exam 3

Consider table 9.1 (and text): According to self-determination theory, which of the following forms of motivation describes being motivated by guilt or seeking approval?

Introjected

Which of the following examples BEST exemplifies Nicholls' (1989) definition of ego orientation?

Kyle is motivated by (and judges competence through) being the best and beating others

What is learned helplessness and what is the attributional profile of a learned helpless individual?

Learned helplessness- individuals attribute failure to internal, uncontrollable and stable causes.

Name, describe and provide examples of the three dimensions of attribution theory.

Locus of control Internal vs external locus of control Stability -determines if causes changes over time or not Controllability Can control: Skill or efficacy Cannot control: mood, other's actions, luck, aptitude

Name, describe and give an example of the 3 dimensions along which self-efficacy can be measured.

Magnitude -giving a list of activities and rank them among difficulty The person will rank the difference in difficulty in walking, running and sprinting. Strength- the degree of conviction of the task at hand The person may strongly believe they can complete a walking program Generality- the degree to which the efficacy beliefs transfer to the other constructs "If powerlifting is very easy for me, then weightlifting shouldn't be no different."

Understand the definitions and application of the two-goal climates. Mastery Climate Vs Performance Climate

Mastery Climate Promoting task-oriented performance Everybody understands their role Performance Climate Starter and regular players are set to the side Winning is all that matters Star athletes get most recognition Not a good climate

what is the belief with respect to the relationship between control and motivation?

More personal control= greater intrinsic motivation

define and evaluate motivation.

Motivation Includes: Direct/choice, persistence, continuing motivation, and intensity/effort Motivation is not simply either intrinsic or extrinsic but can be defined along a continuum. Extrinsic motivation contains external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation. Intrinsic Motivation contains: Learn, Accomplish tasks, and experience sensations.

What are some potential dangers in over-emphasizing control?

Over-emphasis of control. Some social and environmental factors are out of our control It can become completely dependent on a stimulus.

Understand Harter's competence motivation theory

People will only partake in activities they feel they can do.

Describe the basic tenets of social-cognitive theory. You should be able to name the three factors that make up social-cognitive theory and provide an example of how those three factors interact with each other to influence behavior

Behavior is shaped by consequences Behavior is impacted by modeling More influenced by models by whom we relate

Name and describe the three psychological needs related to motivation and how much support is there in the research for each?

Competence- supports the importance of perceived competence and autonomy. Autonomy- supports Social-relatedness- less support for social relatedness with respect to pa and other healthy behaviors

Bandura posits that __________________ is the most powerful determinant of self efficacy

Success/attainment

Describe the two methodological issues with self-efficacy research discussed in class.

Accurate assessment of self-efficacy requires that the measure corresponds closely to the behavior in question Meaningful assessment of self-efficacy requires that the behavior in question be associated with effort, potential barriers and self regulation

According to cognitive evaluation theory, what is the effect of adding extrinsic rewards to already intrinsically motivated behavior?

Adding extrinsic rewards to what is already intrinsically motivated behavior can reduce intrinsic motivation. Dependent upon the perceived function of the reward. Controlling reward ("I will perform my best just to get a reward") will decrease intrinsic motivation Informational ("I am getting a reward because I performed well") the intrinsic motivation might be enhanced.

Name and describe the three different goal orientations as defined by achievement goal theory. Are these goal orientations entirely stable within a person from situation to situation?

Ego Orientation- Task Orientation Social Approval Orientation

Discuss the relationship between task and ego orientations and motivation. Specifically, discuss the findings of Biddle et al. (2003). How should these relationships be interpreted and applied in the clinical setting?

Ego orientation often targets the weaker opponents People are a relative combination of both task and ego Ego Orientation Being better than everyone else Having the right equipment, can be used as an excuse for a loss Luck Innate ability "I am better than everyone else in this room... I am doing this to be the best in the industry" "He only won because he had better shoes" Task orientation Doing our best Collaborating with teammates to maximize winning Enjoying the sport High efforts with teammates included or without focusing on soley winning

Understand the viewpoints of entity theorists vs. incremental theorists; how does this relate to growth vs. a fixed mindset?

Entity Theory: skills are inherent- you get what you get, if you are not good at something, you will drop out and change activities. Incremental Theory: Skills can be learned

Describe the differential effect of informational rewards vs. controlling rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Expected rewards (controlling reward) often resulted in decreased motivation while unexpected rewards (informational reward) did not.

Although this did NOT fit their original hypotheses, Jackson & Dimmick were unable to find any relationship between self regulatory efficacy beliefs, exercise intentions, and exercise engagement.

False

Research by McAuley and Blissmer (2000) showed that self efficacy beliefs are more likely to be influential in conditions where behaviors require minimal effort, in contrast to behaviors that are more challenging.

False

When understanding the concept of control, it is important to relate behavior-outcomes (means-ends) to capacity beliefs.

False

Motivation is defined by all of the following EXCEPT

Family values

Describe the finding of the Chatzisarantis et al. (2003) meta-analysis on self-determination theory.

Found support for the continuum aspect of the self-determination theory, in that constructs that were closer to each other on the continuum were more strongly related than those further from each other. For example, external regulation was more closely correlated with introjected regulation than it was to identified regulation. The closer form of motivation to intrinsic motivation the stronger the relationship with both intent to exercise and percieved competence. If self-efficacy can be increased = motivation will move along the SD continuum and intention to exercise will increase. Well supported

John believes that because he is doing really well in his calculus class, he will also likely do well in his physics class. This example best describes which measurement of self efficacy?

Generality

Understand the Locus of Control (Internal and External)

Internal- We control things that happen to us in our lives External- Others/outside sources control the things that happen to us

Name, describe and give an example of the four sources of efficacy information. Which of these four sources is/are the most influential? Which are less influential? Which one has been the least studied with respect to physical activity?

Past Performance is the strongest determinate Vicarious performance conscious experience "If he can do it, I can do it" Verbal Persuasion is a weak determinant Cannot be used so often physiological and emotional state Least studied

Describe the research findings on attribution theory and physical activity. You should specifically be able to discuss the findings of Nickel & Spink (2010) and McAuley et al. (1990)

Perceived successful exercisers reported higher levels of stable controllable internal attributions Very little research

In general, how is goal orientation related to self-efficacy?

Perceptions of success/failure influence self-efficacy

Describe how the concept of self-efficacy fits within social-cognitive theory.

Self-efficacy influences behavior. (personal factor > behavior) Successful experience = increased self-efficacy (behavior > personal factor) Seeing others engage in behavior successfully may also enhance self-efficacy

How does self-efficacy influence a person's motivation?

Self-efficacy is a belief in one's capability for performing a particular task. High perceived (self-efficacy) for a task will lead to a higher motivation for that task. People will choose not to engage in activities in which they feel incapable

What does the research tell us with respect to self-efficacy and physical activity? You should be able to address the following: the strength of SE as a determinant of PA, the generalizability of SE, the ability of SE to discriminate adherers from drop-outs, an association of SE with effect, intervention and inactivity effects on SE, effects of high self-efficacy on physical activity participation.

Strong consistent determinant of pa Discriminates adheres from dropouts SE can increase with interventions SE can decrease with inactivity Generalizes best with similar activities People with high self efficacy for physical activity will be more... Engaged Persist longer Participate at a higher/greater effort Enjoy the activity more

Describe the attributional profiles of motivated individuals with respect to success and failure

Success- stable controllable and internal Failure- unstable, controllable and internal Very important for people trying to keep others motivated by continuing to exercise.

How is self-determination theory related to the three psychological needs identified above?

The closer a person is to intrinsic motivation, the closer they are to fulfilling the need for autonomy. It should be noted that increased competition is also related to feelings of autonomy. Therefore, research says that as perceived competence goes up, so does the position along the continuum from external regulation to intrinsic motivation.

In the Lepper, Greene and Nisbett (1973) study, which group exhibited the lowest intrinsic motivation (as defined by time spent playing with pens during the free-choice time)?

The group expecting a reward

According to Bandura (1986) social cognitive theory (SCT) explains motivation through an interaction between the environment, the person, and the behavior.

True

According to both the self efficacy theory of motivation and competence motivation theory, people are more motivated to do things/activities in which they are competent

True

According to the Jacson & Dimmick article (2012), Exercise self regulatory efficacy was measured by looking at things such as: goal setting behavior, scheduling, monitoring progress, motivating onesself to exercise, and overcoming barriers.

True

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2000) proposed that there are three psychological needs related to intrinsically motivated behavior: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

True

Extrinsic rewards are less likely to lead to reduced intrinsic motivation if they provide information about the person's competence with the activity.

True

It is thought that it may be easier to change physical activity behavior by emphasizing activities such as walking that require minimal levels of self-efficacy.

True

Describe the continuum for self-determination. Be able to name and describe with an example each point along the continuum in order from least self-determined to most.

Two Important Variables: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Extrinsic motivation External regulation—Engagement only for external rewards or to avoid punishment. Control is entirely external. Introjected regulation—Incomplete internalization of external regulation. A person has "taken in" a value but does not identify with it. Engagement because of guilt, because you "should". Identified regulation—Engagement due to an appreciation of valued outcomes such as improved health or fitness. The person identifies with the value but is still not exercising out of pleasure. Integrated regulation--Engagement to achieve a personal goal, not for the joy of it. Intrinsic motivation: Engagement in activity for its own sake for the pleasure it provides. This joy can be related to learning, accomplishment, or experienced sensations. Learn—Engagement in order to obtain knowledge (e.g. to learn about how the body works). Accomplish tasks—Engagement for the satisfaction of completing a task (e.g. to complete a challenging physical task). Experience sensations—Engagement to experience pleasant sensations from the activity (e.g. to experience the runner's high).

Understand the two systematic reviews (on the determinants of self-efficacy) discussed in class. Be aware of how and why they found different results.

Two reviews suggested that vicarious training/learning was most effective and sources of self-efficacy will increase SE. Feedback: confidence goes up Social comparison was also a big intervention People compared themselves to other more skilled athletes and self-efficacy improved.

Of the sources of efficacy information shown below, which is is thought to be the weakest source

Verbal persuasion

Understand and apply the findings of Teixeira, et al (2012)

having more intrinsic participation motives or goals associated with exercise, such as affiliation and social engagement, challenge, and skill development, is clearly associated with greater exercise participation increased perceived competence for exercise is also positively predictive of more adaptive exercise behavioral outcomes