Exam 3 (version 2)

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be

"goodman answered the question on job creation very well"

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

A presented stimulus is a word

The key difference between depictive representation & propositional representation in based on which of the following. A. Content B. neural response C. longevity D. validity

A. content *Depictive shows a relationship through realistic pictures or images. Propositional uses statements, equations, or abstract symbols.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

Produce sentences they have never heard

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for bananas than for kiwi.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

working units *units found w/in a parallel distributed processing model INCLUDE: input, output, and hidden units

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT A. a spatial layout B. a statement C. an equation D. an abstract symbol

A. spatial layout *A propositional representation is used when a relationship can be represented by abstract symbols, and equation, or a statement like "the cat is under the table" The spatial layout with an image of a cat and a table, would be a spatial representation.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? A. Transportation B. Truck C. Pickup truck D. Vehicle

B. truck

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?

Choosing an entree from a menu *Type 1: intuitive, fast, automatic, non-conscious Type 2: reflective, slow, conscious, controlled

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that make human language unique?

Communication *characteristics of human language include: hierarchical structure, governed by rules, involves an arrangement of a sequence of symbols

Mental imagery involves

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________

Finding similarity

Regarding imagery, what is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

Image processing will be reduced by half

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

Instrument of interference *instrument of inference: an inference about tools or methods that occur while reading text or listening to speech

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: therefore I got a good grade, This syllogism is.... (valid/invalid)

Invalid *It is possible that you didn't study and still got a good grade

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____.

Irrational; accepting only high offers

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need promoting before they notice a connection

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

Previously understood information that we bring to the conversation

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

Psycholinguistics

Syntax is the

Rules for combining words into sentences

A syllogism is valid if

The conclusion logically from the two premises

The technique by which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

The method of loci

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.

The method of loci

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because...

The solution is immediately obvious *a problem is an obstacle between a present state and goal, difficult to solve, and its not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

artifact

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

availability heuristic

What important vocabulary term is most closely associated with semantic networks?

cognitive economy *cognitive economy: a feature of semantic network models in which properties of a category that are shared by many members of a category are stored at a higher level node in the network. ex: the property "can fly" would be stored at the node for "bird" rather than the node for "canary"

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

comma

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?

dynamic

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

exemplars

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

learning

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?

meaning dominance *meaning dominance:some meanings of words occur more frequently than others

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment.

mental walk *Kosslyn had participants walk toward there mental image of an animal & estimate how far they were from the animal when they experienced "overflow" of when the image completely filled their visual field.They had to move closer to smaller animals, farther from larger animals.

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird-watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as...

operators

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?

pending- page 112 in textbook, unsure of correct answer

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly; gradually rise

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem.

russian marriage

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on the screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? A. Roach B. Sky C. Ant D. Spy

sky

In regard to problem solving methods, experts _________________ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem *related to the finding that they also spend more time analyzing the problem than novices

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

the framing effect *Framing effect: Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated or how situations are "framed"

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristics

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was

the same for accepted and rejected offers

Consider the following argument: Observation: here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. Is this argument strong/weak and why.

this argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence *Strong arguments have conclusions that are more likely to be true, weak arguments result in conclusions that are less likely to be true *Factors that can contribute to the strength of an argument: representativeness of observations, number of observations, quality of evidence (science of the earth's rotation on its axis & its revolution around the sun)

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

tree; oak

In regard to emotions following an event, people tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings *expectation of intensity is greater when estimating negative emotions compared to estimating positive ones