

Isaac Newton

-1687: Isaac Newton outlines laws of motion and gravitation -Newtonian physics explained the working of the world in a way that seemed to reduce the necessity of believing that God interacts with the world and humanity in a "hands-on" way - all that is necessary is a Cretor who set the laws in place

"Works " vs " Works of the Law"

-According to the New Perspective, when Paul says "people are not justifies by works of the law" he is not saying "good deeds/ moral behavior are irrelevant to justification" -Instead he is saying that the specific " works of the Law" the is distinguish Jews from Gentile (circumcision, Sabbath keeping, food laws) are no longer relevant to justification

*Ten Articles of Religion 1536

-Affirmed authority of early ecumenical councils/creeds -supported infant baptism and forbade rebaptism -affirmed that Christ is physically present in the Eucharist (without spelling out how) -Affirmed that justification comes through faith, but also that "good works are necessarily required for the attaining of everlasting life" -Supported appropriate use of icons and veneration of saints -supported sacrament of penance and citrine of purgatory, but denounced abuses surrounding sale of indulgences

Amish

-Ammanns followers became known as amish -In Europe, Amish eventually absorbed into the larger Mennonite movement, In North America, they remain distinct groups

*Thomas Cranmer

-Archbishop of Canterbury and leading figure in the development of Anglican theology during reign of Edward VI -Influenced by early Protestant theologians in Europe

*Major Emphases of Methodism

-Arminian theology- emphasizes peoples freedom to choose to respond to Gods offer of forgiveness and his summons to holiness -Wesleyan Quadrilateral -Sanctification

From reform to revolt

-At first, Luthers intention was not to break away from the Catholic Church, but simply to invite debate and urge reform -However, the 95 Theses caused a great stir, and Luther was forced to engage in public debates to clarify his beliefs -Luther gradually expanded his critique of the Catholic Church beyond the issue of indulgences

*Jakob Hutter

-Austrian Anabaptist who taught that believers should practice communal ownership of property (like the Benedictine monks) -Acts 2:44-45

*Congregationalism

-Baptists, Quakers, and the other Separatist groups adopted a form of church structure known as Congregationalism in which each individual local church is autonomous rather than being under the oversight of a bishop or a council of elders

Main Emphases of the 95 Theses

-Believers should lead lives of authentic repentance -Only God, not popes can remove guilt or punishment associated with sin -the pope ghouls not use the promise of indulgences as a fund-raising tactic -believers should use their money to help the needy rather then buying indulgences

Calvin on Predestination

-Calvin teachings on predestination emphasizes Gods grace which leads God to save some human("the elect") despite the fact that all humanity deserves condemnation and judgment -Calvin insisted that predestination is not dependent on God prior knowledge of who will freely choose to accept or reject faith in Christ in the future, but is based purely onGods own choice -this does not mean that God lacks knowledge of peoples future actions or ignores His knowledge of their future actions- it means the his choice determines peoples future actions (rather than their future actions determining His Choice)

*Edict of Worms

-Charles V asked Luther to recant his teachings, but Luther refused to do so unless he could be proven from scripture that he was wrong -Charles V issued the *Edict of Worms banning Luthers writings and declaring hum to be a heretic and enemy of the state

Penal Substitution Theory and Scripture

-Colossians 2:13-14 -1 Peter 2:24

*Colloguy of Ratisbon

-Conference of Catholic and Protestant leaders in Germany who attempted to reach a compromise concerning theological differences -A tentative agreement was reached concerning justification, but the two sides continued to disagree concerning sacraments and papal authority and the colloquy ultimately failed to achieve meaningful compromise

the council of Trent: the Sacrament

-Council of Trent fixed the number of Catholic sacraments at seven 1 Baptism 2 Confirmation (preformed when believers reach "age of reason" signifies a deepened reception of grace and commitment of faith) 3 Eucharist 4 Penance/ Confession 5 Anointing of the sick/dying with oil 6 ordination 7 Matrimony -Affirmed infant baptism and transubstantiation while condemning re-baptism and various Protestant understanding of the Eucharist -Insisted that only priests/ bishops could administer valid sacraments

*Book of Common Prayer

-Cranmer oversaw the production of the Book of Common Prayer 1549 which contained the first English church *Liturgy (formal guidelines for conducting Christian worship services)

Influenced Background Factors of the Protestant Reformation

-Crises in Catholic Church 1300-1400 -Growing support in Europe for greater degree of independence from church authority -influence of Renaissance ideals of intellectual freedom and individual expression -renewal of interesting in ancient Greco-Roman literature (including Greek New Testament Manuscripts) -Gutenbergs invention of the printing press c.1440

Civil War and Restoration

-During reign of James son Charles I, Anglican-puritan tension, combined with tension between monarchy and parliament led to the English Civil Wars (1642-1651) -Charles was executed and both the monarchy and episcopal government of the church of England were abolished, leading to religious and political turmoil -1660: English monarchy restored under Charles II -Elizabethan settlement was reinstated and Church of England reverted back to episcopal structure of leadership

Revolution and Toleration

-During the 1660s, a series of acts banned non-Anglican Protestant from gathering for public meetings, holding public office, teaching in schools, and attending certain universities -in 1680s Charles II son James II made a final attempt to return to England and Scotland to Catholicism -James II was decomposed by William and Mary in the Glorious revolution 1688, ensuring the triumph of Anglicanism -in 1688 William and Mary passes the Toleration act granting sin Anglican Protestants freedom to worship

The Evolving Political Situation

-During the early 1520s a number of German princes embraces Martin Luthers views -In 1526, the Edict of Worms was temporarily suspended, leading to a brief period of increased religious toleration in the Holy Roman Empire -1529: the *2nd Diet of Speyer reversed this policy and declared that Roman Catholicism must be followed throughout the empire -the pro-Luther German princes drafted a *Letter of Protestation in reaction to the diet ruling, and this is the origin of the term *"Protestant"

*Menno Simons

-Dutch priest who became and Anabaptist in 1536 and helped promote Anabaptist brief in the Netherlands- Teachings resembled those of Swiss Brethren as outlined in Schleitheim Confession

*Jacob Arminius

-Dutch reformed Protestant who was troubled by Calvins doctrine of predestination as it was being taught In his day -Arminius taught that predestination reflected Gods *foreknowledge of the free choices that people would make either to believe in Christ or not to believe in him

Quaker Beliefs/ Practices

-Early Quaker meetings involved siting together in silence with no designated minister and writing for the "inner light" to inspire someone to share -Quakers see scripture as important, but its authority is considered secondary to that of the Holy Spirit -Quakers do not practice sacrament such as baptism and the Eucharist because they see physical rituals as insignificant in comparison to spiritual transformation -Pacifism _avoidance of Oath -Concern for social issue-Quakers were early leaders in the abolition and prohibition movement

*Peace of Westphalia 1648

-Ended thirty Years war and established the principle of chic regional's, emus religio throughout most of continental Europe -Reformed Calvinism tradition was now recognized as a legitimate religious option alongside Catholicism and Lutheranism (but Anabaptist tradition still was not ) -Rights of Christian who were religious minorities in their territories were also protected

*the Quakers

-English Separatist movement founded by George Fox in the mid 1640w -the defining characteristic of the Quaker movements is belief in "the Inner Light"

*Conrad Grebel

-Follower of Zwingli at Zurich who objected to Zwingli acceptance of infant baptism and respect for secular government -Argued that baptism should be a sign of conscious faith commitment -1525: Public debate between Zwingli and Grebel concerning infant baptism, city council of Zurich ruled in favor of Zwingli

Romans 8:29-30

-For Calvin "those whom God foreknew" are those who God had in mind in advance because He has already decided to save them -For Arminius, "those whom God foreknew" are those who God could foresee would freely respond to HIs grace by Placing their faith in Christ and whoa re there fore predestined to be saved

the Council of Trent: Internal reforms

-Forbade certain immoral practices that Protestants had criticized such as sale of indulgences and sale of church offices -Required more accountability from the clergy-Bishops had to reside in their dioceses; educational requirement for priests were standardized

India

-Francis had some success among the Paravas (low-caste fisher people), but little success with the Brhmins (high-caste Hindu Priests/scholars) -the Jesuit *Robert De Nobili later had success among the Brahmins by adopting some of their cultural practices and allowing Christian worship to be segregated by caste

*John Calvin

-French theologian who embraces Protestant teachings in the early 1530s -Violent repression of the Reformation in France forced Calvin to flee the country in 1544 -He settles at Geneva, which became an important venter of the Reformation under his leadership

*Johann Tetzel

-Friar sent by Rome to sell indulgences in Germany in 1517 -Tetzel departed from official church doctrine, promised immediate release of souls from purgatory upon payment

*Martin Luther

-German friar, priest, and professor of theology, recognized as the founding figure of the Reformation and the Protestant theology

* the Swiss Brethren

-Grebel and others formed a new movement known as the *Swiss Brethren -Shortly after the debate with Zwingli they baptized one another because they considered the baptism they had received as infants to be invalid -Swiss Brethren and other groups with similar beliefs became known s *Anabaptists ("those who baptize again") -Laws of the Holy Roman Empire forbade re-baptism; many early Anabaptists were executed

the council of Trent: Theology

-Humans cannot be justified by the exercise of free will apart from Gods grace (=sola gratis) -Human can exercise free will in cooperation with Gods grace -Faith and good works are required for justification -denied Calvinist doctrines of predestination and eternal security -Affirmed doctrine of purgatory, use of icons, veneration of saints, priestly celibacy

*Ignatius Spiritual Exercises

-Ignatius wrote the Spiritual Exercises as a sort of religious training manual for Catholic -The work promoted contemplative meditation as a means of devotion to Christ the would inspire obedience -Instructed Catholics never to question or criticize teachings of the Church

Major Emphases of Pietism

-Importance of carefully studying and applying scripture -Importance of personal religious experience and heartfelt devotion to God -Importance of moral behavior and avoidance of vices such as drunkenness, gambling, etc -Use of small groups taproot spiritual growth -Strong missionary impulse

*The Marburg Colloguy

-In 1529 (following the 2nd diet of Speyer), Luther, Zwingli, and other protestant leaders met at Marburg in Germany in an attempt to settle their theological differences and achieve unity against the Catholic Church

*Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

-In 1540, Pope Paul III recognized Ignatius and his followers as a formal religious order, the *Society of Jesus (Jesuits) -Jesuits took vows of complete loyalty to the pope -Jesuits experiences explosive growth -from 10 members in 1540 to 5000 by mid-1550s _Major aims of Jesuits were to evangelize non-Christian and combat spread of Protestantism -Established dozen of universities throughout Europe

France and the Huguenots

-In 1540w-50w, Calvinism became influential on Catholic-rules Francs, French calvinist became known as *Huguenots -Catholics and Huguenots fought series of civil wars for 1560-1590s -1589: Huguenot Henry IV became king, but converted to Catholicism in order to maintain power -1598: Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes

Edward Herbert and Deism

-In 1620s the English philosopher *Edward Herbert argued that the only firm religious truths are those that are universally shared by all religions and that can be deduced through reason, of which he believed there was five: 1 There is a God who created the universe 2 Humans are obligated to honor God 3 humans should honor God through piety and moral behavior 4 Humans should abandon immoral behaviors that dishonor God 5 God rewards or punches humans- in this life and/ or the afterlife- in accordance with their behavior -Herberts writings, together with Newtons discoveries, laid the foundation for the emergence in the late 1600s of Deism -The rise of Deism allowed people to retain belief in a divine Creator while abandoning the specific teachings of organized religious (including Christians)

*Rene Descartes and rationalism

-In 1630-40, the French philosopher Rene Descartes pioneered the philosophical system or *rationalism, which claims that the fundamental source of all knowledge the exercise of human reason -Descartes advocated pursuing knowledge by doubting everything that was not absolutely certain -his famous starting point was *"I think, therefore I am" - the existence of ones own mind is the only thing that cannot be doubted -This source of skepticism toward anything that cannot be known with certainty through reason inevitably undermines religious belief -In the wake of Descartes work, resin, not divine revelation increasingly began to be seen as the standard for determining truth

John Locke and Empiricism

-In 1690 , the British philosopher *John Locke developed the philosophical system of *empiricism -According to Locke, the human mind begins as a "blank slate"- alll knowledge comes through experiences, mainly by means of our five senses -Empiricism became another potential means of undermining religion- sensory data was seen s more reliable than the claims of scripture

*Presbyterian Church Government

-In Switzerland, Knox encountered the presbyterian system of church government which Calvin had pioneered at Geneva -in the presbyterian system, there is no hierarchy of Bishops . Instead, each local church is led by a council of "elders" (presbyters). Representatives of these local councils make up regional and National Assemblies that meet to decide issues of bread importance

Justification in James

-James 2:12-24 -this is the only place in the Bible where the phrase "faith alone" actually appears -Luther dismissed James as " an epistle of straw" placed it in an appendix of his German translation of the Bible

The King James Version

-James I oversaw the production of the English Bible translation known as the *Authorized Version or *" King James Version" which was completed in 1611 -This still remains the most widely-read English Bible translation among Protestant

John Knox and the Scottish Reformation

-John Know (1513-1572) was a Scottish theologian who served as a royal chaplain during Edwards VI reign but fled to Europe during Mary I reign -Knox spent time in Switzerland and was influences by Calvinism -After Marys death, Knox returned from exile and reformed the church of Scotland, introducing Calvinist theology and presbyterian structure (which contrasted with the episcopal church structure in the Anglican Church)

*John Wesley and Methodism

-John Wesley 1703-1791 was an Anglican priest and Oxford professor of theolgoy -in 1729 Wesley and his brotherCharles established a small group devoted to Bible study and prayer at Oxford. Their critics labeled this group "the Holy Club" or *" Methodists" -1735037: Wesley served as a minister in Georgia, where he encountered European Pietists and was deeply impressed by them -1738: After returning to England, Wesley had an intense religious experience which he described as a heart-warming assurance that Christ had forgiven and saved him -Following this experience, Wesley preached throughout England emphasizing the possibility of receiving forgiveness for sin and the importance of holy living -Wesleys original intention was to promote renewal within the Anglican to the Methodist Church becoming a separate movement in 1795 (after Wesleys death)

Eucharist Debate

-Luther and Zwingli both rejected transubstantiation -Luthers doctrine of the Eucharist is known as consubstantiation -For Luther, the body and blood of Christs are present "in with, and under" bread and wine- they co-exist with bread and wine but do not replace them -For Luther, Christs words concerning the bread and wine ("This is my body.. This is my blood") must be taken literally -Zwingli's doctrine of the Eucharist is known as *Memorialism -Zwingli understood the presence of Christ in the Eucharist to be purely spiritual, not physical -for Zwingli, when Jesus said, "this is my body.. this is my blood" he did not mean it literally - the work "is" here means "signifies/symbolizes" -Jesus also said things like "I am the gate for the sheep" and "whoever does the will of God is my brother and sister and mother" -Zwingli and Luther failed to reach an agreement on the Eucharist at Marburg, which ensured that their two movements would remain separate -the Movement founded by Zwingli evolved into what is known as the Reformed Tradition

Zwingli and Sola Scriptura

-Luther had primarily rejected religious practices that seemed to clash with scripture -Zwingli rejected religious practices that were not explicitly supported by scripture (everything from the use of icons to the use of musical instruments in worship -One major exception: *Zwingli (like Luther) continued to support infant baptism

The Role of the "Works"

-Luther understood these verses to mean that individuals were justified before God only on the basis of belief in Christ with no requirement of "good works"/ "right behavior" -Luther argued that believers should still practice

The new Perspective on Paul

-Luthers interpretation of Paul statements concerning "works " not only clashed with the traditional Catholic understanding of justification, but has increasingly been questioned in recent years by Protestant scholars who hold what is called the *New Perspective on Paul -the "New Perspective" emphasized that in Galatians and Roman, Paul is not primarily addressing the question "How can an individual be sure he/she is justified?" (which is the question that had tormented Luther). Rather Paul is addressing the issue of the relationship between Jewish and Gentile believers and the question of whether Gentile christians are required to keep Jewish Law

Luthers on Predestination

-Luthers understanding of predestination was rooted In his beliefs concerning humanity sinfulness and inability to contribute to our own salvation

Jesus on Justification (in Matthew)

-Matthew 12:36-37 -Matthew 19:16-17 -Matthew 25

China

-Most famous Jesuit missionary to China was *Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) -Ricci used Confucian terms to express Christian ideas and allowed Chinese converts to observe Confucian rituals -this eventually led to the *Rites Controversy, in which other Catholics argued that Jesuit accommodations to Confucianism were compromising the integrity of Chinese Christianity

*The Catholic Reformation

-Often referred to by Protestant as the "Counter-Reformation" but this title Is somewhat misleading -Catholic Reformation was not only about "countering" Protestantism -Some expression of Catholic reformation began before Protestant Reformation

*Philipp Spener and Piestism

-Philipp Spener 1635-1705 was a German Lutheran who thought Lutheranism has become too obsessed with theological debated -In the 1670s, Spener founded a reform movement within Lutheranism known as Pietism -In Germany, Pietism waned in influence in the 1700s due to the impact of Enlightenment philosophy

Penal Substitution Theory

-Problem: Due to Adam and Evens disobedience, all humanity is guilty of sin, and therefore in light of Gods justice, all humanity deserves condemnation and punishment -Solution: BY means of his suffering and death, Christ voluntarily accepted the punishment that human sinfulness deserved thereby meeting the demands of justice so the God could grant humanity forgiveness and salvation

Important aspects of the Catholic Aspects of the Catholic Reformation

-Reforming immoral practices and abuses -Clarifying doctrine -Combatting heretics (including Protestants) Promoting theological education -Establishing new religious orders -Missionary expansion

Periods in European Intellectual History

-Renaissance: c1350-1600: rediscovery of Classical Greek literature, invention of printing press, advances in art and architecture -Scientific Revolution c1550-1700: advances in astronomy, physics, biology, math, development of scientific method -the Enlightenment c1650-1800: Advances philosophy, political theory, science, increasing intellectual secularism

Justification of Pauls letters

-Romans 10:4, 9-10 -Ephesians 2:8-10,15 -Romans 2:5-8,13

Predestination and Scripture

-Romans 8:29-30 -Ephesians 1:11 -Romans 9:14-21

Mennonites

-Simons followers became known as mennonites -the term Mennonites was later also applied to other similar Anabaptist groups in Germany and Switzerland -Mennonites are largest Anabaptist group today

Separatists

-Some Puritans eventually opted to become separatists, breaking away from the church of England entirely in order to form new movements

Catholicism in Spain

-Spain had fallen to Muslims armies in 711 CE -Muslims Spain became a refuge for jews -Christian forces gradually regained Spanish territory from the Muslims- a process known as the *Reconquista -The last Muslims Kingdom in Spain was reconquered in 1492 -While Italy suffered rom weak papal leadership, Spain became the early center of Catholic reform

The Spanish Americans

-Spanish explorers bought Catholicism to Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean in early 1500s. Millions of native peoples were covered/baptized -Conquistadors committed atrocities agains native peoples; achieved ,any conversion by force -*Bartolome de las Casas, a Dominican friar, was one of the few spaniards who campaigned to protest the rights of Native American people

*Jakob Ammann

-Swiaa Anabaptist who favored a more conservative form of doctrine/ practice that many other Anabaptists -Argued for stricter shunning od those under the ban insisted on importance of religious practice of *food-washing -John 13:5

*Huldrych Zwingli

-Swiss priest who pursued intensive study of the Greek New Testament -1518: Became priest of church at Zurich, began preaching straight through New Testament

The church Under Henry VIII

-The church of England retained the *episcopal leadership structure of the Catholic Church ( with Bishops continuing to oversee church in each major city) -traditional Catholic doctrines and practices remained largely unchanged during Henrys reign

* the Radical Reformation

-Umbrella term for several loosely related movements in 1500s-1600s in Germany, Switzerland, Moravia, and the Netherlands

Zwingli's on Predestination

-Zwingli's view of predestination was rooted in his belief in Gods absolute perfection -God embodies perfect wisdom -so God knows all things -God is completely sovereign -so God causes all things -This effectively rules out the possibility of genuine human free will

*Thirty-Nine Articles 1571

-based on articles prepared by Cranmer prior to King Edward VI's death -Scripture contains everything necessary for salvation -creeds and ruling of councils are only valuable insofar as they correspond to Scripture -Justification is by faith alone; good works follow justification -rejected sacrament of penance and doctrine of purgatory -rejected use of icons and veneration of saints -rejected transubstantiation and affirmed Calvinist (spiritual presence) view of Eucharist -Still supported infant baptism -insisted that the pope has no authority in England

Imputed v. infused Righteousness

-based on his own frustrating attempt to be righteous, Luther concluded that humans lack the ability to do good/ be righteous on their own due to the effects of original sin -Luther embraced the idea of imputes righteousness -the catholic view in Luthers time was that Gods righteousness is not merely imputed humanity, but increasingly *infused into them as they receive the sacrament and live out Gods commands

* 3 major forms of church structure:

-episcopacy (governed by bishops) -Presbyterianism (governed by councils of elders) -congregationalism (autonomy of each local church)

*On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church

-in 1520, Luther published On the Babylonian captivity of the church, in which he criticized the Catholic sacramental system, rejected transubstantiation and the denounced the pope -this work marked Luthers radical break with the Catholic Church

* the Five Articles of Remonstrance

-in 1610, Arminius suppoters ("Arminians") published the Five Articles of Remonstrance to challenge Calvinist teaching on predestination 1 God has predefined for salvation those whom he Foreknows will come to believe 2 Christ died in order to give the possibility of salvation to everyone, but one must believe in the order to revive salvation 3 Humans cannot do anything good apart from Gods grace (Sola gratis) 4 Gods grace helps believers to do good and solid evil, but humans can also willfully resist Gods grace 5 Satan is not capable of depriving believers of salvation against their wills, bu it may be possible for them to lose salvation by voluntarily choosing to abandon their faith

Indulgence

-in medieval Catholicism, the granting of *indulgence entailed the remission of the penalty of punishment that was still owed for sins after ones guilt had been addressed through confession -indulgences were originally offered to those who performed good works on behalf of the church -eventually, indulgences were offered not only for a persons own punishment, but for the punishments of their loved ones who were in purgatory -eventually, the Catholic Church began offering indulgences in exchange for financial contributions -during Luthers time, there was major campaign to sell indulgences to raise funds for the renovation of St. Peters Basilica in Rome -the entire system of indulgences clashed with Luthers new understanding of imputed righteousness, He saw it as an attempt to earn righteous status in Gods eyes means of ones good deeds

Luther and the Righteousness of God

-in the New Testament the English words "just/justify/justification" and "righteous' righteousness" are all used to translate the same family of Greek words (with the stem dikaio) which refer to something being "in the right: in Gods etes -Luther originally understood the scripture phrase *" righteousness of God" to refer to the righteousness that God possesses (the "justification fo God") which leads God to punish sin -As a result, he experiences great spiritual angst, dread of Gods judgement and lack of assurance regarding his own salvation -Luther later came to believe that "righteousness of God" instead refers to the righteousness that God bestows on those who have faith in Christ (" Justified-ness from God")

*the Protestant Reformation

-period of religious turmoil in Western Europe in 1500s-1600 marked by attempts to reform the doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church resulting in the formation of several new Christian movements

Eternal Security

-refers to the belief that christian faith/salvation cannot be lost once someone has become a believer -John 10:27-28 -Hebrews 6:4-6

*Herny VIII

-reigned 1509-1547 -Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon, his brothers widow -Had daughter *Mary but no sons -in 1527 Henry asked Pope Clement VII to annul the marriage Leviticus 20:21

Edward Vi

-reigned 1547-1553 -Henry died in 1547 and was succeeded by his 9 yeah old son Edward -during his brief reign, the young king and supporter s of reformation within his government steered the Church of England toward Protestantism

*Mary I

-reigned 1553-1558 -Edward Vi died at age 15, Mary became queen -Mary restored relations with Rome reintroduced Latin liturgy, repealed laws supporting Protestantism -Executed many Protestants (including Cranmer) earning nickname "Bloody Mary"

*Elizabeth I

-reigned 1558-1603 -Mary succeeded as queen by her half-sister Elizabeth -Promoted the *"Elizabethan Settlement" by combining episcopal structure and formal elements reminiscent of catholicism with Protestant doctrine

James I

-reigned 1603-1625 -James was part of Scottish and English royal houses. He ruled Scotland beginning in 1567 and became King of England in 1603 after Elizabeths death -James supported the Elizabethan settlement, tried to suppress growing influence of puritans in England and Presbyterians in Scotland

*the baptists

-the Baptist tradition traces its roots to a group of English Separatists led by John Smyth -in 1607 Smyth and his followers fled from England to Amsterdam, where Smyth was influenced by Mennonites and began teaching believers baptism, leading the group to become known as Baptists -After Smyth decided to become a Mennonite, Thomas Helwys became the leader of the Baptist movement -Helwys adopted Arminian theology and authored the earliest Baptist confession of Faith -Helwys returned to London in 1613 and established the first permanent Baptist congregation in England -in his writings, Helwys insisted on the importance of religious liberty, viewing religion as a matter of individual conscience -Later Baptist theology came to be defined by and emphasis on the *voluntary nature of Christian faith of membership in the Baptist Church -Many Baptist groups remained Arminian (*General Baptist) while others later embraces Calvinism (*Particular Baptist)

* The Puritans

-the Elizabethan settlement led to a backlash from those who felt that the church of England was still not Protestant enough -Many of these people had fled to Europe during Marys persecution of Protestant and had embraced Calvinism -Thes people became known as Puritans because they wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church from any trace of Catholic presence

*the Five "Solas"

-the central theological claims of Luther and the early Protestant have become known in retrospect as the "Five Solas" -"Sola":"alone" or "only" -Sola scripture became the basis for the Protestants rejection of certain doctrines/practices for what they found no clear scriptural support (use of icons, transubstantiation. perpetual Virginity of Mary) -For protestant, "Scripture " was eventually defines as consisting od the books of the Jewish Tanakh + the New Testament. The deuterocanonical books of the OT were not considered to have scriptural authority (which influenced the Protestant rejection of the doctrine of purgatory)

the council of Trent: The Canon of Scripture

-the council of Trent formally defined the contents of the Catholic canon of Scripture for the first tome -The version of the Bible used by Western Christians prior to the Reformation was the *Vulgate, a latin translation produced by St. Jerome in the late 300s -The Vulgate included the deuterocanonical OT books that were found in the Septugint but not in the final Jewish Canon of the Tanakh -the Protestant Reformers rejected the deuterocanonical book because they were not part of the Hebrew version of the OT -The council of Trent reaffirmed that these books were part of the Catholic canon, and specified that the Vulgate was to be used for all Catholic translations of the Bible -Council of Trent also rejected the principle of Sola Scriptura, insisted that church tradition also possessed binding authority

Anabaptist Beliefs/ Practices

1 Believers Baptism -no baptism of infants, only of adults who make a profession of faith -Matthew 28:19-20 2 The Ban- believers who fall into sin are expelled from the church and shunned until they repent -Mark 18:15-17 -1 Cor 5:11-13 3 Separation from society (including the political/legal system) -2 Cor 6:14-17 -1 Cor 6:5-6 4 Pacifism -Matthew 5:39,44 -Romans 12:14-19 5 No swearing of oaths -Matthew 5:34-37 6 Memoralists view of Eucharist (Like Zwingli) -1 Cor 11:23-25

Four main "streams" of the Reformation

1 Lutheran tradition 2 Reformed tradition 3 Anabaptist tradition 4 Anglican tradition

*Calvins Theology

1 Scripture -Calvin placed heavy emphasis on authority of all Scripture -stressed continuity between OT and NT to a greater extent than Luther 2 "Edification" -Calvins respect for Scripture led him to believe that the moral laws of the Ot (as opposed to the ritual laws) reveal Gods will to believers -Calvin taught that people should pursue obedience to the moral commands of Scripture as a means of promoting edification -As a result the reformed tradition tends to stress the importance of ethical behavior more heavily than the Lutheran tradition does 3 Eucharist -Calvin rejected Transubstantiation, Consubstantiation and Memorialism -Calvins views of the Eucharists is known as Spiritual Presence 4 Atonement -Calvin pioneered a view of the atonement known as the *Penal Substitution Theory, which is similar to Anselm's Satisfaction Theory and which ultimately became the dominant view among Protestant

*the Five "Solas" pt 2

1. *Sola scriptura- "Scripture Alone" -Scripture is the only reliable guide to christian belief and practive -there are no deficient in Scripture requiring supplementation from church tradition, the rulings of pope/councils, or new revelation -all believers can comprehend Scripture without needing a religious authority to interpret it for them 2. Sola gratia - "Grace Alone" -justification is made accessible to humanity purely on the basis of Gods divine grace not on the basis of any human merit/ virtue -[protestants, catholics, and Eastern Orthodox christians basically agree on this point] 3. Sola fide- "Faith Alone" -justification is accessed by humanity through faith in Christ alone, without any additional requirement of "woodworks" -Catholic View- God's grace alone (sola gratis) makes justification accessible, and we access it through a combination of faith and good works -Protestant view- God's grace alone (sola gratia) makes justification accessible and we access it through faith alone 4. Solus Christus- "Christ Alone" -Christ is the only necessary intermediary between God and humanity -Luther promoted the concept of the *" priesthood of all believers"- the idea that all christians (not just ordained bishops/priests) have equal access to God through christ 5. Soli Deo gloria- " Glory to God alone" -only Got (father Sin and spirit) deserves worship, believers should not venerate Mary the saints, or the angels

First Act of Supremacy

1534 -At henrys insistence Parliament passes the *First Act of Supremacy, declaring that the king -not the pope- was the supreme head of the Church of England (later also known as the Anglican Church )

*Calvins Theology pt 2

5 Predestination -refers to the belief that Gods will plats a determinative role in the eternal fate of individuals -the idea is rooted in the belief that humanity is tainted by original sin due to Adam and Eves disobedience -Humans are thus incapable of entirely avoiding sin or earning divine favor/ salvation by their own efforts -salvation is therefore possible only by means os Gods grace -The critical question then becomes "what determines thresher or not a person receives grace/ attains salvation" -in the view of the early reformed, salvation must ultimately depend fully on Gods own intentions/actions rather than humanity intentions/actions -there fore it is Gods acts of choosing ("election") that determines who will be saved and who will be damned

*Spiritual Presence

Christ is not physically present in the bread and wine, but when believers receive the Eucharist, the Holy Spirit united them with Christ in a unique way

* "Five Points" of Calvinism

TULIP 1 Total depravity- it is impossible for sinful humans to do anything good apart from Gods grace 2 Unconditional Election- God Predestines people for salvation purely on the basis of his own will\3 Limited Atonement -Christs death only offers the possibility of salvation to those whom God has predestined to receive It -Irresistible Grace- Humans cannot resist or escape Gods election through the exercise of free will -Perseverance of the Saints - those whose God elects cannot lose their salvation through sin

*Diet of worms

an imperial assembly convenes by the Holy Roman Emperor*Charles V to examine Luthers teachings

*Edict of Nantes

granted limited religious freedoms to Huguenots, but Catholicism remained the official national religion

*Wesleyan Quadrilateral

scripture, church tradition, personal experience, and reason are four important sources for Christian belief (although Scripture remains primary)

*Deism

the belief that God exists and is responsible for the creation of the universe, but does not actively intervene in the world or interact with humanity

*"the Inner Light"

the presence of God within believers, which guides the, and reveals truth directly, elimination the need for clergy

*edification

the process of maturing in faith/growing closer to God

*Pietism

which was focused on promoting spiritual growth and moral behavior