Exam 3 Examples 9/11

Young children display more advanced emotions, such as embarrassment, pride, and shame, between ages __________. These self-conscious emotions are crucial to human interaction.

- 18 and 24 months

What is an important difference between moral and social conventional rules?

- Conventional rules are viewed by children as more open to change than moral rules.

According to research, what should a father who wants to increase prosocial behavior in his 3-year-old boy do?

- Model prosocial behavior or help the child regulate his emotions.

A child asks for some candy in the car ride to the grocery store and starts crying when denied. Her father calmly explains that they are stopping at the store to buy groceries for dinner, and not candy. He tells his daughter she is expected to hold his hand and walk through the store quietly. Which parenting technique did this father use?

- The father established family routines and responsibilities.

Which of the actions below appropriately uses more than one of the parenting techniques recommended in the chapter in a situation in which a child has just hit another child hard enough to leave a bruise?

- The parent explains to the child how aggression makes others feel and puts the child in time-out to calm down and think about it.

A mother asks her 3-year-old son to keep his food on the table and reminds him when he "accidentally" knocks it off. When he throws food at his sister, she explains to him that this is against the rules because it makes things dirty and hurts his sister's feelings. This parenting style would be classified as __________.

- authoritative

The finding that many Chinese parents use a style that is more demanding and less overtly affectionate than the average Western (European or Euro American) parent __________.

- can be viewed as a culturally influenced variation on authoritative parenting

A cultural difference in moral socialization goals was found in which Taiwanese parents emphasized __________ with their young children, whereas European American parents emphasized __________ days or weeks after the original misbehavior.

- children's misdeeds and their consequences; the children's autonomy and self-esteem

Each of the following has been found in laboratory studies to be an effective emotion regulation strategy in the preschool years except __________.

- comforting the child with physical affection

All of the following are aspects of the self-concept obtained from children's self-descriptions except __________.

- complex psychological characteristics such as trustworthiness

Although the total amount of aggressive behavior decreases between 4 and 8 years of age, as a proportion of aggressive behavior, instrumental aggression __________ and reactive aggression __________.

- declines; increases

Psychologists infer that children know they have a personality because when asked to compare themselves to a puppet's personality, the children __________.

- described how they usually acted in a way that was consistent with parents' assessment of their personality traits

Parents promote gender typing not only by modeling gender stereotyped roles around the house, but also by praising gender-typical play and ignoring (or failing to reward) gender-atypical play, a process known as __________.

- differential reinforcement

Children who can guess what a character described as selfish might do next in a story appear to have a level of understanding of other people's __________.

- dispositional traits

Four-year-old Lisa meets a cuddly-looking dog at the park. She has a dog at home, and in the past she has impulsively petted unfamiliar dogs. However, before petting the dog, she asks the dog's owner if it's OK. Lisa is demonstrating __________.

- effortful control

Older studies gave children a choice as to whom they were more like, boys or girls. A recent study asked children how similar they were to both boys and girls in terms of appearance, behavior, preferences, and spending time. About half of the children endorsed primarily their own birth gender. The next most common response was to __________.

- endorse both genders about equally

Adoptive parents who were authoritative tended to have adoptive children with higher social competence at age 7, independent of the child's temperament or attachment security. This finding suggests that there are __________.

- environmental influences of parenting style on social competence

Studies measuring cortisol levels as children were induced to experience a self-conscious emotion revealed that __________.

- evaluative embarrassment and shame are more stressful than simple embarrassment

According to Vygotsky, sociodramatic play with peers may have benefits for __________.

- executive functioning

A longitudinal study of personality types revealed that undercontrolled children were rated by teachers as having more __________ problems than the other two groups and lower scores in reading and math. Overcontrolled children had more __________ problems in relation to resilient children.

- externalizing; internalizing

Evidence for __________ is provided by studies showing that each gender pays greater attention to and has better memory for objects and events associated with their own gender.

- gender schema theory

In a classic study of delay of gratification, it was observed how long 4-year-olds could wait for a larger treat when they had a smaller treat in front of them. Children who could wait longer, or who did not give in and eat the smaller treat, __________.

- had higher educational achievement and social competence in adolescence

Diana Baumrind's influential studies of parenting style showed that children of authoritarian parents were more likely to __________ than children of authoritative parents.

- have higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing behavior

A 4-year-old boy who adamantly believes that only boys can be firefighters and only girls can be nurses is applying __________ to the classification of these two careers.

- his gender schema

The fact that in the afternoon child care is associated with rising levels of cortisol and staying at home with falling levels of cortisol __________.

- indicates that at least some children may experience child care as stressful

The prevention studies focusing on annual family check-up meetings with researchers provided interventions to high-risk children who showed problem behavior as toddlers and lived in adverse family and socioeconomic conditions. A key finding was that __________.

- interventions were successful in reducing conduct problems through age 9½ years

Children's emotional knowledge is greater when parents __________.

- label and explain emotions

High-quality child care is linked to __________ and __________.

- low levels of aggression; high levels of social competence

Girls exposed to male sex hormones prenatally may tend to show __________.

- masculine play preferences

Young children's self-assessments of their abilities and personality traits are often characterized by an overconfidence known as __________.

- positivity bias

When a child seeks to harm another child's social reputation or social relationships, this type of aggression is called __________ aggression.

- relational

The style of play most characteristic of boys, involving physical play and mock aggression, is called __________ play.

- rough-and-tumble

Parenting intervention studies can be used to __________.

- show that changes in parenting style may be causally linked to changes in child behavior

With regard to personality type, overcontrolled children are __________ and undercontrolled children are __________.

- shy but obedient; impulsive and emotional

Extensive experience in child care (an average of 20 hours per week or more) over the first four years is linked at age 5 to __________.

- slightly higher externalizing of problems and lack of compliance with teachers

In contrast to older children, who regard friends as having a long-term relationship based on trust, preschool-age children regard friends as __________.

- someone to share toys and have fun with, possibly over several days or weeks

Which method of parental correction has been frequently and consistently associated with negative outcomes, such as higher externalizing behavior (e.g., aggression and antisocial behavior), reduced quality of parent-child relationships, and elevated child mental health problems?

- spanking

To study developmental changes in the bases of prosocial actions, researchers staged games in which a child or the experimenter "accidentally" damaged a block tower painstakingly built by another experimenter. The researchers concluded that 2-year-olds responded more on the basis of __________ and 3-year-olds on the basis of __________.

- sympathy; guilt

A Chinese boy whose parents recently emigrated from China to the United States becomes impatient with a trip to the grocery store and starts whining loudly. He is likely to be __________.

- told by his parents that he is embarrassing them

Part of the reason children can discriminate between moral and social conventional rules at such a young age is that parents __________.

- treat moral rules more seriously and speak about different kinds of issues in connection with the two types of rules

When asked what a female or male doll "likes" to do, 3- to 4-year-old boys and girls usually respond that the female doll likes cooking and dressing up, and the male doll likes play-fighting and playing with trucks. This response reflects an awareness of gender __________.

- typing

According to Kochanska's longitudinal studies, children who develop a mutually responsive orientation with their parents are more likely to __________ than the children of power-assertive parents.

- understand their parents' rules

Children who engage in more sociodramatic play with peers or siblings are found in longitudinal studies to exhibit higher levels of __________.

- understanding of other people's mental states (theory of mind)

A mutually responsive orientation at ages 1 to 2 years differs from secure attachment in infancy in that it consists of __________.

- warmth and responsiveness as well as the establishment of rules