Exam 3 Human Development Ladd

Senescence

(aging) reduces the production of NTs - brain transmission slowdown = reaction, talking, thinking - correlates with slower walking and other physical disabilities

Secondary Aging

- Age related declines that are pathological- via factors like disease, enviornment, behavior - preventable and possible reversable - heredity and enviorment - effects individualized

Auditory Problems

- missing out on bits of conversation cuts down on communication and precipitates many other social losses. - younger people tend to yell or use elderspeak, both which are demeaning

Primary Aging

-normal and intrinsic processes of biological aging - genetically programmed - inevitable, universal, irreversible - despite good health and the absence of disease

Middle Adulthood

40-65 y/o - slowly declining physical skills - increasing responsibility - gains and losses as bio/pysh/soc factors balance eachother

Which is better recognition or recall memory?

At every age recognition is better than recall.

Brain slowdown affect on working memory

Seniors take longer to perceive and proess sensation

Chronic Disorders

Slow onset and a long duration Rare in early adulthood but increase in middle age

According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?

The existence or extent of their crisis or commitment

dependency-support script

attend immediately to dependent behaviors

Relationship between education and stimulation

education may slow the rate of brain shrinkage - strengthens inhabition and experience Good health may protect brain mroe than education

In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking:

is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics.

crystallized intelligence

may begin to decline in middle adulthood

What does stereotype threat reduce?

memory performance

Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because:

middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents.

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

What is the main cause of death during middle adulthood?

Chronic disease- heart disease, cancer

_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.

Commitment

Which of the following factors are most likely to contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood?

Decline in processing speed

Instrumental ADLs

Difficulties with everyday tasks- common in old age... example: making soup, balancing check book.

Basic ADLs

Difficulties with self-care activities. Relativley rare until older age. Requires full time care or help. Example: chewing, managing fluids, mobiliy, brushing teeth, bathing

Which of the following is most typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged individuals?

Difficulty viewing close objects

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?

Exploration

What does higher self-efficacy lead to?

Higher memory performance

An adult in middle age will be most likely to do POORLY on which of the following tasks?

Hitting the brakes of a car when the light suddenly turns red

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

Identity diffusion

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

Imaginary audience

What are the two types of ADL problems?

Instumental ADLs and Basic ADLs

Compared to middle age, which of the following BEST describes late middle age for many individuals?

Losses may begin to outnumber gains

Difference between elderly going to doctors based on vision and hearing

Many mroe people go to the doctors and end up getting glasses due to vision problems when not many people who have hearing problems get a hearing aid - this is due to the price of glasses $$ to hearing aids $$$$ and the fact that it is easier to acknowledge a hearing problem than a vision problem.

What is the term Erikson uses to describe a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?

Psychosocial moratorium

SES Health Gap

Relationship between income and illness begins in middle age.

What is the outcome of scripts?

Scripts work together and both reinforce dependency. Make social contact less pleasant... Instead of the four minutes it takes to make the bed, if the patient does it the four minutes is spent talking = more social contact and feeling self pride

Recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.

achievement

Functional Age

actual competence and performance

Fluid Intelligence

begins to decline in middle adutlhood

Higher memory control beliefs leads to?

better strategy use and better memory

Poverty Ilness relationship

bidirectional relationship where childhood illness can lead to lower SES - they miss school they have less preparation to get higher quality jobs. Poverty can lead to poor choices across lifespan - such as drugs and food

James Marcia defines _____ as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

crisis

Working memory

decreases from 20s-60s more difficult in : - multitasking, focusing, inhibiting

Long-term memory

emotional memories encoded tend to endure, without much loss/distortion - emotion provides more domain of information

The retention of information about the when and where of life's happenings is called _____ memory.

episodic

Intuitive thought

experts rely on their past experiences and on immediate contexts; novices follow formal prodecure and rules.

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

foreclosure

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity:

foreclosure

During the beginning of the _____ stage, when assimilation dominates, an adolescent's thoughts are full of idealism and possibilities.

formal operational

The abstract quality of thinking during the _____ stage is evident in the adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability.

formal operational

In Erikson's theory, _____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.

generativity

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed:

generativity versus stagnation.

Independence-ignored script

ignore independent behaviors

Leila, a 14-year-old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the _____ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.

personal fable

Terminal decline

plato that is a year or less very short and then right after it plummets (death)

Cognitive _____ are the culture-based "software programs" of the mind

pragmatics

Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. He and his wife had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.

the empty nest syndrome

Automatic processing

thinking without deliberate, consiouc thought... saving conscious thought for unfamiliar challenges