Exam 3
Which disorder is associated with people rejecting notions of what they should/should not do?
Antisocial personality disorder
Holistic thinking
Explaining events in context and seeking to integrate divergent points of view versus explaining events in isolation and setting divergent points of view against each other. East Asians are more holistic than Americans (Japanese and Chinese are more willing than Americans to describe themselves in contradictory terms)
Socialization
Explicit and implicit teaching during childhood
An elaborate study examined seven life goals (3 extrinsic and 4 intrinsic), what are they?
Extrinsic: 1. Wealth 2. Fame 3. Attractiveness Intrinsic: 1. Personal growth 2. Intimacy 3. Community 4. Physical health
Avoidant personality disorder
Fear of failure, criticism, or rejection leads to avoidance of normal activities. expects the absolute worst from others. Need constant reassurance of uncritical acceptance. Active inhibition of emotional expression. Deep craving for affection and social acceptance bu the inhibit emotional expression toward others and others cannot get close to them.
Old DSMs' (4th editions and earlier)
Firste edition included a list and description of personality disorders and other psychological afflictions. Old system included a list of mental disorders and symptoms which caused controversy over how to define many things, including personality disorders. Experienced clinician vs. researchers and empirical data. Old system: 10 major disorders in three clusters. Cluster A: odd and eccentric patterns of thinking. Cluster B: impulsive and erratic patterns of behavior. Cluster C: anxious and avoidant emotional styles.
Which theorists put more emphasis on the libido and erogenous zones?
Freud
Leanring and cognitive approach
How rewards and punishments in the environment shape behavior
When does one's focus shift to generativity typically occur?
40s-60s
Why is it problematic that most psychological research is done with these participants?
A basic worry about generalizability of research findings concerns the degree to which the results of modern empirical research applies to humanity at large. The issue may be particularly acute for personality psychology, because a great deal of evidence indicates that culture affects the ways personality is expressed and emotion is experienced.
How can understanding others' construals help understand them as people?
A construal is how a person chooses to see the world-if you could see the world as they see the world you could understand why they do what they do.
When are people most likely to achieve flow?
Flow arises when the challenges of an activity present are well matched with your skills. Only people high in locus of control, their own life outcomes, benefit from activities meant for flow.
What is the relationship between multiculturalism, subcultures, and bicultural identities?
Important subgroups exist within large cultures. Multicultural individuals may belong to more than one culture.
Why is the "which theoretical approach is the best?" inappropriate?
There is not a BEST approach. The approaches cannot be compared this way because it depends on what questions you want to ask.
Axis 1 disorders
Schizophrenia, depression, and other mental illnesses that in some cases can require hospitalization
Personality disorders are characterized by extreme variations of adaptive personality traits. A lovably unusual, creative person at this extreme end has the potential to develop
Schizotypal personality disorder
Eudaimonia
Seeking a deeper meaning in life by pursuing important goals, building relationships, and being aware of taking responsibility for one's choices in life
What is generativity? (different than generalizability)
Seven features: cultural demands, inner desire, concern for the next generation, belief in species, commitment to goals and decisions, action in creating maintaining and offering, narration
What are some of Jane Loevinger's most important contributions to?
1. "My personal experiences and those of my friends added to the impression that most research in psychology had used male participants and it was time to focus on women." 2. Feminism: published landmark study in 1957 examining women's perspectives on family life. 3. Scientific methodology: empirical approach to psychoanalysis, one of the first psychoanalysts to attempt empirical data collection. 4. Personality development: stages of ego development
What are the three most commonly sought intrinsic goals according to the Self-determination theory?
1. Autonomy 2. Competence 3. Relatedness
How did Erikson differ from Sigmund Freud?
1. Both theories use childhood as an important stage of development but Erikson says that development continues throughout life. 2. Erikson believed that certain conflicts arise at certain stages of life.
What were the main contributions of Karen Horney's work?
1. Disagreed with penis envy and women's desire to be male. 2. Some of her most influential publications were posthumous (feminine psychology). 3. Influential in studying "basic anxiety" and neuroticism (adult behavior leads to efforts to overcome basic anxiety acquired in childhood and attempts to avoid anxiety equal neurotic needs) 4. Feminist theory-Two Main Camps: men and women see the world/their narratives in different ways, reject the notion that sexes are different (society/culture impacts men and women differently), or is it all just stereotyping/discrimination?
Four main principles of object relations:
1. Every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration. 2. Mix of love and hate. 3. Distinction between the parts of the love object and the whole person. 4. To some degree, the psyche of the baby (and the adult) is aware of and disturbed by these contradictory feelings.
What are different sub scales of generativity?
1. I try to pass along knowledge I have gained through my experiences. 2. I have made and created things that have had an impact on other people. 3. I have important skills I try to teach others. 4. If I were unable to have children of my won, I would adopt children. 5. I have responsibility to improve the neighborhood in which I live. 6. I feel as though my contributions will exist after I die.
What are the four types of identity statuses we discussed?
1. Identity achievement: high exploration and high commitment. Defining who you are, what you value, and direction in life. Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals. Resolution of "identity crisis" or exploration. 2. Identity diffusion: low exploration and low commitment. The opposite of identity achievement, does not seem to know/care what his or her identity is. 3. Identity foreclosure: low exploration but high commitment. Premature identity formation, occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles/values without questioning them. 4. Identity moratorium: high exploration but low commitment. Postponing identity achievement choices via an accepted pathway (for example going to college)
Four intimacy statuses discussed in the textbook:
1. Intimate: relationships, several close friends, in a committed love relationship, sexual relationship is mutually satisfactory, can express both positive and negative emotions in relationships 2. Preintimate: has dated but not involved in a committed love relationship, aware of the possibilities of relating intimately with another, has close friendships, has respect for the integrity of others openness responsibility and mutuality, feels conflicted about love and commitment 3. Stereotyped: wide range, moderately constricted and immature, inexperienced in dating, playas, several friends but lacking depth, dating without deeper connection 4. Isolate: lacks enduring personal relationships, infrequently sees acquaintances, rarely initiates social contact and dates, social withdrawal from anxiety, immaturity in assertiveness and social skills
Examples of Ecology affecting cultures
1. Need for complex agricultural projects and water systems in China required coordination and results in collectivism 2. Need for hunting in Germany required more individual effort and resulted in individualism 3. Levels of infectious disease based on living in clean versus dirty environments with high disease associated with low extraversion and openness 4. Need to catch fish in open water,which is dangerous, is related to men with high bravery, violence, and domination over women. Ability to catch fish easily in protected water is related to men who are gentle, ignore insults, and are respectful of women
What are the "Bad Five"?
1. Negative affectivity: tendency to feel negative emotions 2. Detachment: tendency to withdraw from and avoid emotional contacts with others 3. Antagonism: including deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness, and manipulativeness 4. Disinhibition: lack of self-control that leads to impulsive behavior 5. Psychoticism: tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences, eccentric behavior
Six personality disorders classified in the DSM-5
1. Schizotypal personality disorder 2. Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) 3. Antisocial personality disorder 4. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) 5. Avoidant personality disorder 6. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
How do modern theorists view Freud's work on sexual and/or aggressive instincts?
1. They don't view it as important as he did 2. They view sex as less important than Freud did. Instead of interpreting the libido as the sexual wellspring of thought and behavior they view it as a general motivation towards life and creativity. 3. They put less emphasis on unconscious mental processes and more emphasis on conscious thought. 4. They put less emphasis on instinctual drives and mental life as the source of psychological difficulties and focuses instead on interpersonal relationships.
What ARE reasons why psychologists are interested in cross-cultural differences?
1. To explore the variant in human experience 2. To expand the limits on generalizability 3. To find solutions to cross-cultural conflicts
Cross-cultural dimensions discussed by Funder:
1. Tough vs. easy cultures 2. Achievements and affiliation 3. Head vs. heart 4. Collectivism vs. individualism
Erik son's eight stages of psychosocial development and their meanings:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust: child learns whether needs and wants will be met, ignored, or overindulged (infancy) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: exercising will and learning new abilities, or the failure to do them (toddlerhood) 3. Initiative vs. Gult: anticipates and fantasizes about adult life, beginning and finishing plans (preschoolers) 4. Competence vs. Inferiority: applying oneself to a task (elementary school) 5. Identity vs. role confusion: testing roles to refine sense of self (teens-20s) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation: forming close relationships (20s-early 40s) 7. Generatively vs. Stagnation: sense of contribution to the world (family/work) (40s-60s) 8. Integrity vs. Despair: reflection (60s and older)
Independent thinking
A controversial area; seen more in Europeans and Americans than Asians. Difference may be due to culture suppressing self-expression, ability to think and talk at the same time, or to the importance placed on learning about an area before attempting to formulate new ideas or ask questions
Does negative emotion cause illness or does illness cause negative emotions?
A longitudinal study found that health affected emotional experience but emotional experience did not affect health; moreover, mental health treatment lowers coronary heart disease events but not affect death rate.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
An extreme and sometimes dangerous pattern of emotional instability, emotional emptiness, confused identity, and tendencies toward self-harm. Most severe personality disorder. Suicide attempts are common. Identity disturbance, they do not know who they are or how they appear to others. Interpersonal relationships are confusing, chaotic, noisy, unpredictable, and unstable. Splitting: seeing people as all good or all bad. More common in women. Treatment: dialectical behavior therapy to teach skills for emotional self-control. Possible origins: genetic risk factor combined with early family environment that doesn't teach children how to understand and regulate emotions; problems with the endogenous opioid system that regulates natural painkillers.
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)
An extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy. Belief that one is superior, expects and needs recognition from others, expects special treatment and feels entitled, lack of empathy. Difficult to treat and prevalence is up to 6.2%. (Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin)
Antisocial personality disorder
An extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, and sometimes dangerous behavior. Illegal activities (vandalism, theft, and drug dealing), impulsive and risky behaviors (reckless driving, drug abuse, and dangerous sexual practices), irritable, aggressive, irresponsible, problems caused to others do not bother them. Associated with low economic statues and urban settings. (Ted Bundy)
Schizotypal personality disorder
An extreme pattern of odd beliefs and behaviors and difficulties relating to others. Extremely odd thoughts, strange ideas, unconventional behavior, superstitious beliefs, difficulty in close relationships. Prevalence 0.6-4.6%. Similar to schizophrenia in its extreme.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
An extreme pattern of rigidly conscientiousness behavior, including an anxious and inflexible adherence to rules and rituals, perfectionists, and a stubborn resistance to change. Bound to rituals and rules. Lacks sense of proportion, unable to determine when rules don't apply or details are not important. Workaholism, works long hours but doesn't get much done. Inability to throw things away, think they might need for later. Can be ego-syntonic. Less severe than obsessive compulsive disorder but might affect more areas in life.
How do psychologists attempt to differentiate between normal/abnormal behavior?
Analyze how they typically act and see when or how they act different.To learn about someone, watch and listen to what they do and say, because we cannot directly know their thoughts and feelings. Traits. Characteristic adaptations. Life story.
Did Adler theorize this idea of over-compensating about women, or just men?
Applied the term masculine pro-test (particular kind of compensation for the past is seen in the desire of an adult to act and become more powerful due to feeling inadequate or inferior as a child) to both women and men; however, he emphasized the issue in men.
Are "Type A" personalities more likely to have heart disease?
Associated with blood and cardiovascular indications of risk for heart disease; however, there is little evidence of this link.
How do these constructs relate to vertical cultures?
Assume individuals are importantly different
What is associated with social anxiety?
Avoidant personality disorder
Why should researchers be cautious when examining these constructs?
Be careful to not interpret cultural differences as meaning that everyone in the same culture is the same; many studies find no difference between Americans and Japanese, and some find Japanese are higher on individualism; the idea that Japan is a collectivistic culture may be based on inaccurate data, casual observations, and biased selection of cultural phrases.
What are Abigail Stewart's suggestions for analyzing feminist theory?
Be suspicious of claims that try to unify women with one neatly unified and coherent voice. More than just work vs. family has been left out of the highlights. Try to recognize your own bias. What societal gender issues existed when theory was put forth/data was analyzed.
Maslow main contributions to humanistic theories:
Begins with the same basic assumption as rogers's: a persons ultimate need or motive is to self-actualize. However, maslow claimed that this motive becomes active only if the persons more basic needs are met first. According to maslow human motivation is characterized by a hierarchy of needs. First the person needs food, water, safety, and other essentials of survival. When those are in hand the person seeks ex, relationship, prestige, and money. Only when those are satisfied does the person turn to the quest of self-actualization.
Carl Jung's idea of the collective unconscious
Believed that as a result of the history of the human species, all people share inborn "racial"memories and ideas, most of which reside in the unconscious.
Outgroup homogeneity bias
Bias to see members of groups to which one does not belong as similar
According to the DSM-5, which disorder has the highest rate of suicide?
Borderline personality disorder
Which disorder is generally accepted as the most dangerous?
Broderline Personality Disorder
Why must we be careful about labeling?
Can be misleading because no one fits the exact criteria for any category, people often have characteristics of several categories and they are difficult to apply consistently and reliably. Can limit understanding by leading to not taking the person's feelings, outlook, and rights seriously and decreasing empathy. Can be useful for knowing what characteristics and behaviors tend to go together. Necessary for describing clients, for research purposes, for discussing disorders with precision.
Previous research has shown clear connections between personality and physical health. Longevity, for example, is related to which personality trait?
Conscientiousness
Humanistic approach
Conscious awareness, free will, cultural differences, construals of reality
New DSM (5th edition)
Consists of 6 major disorder (deleted 4) and has no clusters. Diagnosing disorders steps: 1. Assess whether functioning is seriously impaired and rate degree of dysfunction 2. Asess whether at least one of the personality disorders is present 3. Assess degree of the five maladaptive personality traits
How does the study of construals relate to cross-cultural psychology?
Construal of reality vary not just between individuals but also across cultures and in recent years psychologists have begun to pay increasing attention to this variation.
Bicultural identity integration (BII)
Continuum along which people with two cultural backgrounds differ in the extent to which they see themselves as members of a combined joint culture that integrates aspects of both cultures versus experiencing conflict and stress from having two cultures and being unsure about which one they really belong to.
Why must we be careful pathologizing?
Describing behavior as the result of mental illness is too easy because there is a diagnosis for almost everything. Pathologizing tells us nothing about the nature of mental health because mental health means more than not having any of the symptoms listed in the DSM.
Pathologizing behaviors
Describing behaviors as the result of mental illness; there are disadvantages to describing so many behaviors as pathological
One of Erikson's major contributions to psychology is the theory that development is not limited to childhood, but in fact takes place in an ongoing way throughout life. This theory is referred to as:
Development throughout the life span
What is the difference between acculturation and enculturation?
Differences between cultural groups are almost entirely learned, not inane. A child picks up the culture into which he or she is born (enculturation), and a person who moves from one country to another may gradually pick up the culture of his or her new home (acculturation).
Cross-cultural understanding
Differences in attitudes, values, and behavioral styles can cause misunderstanding; behaviors that are ordinary in one culture can be interpreted very negatively in another. (Examples: spray painting cars in Singapore and leaving sleeping babies outside in Denmark)
How is "ego psychology" more like modern psychology than classic psychoanalytic theories?
Ego psychology looks less like classical psychology and more like modern psychology because instead of focusing on sexuality, psychic conflict, and the unconscious; it focuses on perception, memory, learning , and rational conscious thinking.
Which symptom is a person more likely to want to get ride of, ego-syntonic or ego-dystonic?
Ego-dystonic. People who suffer from axis 1 disorders generally experience symptoms of confusion, depression, or anxiety (ego-dystonic afflictions)
Head vs. Heart
Emphasizing fairness, mercy, gratitude, hope, love, and religion versus artistic excellence, creativity, curiosity, critical thinking, and learning; cities with more strengths of the head were more creative and had better job growth, lower unemployment, and diverse immigration patterns.
Which researcher is connected with the theory of psychosocial development, an important diffraction from Freud's psychosexual development?
Erik Erikson
What is the psychosocial development?
Erik son emphasized not the physical focus of libido, but the conflicts experienced at each stage and their possible outcomes. For that reason, his theory of development is referred to as psychosocial.
What is the difference between etics and emics?
Etics: universal components of ideas across cultures (conception of duty and marriage) Emics: components of ideas particular to certain cultures (what one's actual duty is, reasons for marriage, some concepts might have meaning in only one culture)
The universal components of any idea are called _____, and the particular aspects of the same idea are called _____?
Etics; emics
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is the first step that must be taken to endure, for example, a freshman college student's productivity?
He or she must secure the basic needs of food and shelter.
What was important about it to Erikson?
He wanted to know how one goes from having a breakdown to becoming one of the most influential men in the history of western civilization and religion.
Karen Horney disagreed with what fundamental part of Freud's theory?
His portrayal of women as damaged or incomplete men
Which characteristic of the "Type A" personality is related to stress on the physical system?
Hostility. Ambition and hard work are not stress related risk factors.
Which stage of psychosocial development would have been most related to the historical analysis of Martin Luther and why?
Identity role and confusion because he was going through a crisis and felt as though he didn't know who he was.
Tough vs. easy cultures
In easy cultures individuals can pursue many different goals and at least some of them are relatively simple to attain; in tougher cultures, only a few goals are viewed as valuable and few ways are available to achieve them. Variety/number of goals that can be pursued, and ease and number of ways of achieving goals.
Why is it important for psychologists to differentiate between normal/abnormal behavior?
In order to know a person, you should collect as much different types of information as possible.
Trait approach
Individual differences that make individuals unique
Western cultures are more frequently seen as _____, while eastern cultures are seen as _____, categories that often center on different definitions of the _____.
Individualistic; collectivist; self
"Type A" personality
Jittery, overreactive, hyper-competitive, hostile
Ethnocentrism
Judging another culture from the point of view of one's own. Observers need to understand the culture and the assumptions it includes to understand behaviors of people within that culture (this is difficult to do).
What can be learned from Erik Erikson's in depth analysis of Martin Luther?
Luther was having an identity crisis and Erikson also had an identity crisis.
Hedonia
Maximize pleasure and minimize pain
What does it mean for a symptom of a peronsality disorder to be ego-syntonic?
Means that people who have the do not thinking anything is wrong.
Which neo-freudian researcher conceived the theory that the way in which children play allowed for their symbolic expressions of emotions such as hate, anger, love, and fear?
Melanie Klein
Grandiosity, a need for admiration, and expecting special treatment are all aspects of
Narcissistic personality disorder
Which disorder is associated with charismatic leaders at first?
Narcissistic personality disorder
Emotionality
Negative and positive. Related to extraversion and neuroticism.
Which traits are more strongly related to negative health outcomes?
Negative emotionality is associated with poor physical health; however, connection is most likely not direct.
What is neo-freudianism?
Neo-freudian psychologists and psychiatrists were a group of loosely linked American theorists of the mid-twentieth century, who were all influenced by Sigmund Freud, who extended his theories in social and cultural directions.
Most net-freudians differ from Freud in three respects. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these ways?
Neo-freudians put less emphasis on individual introspection and more emphasis on acquiring experimental data as a source of psychological theory.
Biological approach
Nervous system, heritability, evolutionary history of behavior
Are the "Bad Five" measured on continuum or as personality types?
New way of organization doesn't use clusters and tries to move beyond use of discreet categories, recognizes that psychological maladjustment is more a matter of degree than kind.
Do all people experience Erikson's 8 stages in the same way?
No
How does ethnocentrism prevent gaining better understanding of cross-cultural research?
Observations of other cultures will be influenced by the observer's own cultural background.
How might Ecology relate to cultural differences in personality?
Older model: Ecology -> Culture -> Socialization -> Peronslaity -> Behavior Newer Model: Ecology <-> Mind and Behavior <-> Culture <-> Ecology (Everything affects everything in the newer model)
Personality disorders can best be defined as
Patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that go beyond the normal range of psychological variation
Cross-situational consistency and aggregation
People remain who they are across situations. Consistency is limited because behavior does to change across situations, although people who are high on a trait in one situation are also high on the trait in other situations, and personality cannot predict single acts very well. Aggregate behavior can be predicted well.
What does ego psychology focus on?
Perception, memory, learning, and rational conscious thinking
What is positive psychology?
Positive psychology represents the rebirth of humanistic psychology, focusing on the traits and psychological processes that promote well-being and give life meaning.
Modern cognitive approach
Processes relevant to perception, memory, motivation, emotion, and the self
How does Adler's idea of social interest relate to inferiority/compensating?
Said that individuals are motivated to attain equality with or superiority over other people to compensate for whatever they felt in childhood was their weakest aspect (aka organ inferiority).
Rogers main contributions to humanistic theories:
Proposed that "the organism has one basic tendency and striving- to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism (itself). He said a person can be understood only from the perspective of her phenomenal field which is the entire panorama of conscious experience. This is where everything comes together - unconscious conflicts, environmental influences, memories, hopes and so on. These contents of the mind combine in different ways at every moment, and the combinations give rise to ongoing conscious experience. He proposed that people have a basic need to actualize, that is , to maintain and enhance life.
Carl Jung's idea of archetypes
Some of the basic images said to be found within the collective unconscious. Believed they go to the core of how people think about the world, both consciously and unconsciously. Examples: "mother earth," "the hero," "the devil," and "the supreme being."
Do the Big Five Personality traits exist cross-culturally?
The Big Five are found in observer rating in more than 50 cultures. Many variations have also been found. Only conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness should be considered universal. Difficulties in translations. Patterns of responding can differ across cultures. There are different traits for different cultures.
What is the first object that Melanie Klein suggested babies/people relate to? Can all four themes be related to this example?
The breast of the mother. Yes all four themes can be related.
What is phenomenology?
The central insight of humanistic psychology is that one's conscious experience of the world, aka phenomenology, is psychologically more important than the world itself.
Jung believes that all people share certain memories and ideas as a result of our shared history. This idea is known as
The collective unconscious
Exaggeration of cultural differences
The focus of research has been on differences. Large sample sizes lead to statistically significant results even when differences are small. Outgroup homogeneity bias. Often assumes all individuals of a culture are alike.
How does humanistic psychology differ from traditional classical theories?
The goal of humanistic psychology is to overcome this paradox by acknowledging and addressing the ways in which the field of psychology is unique. The humanistic perspective broadly focuses on healthy people rather than sickness (belief in oneself, reaching ones potential, understanding of other perspectives).
What are object relations?
The most important part of life, the source of its pleasure and pain, is probably relationship. In psychoanalytical terms, emotionally important people are called objects and the analysis of interpersonal relationships is called object relations.
Achievement and affiliation
The need to achieve could be assessed by looking at children's stories; high need for achievement is associated with faster industrial growth
Which of the following best describes someone with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
The person is bound by rituals and rules and may become a "workaholic" who works for work's sake rather than necessarily to get anything really done.
According to Jung, what is the term for the social mask one wears in public dealings?
The persona
Ecology
The physical layout and resources of the land and where the culture originated, together with distinctive tasks and challenges this culture has faced.
Culture
The psychological attributes of groups including customs, habits, beliefs, and values that shape emotions, behavior, and life patterns; can also include language, modes of thinking, and fundamental views of reality.
Carl Jung's idea of the persona
The social mask one wears in public dealings. Points out that, to some degree, everyone's persona is false because everyone keeps some aspects of their real selves private.
One pioneering technique developed to examine a child's reaction to being separated from her mother and subsequently reunited is known as:
The strange situation
What is flow?
The subjective experience of an autotelic activity-the enjoyment itself-is considered flow. Flow is not the same as joy, happiness, or other more familiar terms for subjective well being; rather the experience of flow is characterized by tremendous concentration, total lack of distractibility, and though concerning only the activity at hand.
According to the textbook author, which of the following approaches to peronslaity psychology is the most "correct"
This question is not answerable because different approaches are well-suited to answer different questions
What is NOT a reason why psychologists are interested in cross-cultural differences?
To understand why some groups of people are inherently better or worse than others
How does positive psychology differ from most psychological approaches?
Traditional psychology overemphasizes psychopathology and malfunction and ignores the question and meaning of life. The most distinctive feature is that is focuses on human strengths instead of faults.
Psychoanalytic approach
Unconscious mind, effects of motivations and conflicts of which are not aware
How do these constructs relate to horizontal cultures?
View individuals as essentially equal
Collectivism vs. Individualism
View of relationship between the individual and society as the rights of the group versus the individual as more important.
Ecological approach
View that differences exist because different cultures developed in different circumstance with the need to deal with different problems
What are WEIRD participants?
Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic countries. Represents only 12% of the world's population but 80% of psychology research participants.
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic goals and Hedonia vs. Eudainmonia
With hedonia, focus is on extrinsic goals but with eudainmonia, the focus is on intrinsic goals
What is a construal?
Your particular experience of the world is called your construal.
The earth mother, the hero, the devil, and the supreme being are all examples of
archetypal figures that exist in the collective unconscious
