Sociology Exam 1
Which of the following men coined the term "positivism" and is widely considered the father of sociology: a. Karl marx b. Max Weber c. Auguste Comte d. Emile Durkheim
Auguste Comte
Marx
Conflict
social patterns exist because they serve those with power
Conflict perspective
best known for studying isolation and normlessness in relation to social change and human behaviors such as suicide
Emile Durkheim
Durkheim
Functionalism
broad focus on large social systems and institutions; why social patterns exist
Macrosociology
stages of developing the "social self" - person's distinct identity by "taking the role of the other"
Mead
close up focus on everyday face to face interaction; how social patterns come to exist
Microsociology
preparation for future desired roles
anticipatory socialization
specific statements that people hold about what is true and real; influence values
beliefs
type of formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and impersonality (Weber)
bureaucracy
society is characterized by inequality that generates conflict and change
conflict perspective
"looking glass self" how we see ourselves is influenced by how others see us
cooley
social assets that tend to promote social mobility
cultural capital
judging other cultures based on their own norms and standards
cultural relativism
culture is learned-not inherited or instinctual
cultural variation
set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by a given group
culture
social life is like a theatrical performance
erving goffmans theory of dramaturgy
viewing one's culture as normal and judging it as superior to other cultures
ethnocentrism
manifest
explicit
4 main agents of socialization in society
family, schools, peer groups, mass media and work
reading, writing, math
formal curriculum
large impersonal secondary group organized to attain a specific goal
formal organization
Social patterns exist because of the useful functions they serve
functionalism
society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote order and stability
functionalism
awareness that people have multiple different roles
game stage
groups influence the behavior of their members
group conformity
informal teaching of nonmaterial culture (norms, values, beliefs)
hidden curriculum
latent
hidden, unintended
sociological imagination
how individuals understand their own and others pasts in relation to history and social structure
controlling how we present our front stage, performed role; making a "good impression"
impression management
a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty; group to which "we" belong
in group
ascribed
involuntary
organized set of symbols
language
built environment, objects, belongings
material culture
includes ideas created by members of society 1. Symbols and Language 2. Values and Beliefs 3. Social Norms
nonmaterial culture
the expectation that people will not "freeze" in a crowded public space is an example of a________
norm
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of antagonism or contempt
out group
begin to take on others role in novel situations
play stage
imitation
prep stage
tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles for different statuses
role conflict
behavior a person uses to carry out his or her role
role performance
incompatibility or too many demands among roles that correspond to a single status
role strain
describes structures of society that facilitate social interaction
role theory
duties and behaviors expected of someone in a given social status; what we are expected to do
roles
two or more people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations and share a sense of common identity
social groups
rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a range of social situations
social norms
collection of statuses, roles, and shared ideas that tie these statuses and roles together in relationships
social systems
the process through which a. culture is learned b. individuals develop a distinct identity "social self"
socialization
a position that a person occupies in the social structure; who we are
status
anything that carries a particular meaning
symbol
social patterns maintained and changed by people interacting
symbolic interactionism
social patterns maintained and changed by people interacting, based upon shared meanings and assumptions
symbolic interactionism
standards for what is good and just
values
achieved
voluntary