Exam 3 Psych

Temporary, Specific, External (Successful Coping)

"It's hard but I'll get over it" "I have support to help move on" "it wasn't my fault"

Outgroup Homogeneity

"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our group.

Trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Psychoactive Drugs

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.

Factor

A cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together.

Schizophrenia

A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.

Posttraumatic-Stress Disorder

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both. Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

Bipolar Disorder

A disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and weariness of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Major Depressive Disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Tolerance

A dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.

Delusions

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Stereotypes

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Person-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to promote clients' growth.

Mania

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Temperament

A person's or animal's nature, especially as it permanently affects their behavior. Innate rather than learned

Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopathic/ Psychopathic)

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. Last week, Tate went into the hospital for a painful medical procedure. Amazingly, he did not seem worried beforehand, and he showed no signs of autonomic nervous system arousal. In addition, Tate seems to lack a conscience for wrongdoing. It is possible that Tate would be diagnosed as having:

Projective Tests

A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides an ambiguous image designed to trigger projection of the test-taker's unconscious thoughts or feelings.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Thematic Apperception Test

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Diathesis

A psychological model that attempts to explain why we develop mental disorders. The underlying assumption is that all mental disorders are born out of an interaction between genetics and life experience.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.)

Id

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Agonists

A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor. Mimics the function of a NT, ADHD stimulants increase dopamine levels

Mood

A temporary emotional state

Actor-Observer Bias

A tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes.

Cognitive Therapy

A therapeutic approach that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Aversise Conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Passionate Love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of romantic love.

Reciprocity Norm

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Genetic Predisposition

An increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person's genetic makeup. A genetic predisposition results from specific genetic variations that are often inherited from a parent.

Token Economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats.

Prejudice

An unfair and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Psychotherapy

Angelina is suffering from depression. Once a week, she sees a therapist and, with the therapist's help, she has begun to explore her past experiences and how they might have contributed to her depression. In addition, Angelina's therapist has Angelina begin to adopt new ways of thinking about the current events in her life. Angelina's therapist is MOST likely using which type of therapy?

Counter-Conditioning

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Exposure

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

Reuptake Inhibition

Blocking the recycling (reuptake) or NTs allows more of the NT to remain in the synapse, increasing the likelihood that the next neuron in the pathway will fire

Biology of Introversion/Extraversion

Brain activity appears to vary with personality as well. Brain-activity scans suggest that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. Also, a frontal lobe area involved in restraining behavior is less active in extraverts than in introverts

Reactivity in Autonomic Nervous System

Children's shyness, for example, seems related to differences in their autonomic nervous systems. Infants with reactive autonomic nervous systems respond to stress with greater anxiety and inhibition

The "Big Five" Factors

Conscientiousness- Organized, careful disciplined Agreeableness- soft-hearted, trusting, helpful Neuroticism- Anxious, insecure, self-pitying Openness- Imaginative, prefers variety, independent Extraversion- Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures:

Contingency Management

Contingency management (CM) is most-widely used in the field of substance abuse, often implemented as part of clinical behavior analysis. CM refers to the application of the three-term contingency (or operant conditioning), which uses stimulus control and positive reinforcement to change behavior.

Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation involves implanting electrodes within certain areas of your brain. These electrodes produce electrical impulses that regulate abnormal impulses. Or, the electrical impulses can affect certain cells and chemicals within the brain.

Depressants

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions.

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Active Listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' person-centered therapy.

Dimensional, NOT Categorical

Extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Appraisal (Outlook) in Depression

How you evaluate or appraise a situation can often influence the development of depressive symptoms.

Freudian Personality Structure

Icebergs hide most of their bulk beneath the surface of the water. Psychologists often use this image to illustrate Freud's idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface of our awareness. Note that the id is totally unconscious, but ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously. Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg, however, the id, ego, and superego interact.

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrassing.

Interpretation (of Unconscious)

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety. Children who have witnessed a traumatic event report memories that MOST clearly challenge Sigmund Freud's concept of

Defense Mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Phobias

In which a person feels irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

In which a person is continually tense and uneasy for no apparent reason.

Normative social influence

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Informational social influence

Influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Ingroup Bias

Ingroup is "us"—people with whom we share a common identity. The tendency to favor our own group.

Applied Behavior Analysis (Operant Conditioning)

Knowing this, therapists can practice behavior modification. They reinforce behaviors they consider desirable. And they do not reinforce, or they sometimes punish, undesirable behavior. Using operant conditioning to solve specific behavior problems has raised hopes for some seemingly hopeless cases. Children with intellectual disabilities have been taught to care for themselves. Socially withdrawn children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have learned to interact. People with schizophrenia have learned how to behave more rationally. In each case, therapists used positive reinforcers to shape behavior. In a step-by-step manner, they rewarded behaviors that came closer and closer to the desired behaviors.

Bystander Apathy

Lower likelihood of helping another in need if there are others around who could also help.

Central-Route Persuasion

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Milgram Experiments

Participants were more likely to follow orders that went against their own comfort/morality than ever expected

Biomedical Therapy

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

Hallucinogens

Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Post-Synaptic Receptor Blocking

Reduces neural arousal like an anti anxiety drug.

Reveal-Test-Change Beliefs

Reveal beliefs- Question your interpretations Explore your beliefs, revealing faulty assumptions such as "I must be liked by everyone." Rank thoughts and emotions Gain perspective by ranking your thoughts and emotions from mildly to extremely upsetting. Test beliefs- Examine consequences Explore difficult situations, assessing possible consequences and challenging faulty reasoning. Decatastrophize thinking. Work through the actual worst-case consequences of the situation you face (it is often not as bad as imagined). Then determine how to cope with the real situation you face Change beliefs- Resist extremes, Take appropriate responsibility Challenge total self-blame and negative thinking, noting aspects for which you may be truly responsible, as well as aspects that aren't your responsibility. Develop new ways of thinking and feeling to replace maladaptive habits. For example, change from thinking "I am a total failure" to "I got a failing grade on that paper, and I can make these changes to succeed next time."

Hallucinations

Seeing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things that exist only in their minds

Stable, Global, Internal (Depression)

Stable= seen as affecting for a long time or permanently Global= seen as affecting in many different context or situations Internal= seen as entirely due to you and who you are Result- DEPRESSION

Role of Classical Conditioning

Stimulus generalization occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events.

Group Polarization

Strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group. Internet communication that enables like-minded health care advocates to share their ideas also serves to strengthen their prevailing health care attitudes. This best illustrates

Psychopathology

Study of mental disorders

Building Resilience

The ability to bounce back 1. Mindfulness and thought awareness 2. Paying attention to learning opportunities 3. Practicing cognitive restructuring (appraisal balance) 4. Responding rather than reacting- choose your behavior and slow down

Companionate Love

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Withdrawal

The discomfort and distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behavior.

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment. Katrina is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Bandura called this process: Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates: Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:

Ego

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Frieda is typically very shy. However, while watching a rock concert with a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is BEST understood in terms of:

GroupThink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Which phenomenon contributed to the false idea that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction during the presidency of George W. Bush in the United States?

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The most common tool for describing disorders and estimating how often they occur is the American Psychiatric Association's 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, now in its fifth edition (DSM-5).1 Physicians and mental health workers use the detailed listings in the DSM-5 to guide medical diagnoses and treatment. For example, a person may be diagnosed with and treated for insomnia disorder if he or she meets the criteria in TABLE 13.2.

Super Ego

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals. Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex MOST clearly demonstrates a(n) weak superego

Mere-Exposure Effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of the _____ effect.

Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

Social Loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Samantha is taking a research methods course and has been placed in a group of four other students to complete a semester long, group research project. Samantha dislikes working in groups because she expects that one or more of her group members will engage in:

Situational Attribution

The tendency of assigning the cause or responsibility of a certain behavior or action to outside forces rather than international characteristic. Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _____ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

Personal-Dispositional Attribution

The tendency of assigning the cause or responsibility of a certain behavior or action to the internal characteristic, rather than to outside forces

Just-World Phenomenon

The tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in run-down houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates:

Other-Race Effect

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions don't match, we may change our attitudes so that we feel more comfortable. You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase at your university. However, once you are the student representative for the college board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory BEST explains why?

Group Therapy

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.

Family Therapy

Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Maladaptive/ Dysfunctional

When emotions and behaviors interfere with everyday life

Diathesis-Stress Model

a tendency to suffer from a particular medical condition.

Maladaptive Thoughts

distorted thoughts that could negatively affect emotion and behavior

Inhibiting Daily Functioning/ Disruptive

interfering with what you want or need to do

Statistically Irregular

the behavior is out of norm