Sociology Exam 1

Which of the following men coined the term "positivism" and is widely considered the father of sociology: a. Karl marx b. Max Weber c. Auguste Comte d. Emile Durkheim

Auguste Comte

Marx

Conflict

social patterns exist because they serve those with power

Conflict perspective

best known for studying isolation and normlessness in relation to social change and human behaviors such as suicide

Emile Durkheim

Durkheim

Functionalism

broad focus on large social systems and institutions; why social patterns exist

Macrosociology

stages of developing the "social self" - person's distinct identity by "taking the role of the other"

Mead

close up focus on everyday face to face interaction; how social patterns come to exist

Microsociology

preparation for future desired roles

anticipatory socialization

specific statements that people hold about what is true and real; influence values

beliefs

type of formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and impersonality (Weber)

bureaucracy

society is characterized by inequality that generates conflict and change

conflict perspective

"looking glass self" how we see ourselves is influenced by how others see us

cooley

social assets that tend to promote social mobility

cultural capital

judging other cultures based on their own norms and standards

cultural relativism

culture is learned-not inherited or instinctual

cultural variation

set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by a given group

culture

social life is like a theatrical performance

erving goffmans theory of dramaturgy

viewing one's culture as normal and judging it as superior to other cultures

ethnocentrism

manifest

explicit

4 main agents of socialization in society

family, schools, peer groups, mass media and work

reading, writing, math

formal curriculum

large impersonal secondary group organized to attain a specific goal

formal organization

Social patterns exist because of the useful functions they serve

functionalism

society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote order and stability

functionalism

awareness that people have multiple different roles

game stage

groups influence the behavior of their members

group conformity

informal teaching of nonmaterial culture (norms, values, beliefs)

hidden curriculum

latent

hidden, unintended

sociological imagination

how individuals understand their own and others pasts in relation to history and social structure

controlling how we present our front stage, performed role; making a "good impression"

impression management

a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty; group to which "we" belong

in group

ascribed

involuntary

organized set of symbols

language

built environment, objects, belongings

material culture

includes ideas created by members of society 1. Symbols and Language 2. Values and Beliefs 3. Social Norms

nonmaterial culture

the expectation that people will not "freeze" in a crowded public space is an example of a________

norm

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of antagonism or contempt

out group

begin to take on others role in novel situations

play stage

imitation

prep stage

tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles for different statuses

role conflict

behavior a person uses to carry out his or her role

role performance

incompatibility or too many demands among roles that correspond to a single status

role strain

describes structures of society that facilitate social interaction

role theory

duties and behaviors expected of someone in a given social status; what we are expected to do

roles

two or more people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations and share a sense of common identity

social groups

rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a range of social situations

social norms

collection of statuses, roles, and shared ideas that tie these statuses and roles together in relationships

social systems

the process through which a. culture is learned b. individuals develop a distinct identity "social self"

socialization

a position that a person occupies in the social structure; who we are

status

anything that carries a particular meaning

symbol

social patterns maintained and changed by people interacting

symbolic interactionism

social patterns maintained and changed by people interacting, based upon shared meanings and assumptions

symbolic interactionism

standards for what is good and just

values

achieved

voluntary