Exam #3
What displays the structure of a socialist society?
"The Pyramid of Capitalist System"
What was the mission statement of the renamed League of the Communists?
"The overthrow of the bourgeoisie, the rule of the proletariat, the ending of the old society which rests on class contradiction (Klassengegensatzen) and the establishment of a new society without classes or private property"
According to the Manifesto, what are the steps that will be taken after the proletariat are successful?
1) raise the proletariat to the position of the ruling class to win the battle of democracy. 2) the proletariat will use its political supremacy to take all capital from the bourgeoisie and centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state
What is Engels referring to when he mentions "the Irk"?
A stream in Manchester filled with all the filth
How does Marx define culture?
Culture is a mere training to act as a machine.
What does Hobsbawm mean when he claims that the Manifesto represented one phase... in the development of Marxian thought?
Elements that are essential to Marxian theory aren't included in the Manifesto because they weren't
What are the three-part aims of the communists, as outlined by Marx?
Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, and conquest of political power by the proletariat
Where did Darwin have a research stop?
Galapagos Islands
Where did the manifesto's initial impact take place?
Germany
Which region does Marx focus on in his extended definition of the communist position?
Germany
Where is New Harmony located?
Indiana
How does Marx define "feudal socialism"?
It became the vocation of the aristocracies of France and England to write pamphlets against modern bourgeois society
What is the distinctive feature of modern times-referred to by Marx as the epoch of the bourgeoisie?
It has simplified the class antagonisms
Why is Germany unique?
It is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that is bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions of European civilization and with a well-developed proletariat.
According to Hobsbawm, what two things in particular give the Manifesto its force?
Its vision and its recognition of the necessary long-term historical tendencies of capitalist development.
Who was the primary author of the manifesto that expounded the League's ideas?
Karl Marx
Ultimately, what separates Marxian socialism from anarchism?
Marxian socialism's commitment to politics
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Why does Hobsbawm believe the October Revolution marked a significant flashpoint in the history of the Manifesto?
Members were expected to understand, or at least have knowledge of, Marxist theory.
According to Marx, how has modern industry influenced the institution of the family?
Modern industry has torn all family ties among the proletarians and transformed children into articles of commerce and instruments of labor.
_______________ stands in the way of the unification of the working class
National identity
Where did Robert Owen establish model communities?
New Lanark and New Harmony
Does Hobsbawm believe the initial readers of the Manifesto were a "representative sample" of Communist party membership? Why or why not?
No. He believed they were men and women with a special interest in the theory that underlay such movements
Who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen?
Olympe de Gouges
How does Marx define "petty-bourgeois socialism"?
Petty-bourgeois fluctuates between proletariat and bourgeoisie and ever renewing itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society.
How does Marx respond to the criticism of those worried by the abolition of property?
Private property already doesn't exist for 90% of the population
Which country and leader tried to assert power in a newly structured Germany?
Prussia; Otto von Bismarck
Who is associated with utopian socialism?
Robert Owen
Where is New Lanark located?
Scotland
The Meiji Restoration of 1868 marked a clear transition away from _________-dominated rule in Japan.
Shogun
Who wrote "Ain't I a Woman?"
Sojourner Truth
What are the Manifesto's views on women?
The Communists have no need to introduce a community of women, for it has already existed.
What is one exception he notes highlighting the way the Manifesto fails to account for technological change?
The Manifesto fails to note that the development of industrial production required massive and growing inputs of manual labor
In what three ways did the Manifesto benefit from its adoption by the Soviet Union?
The circulation increased, standing as a political text was reinforced, and it entered the teaching program of universities.
How do communists view their relationship with the proletariat?
The communists believe they do not form a separate party from the proletariat.
How does Marx define "German or true socialism"?
The fight of the German against the federal aristocracy and absolute monarch became more earnest.
Why does Hobsbawm claims that "there was no strong correlation between the size and power of social democratic and labour parties and the circulation of the Manifesto" early on?
The uneven geographical distribution reflected the uneven development of the socialist movement.
How do communists distinguish themselves from other working-class parties?
They represent the interests of everyone
How does Marx define "critical utopian socialism"?
They want to improve the condition of every member of society, even the most favored. They wish to attain their ends by peaceful means
According to William II, what are the benefits of expansion?
access to goods; redirecting attention
What are the three components of feminism?
belief in sex equality, belief that women's place in society is socially constructed, and women are bound as a group by their shared experiences
The lower middle class fights against the __________.
bourgeoisie
According to Marx, the fall of the _____ and the victory of the _____ are equally inevitable.
bourgeoisie proletariat
The ________ has forged the weapons that are killing itself, as well as calling into existence the men who are to wield the weapons: the ______________
bourgeoisie proletariat
In what ways have the bourgeoisie played a most revolutionary part?
by putting an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations when given a chance
Is Marxism centralist or decentralist?
centralist
What is Klassengegensatzen?
class contradiction
Written history is the history of _________________.
class struggles
What is the spectre haunting Europe?
communism
As stated in the speech, what are Kaiser William II's goals for Germany?
expansion
T/F: Communism was respectable. Socialism was not.
false; socialism was respectable; communism was not
T/F; suffragettes are viewed positively, while suffragists are radical
false; suffragists are viewed positively, while suffragettes are radical
T/F: The proletariat are seen as superior to the bourgeoisie.
false; the bourgeoisie are seen as superior to the proletariat
what is an ideology primarily concerned with the emancipation of women, and more specifically the opposition to the inequality of society's treatment of women?
feminism
_______________ is individuals whose blood lowers purity
hypodescent
____________ help explain power relations
ideologies
What is a patterned cluster of normatively imbued ideas and concepts, including particular representations of power relations?
ideology
Overall, what is the Manifesto's analysis of capitalism?
it is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world, whom he has called up
What is unique about Manchester?
it was built in the nineteenth century and hasn't progressed
to socialists, who held up the rest of society?
laborers
What were the two outcomes of the Congress of Vienna?
legitimacy and balance of power
The bourgeois sees his wife as a ____________
mere instrument of production
What is a political entity, a state, created to reflect and protect a nation?
nation-state
Congress of Vienna heightens awareness of ______________
national identity
What is an ideology based on the premise that an individual's loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpassed all other individual or group interests?
nationalism
Did New Harmony or New Lanark last longer?
new lanark
What are the two types of ideologies?
normative and generative
The school of ___________________ socialism dissected with great acuteness the contradictions in the conditions of modern production
petty-bourgeois
What theory considers the shape of the human skull as clearly indicative of mental faculties and traits of character?
phrenology
Where does the Meiji Restoration occur?
present-day Japan
Where is Durban located?
present-day South Africa
Where is Sisseton located?
present-day South Dakota
Where is Manchester located?
present-day United Kingdom
Which social class is essential?
proletariat
What are the two distinct groups of society as outlined in the Manifesto?
proletariat and bourgeoisie
What is an ideology that justifies the systemic oppression of any group determined by their appearance?
racism
What is the difference between racism and prejudice?
racism has measures to guarantee the sustained oppression of a group
What is exploitation of political opportunities?
realpolitik
what is the foreign policy of isolation that forbade foreigners from entering Japan?
sakoku
what is the initial goal of first-wave feminism?
securing the right to vote
What is an economically informed ideology that calls for public rather than private ownership (or control) of property and natural resources?
socialism
____________ considers the plight of the laborer
socialism
_____________ emerged as a direct critique of industrial capitalism
socialism
what do decentralists believe?
that profit needs to be redistributed, but they believe local leaders should be in charge of this
What do centralists believe?
that some kind of central ruling authority is best to redistribute
What created the German Confederation?
the Congress of Vienna
What is the distinguishing feature of Communism?
the abolition of bourgeoise property
How may the theory of communism be summed up?
the abolition of private property
What is the bourgeoisie?
the class of modern capitalists; owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labor
What is the proletariat?
the class of modern wage laborers who are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live; they have no means of production of their own
What was Frederick Engels' contribution to Marx's approach?
the concept of the Industrial Revolution
What portion of the population the proletariat make up?
the immense majority
What is significant about Durban?
they reserved a portion of the beach for whites
What is significant about Sisseton>
they wouldn't sell beer to Indians
What are the three ways an ideology can influence political action?
through institutions, through rhetoric and communication, and through the division of allies and enemies
T/F: Marx wrote the Manifesto less as a Marxian economist than as a communist Ricardian
true
T/F: Socialism was a middle-class movement; communism was a working-class movement.
true
T/F: Suffragists are in the US, and suffragettes are in the UK.
true
T/F: The proletariat is recruited from all classes
true
When does Marx identify the rise of free competition occurring?
when the feudal system had so many restrictions that it burst asunder
