Exam 3
Since 1900, sexual inhibition has _____ in Europe and North America; psychological disorders have _____.
decreased; not
The secretion of PYY _____ hunger.
decreases
University students charged the field after the game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field and the police had to be called. This behavior is best understood in terms of _____.
deindividuation
An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain _____ events in terms that are specific and temporary.
demanding
In a follow-up to his original obedience experiment, Stanley Milgram used 40 new teachers to determine whether participants obeyed because the learners' protests were not convincing. The new teachers complied _____ percent of the time.
65
In one survey, about _____ percent of 12 to 17-year-old American girls who have had sex said they regretted it.
72
According to the text, in one survey, _____ percent of university students believed that painful experiences commonly get pushed out of awareness and into the unconscious.
88
According to psychologists and psychiatrists, a behavior is disordered if it is:
A behavior must exhibit all of these factors to be considered disordered.
This neo-Freudian proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.
Adler
Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. Which of the following theorists was most concerned with cases like Steve's condition?
Alfred Adler
_____ is the unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Altruism
Homosexuality was classified as a mental illness by the _____ until 1973.
American Psychiatric Association.
_____ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.
Bipolar disorder
A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is found in the:
DSM-5.
_____ self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior, while secure self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.
Defensive
Emotions consist of which of the following components?
Emotions consist of all of these things.
Cathy went through gastric bypass surgery for her severe obesity. This has helped to lessen her appetite and lose weight because her remaining stomach produced less:
Ghrelin
Michelle and Paul attended the funeral of a mutual friend. When others asked them how their friend's fiancé was taking the loss, who is more likely to give a more detailed and accurate account of the fiancé's emotional state?
Michelle
Your father thinks that homosexual activity is a choice people make and not a result of genetics. To attempt to dissuade him of this belief, you might share which of the following research findings?
Researchers have been able to create female fruit flies that, during courtship, act like males.
Keira is being provided with a test where she has to describe what she sees in a series of inkblots. Keira is probably taking the _____ inkblot test.
Rorschach
The Society for Personality Assessment commends its responsible use even though some critics doubt the validity of the projective test called the _____.
Rorschach inkblot
The projective test known as the _____ test seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a certain type of abstract pictorial representation.
Rorschach inkblot
Keira is being provided with a projective test in order to assess her personality. Which of the following tests will she most likely be given?
Rorschach inkblot test
_____ is a mental disorder most likely to lead to poverty.
Schizophrenia
You watch as a student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. According to the fundamental attribution error, how would you explain the student's behavior?
She is a clumsy person.
These lymphocytes attack cancer cells, viruses, and other foreign substances.
T lymphocytes
Chris has the habit of taking his work-related anger out on his wife by yelling at her when she asks if something is wrong. Which of the following is the best advice you could give Chris to stop this habit?
Take a walk in the park and think about pleasant memories.
Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money. But, over the past two weeks, he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of:
This behavior is not indicative of a dissociative disorder.
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the nation with the highest rate of reported mental disorders was in _____.
USA
Reluctantly, you decide to take a long-awaited trip to New Zealand. The thing that is most disturbing to you is that you must leave your pet monkey behind. There is a "pet hotel" in the city that has agreed to take him. Should you worry about him?
Yes. Monkeys under stress because of social disruptions have weakened immune systems.
In humans, vulnerability to anxiety disorder rises when an afflicted relative is:
an identical twin.
Susan failed her psychology test despite studying all night. She realized that she should have been studying days prior to the exam rather than pulling an all-nighter. She only blames herself for her grade. She would be said to have:
an internal locus of control.
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on:
an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.
John met with a number of people today during his interview. All of the interviewers asked a number of open-ended questions and took notes throughout, asking follow-up questions when necessary. What kind of interview was this?
an unstructured interview
Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of _____ nervosa.
anorexia
The Big Five personality factors include:
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
People trapped in a(n) _____ mood are inactive and feel unmotivated.
depressed
A sedentary life style, work-related stress, and pessimistic explanatory styles contribute to today's high rate of _____.
depression
A train is rapidly approaching, and Antonio's car stalls in the middle of the railroad tracks. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by:
dilation of his pupils
Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, white Americans tended to express _____ racial prejudice.
diminishing
Research suggests that six basic universal facial expressions of emotions are anger, sadness, happiness, fear, surprise, and _____.
disgust
Laurie and Jim have been married for 20 years. When asked, Laurie indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision-making and household responsibilities. Laurie's description is an example of:
equity
Malcolm is unable to have an erection and has gone to his doctor to discuss the problem. Malcolm's doctor referred to this problem as _____.
erectile disorder
Malcolm is unable to have an erection and has gone to his doctor to discuss the problem. Malcolm's doctor referred to this problem as:
erectile disorder
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for recognition and respect from others is known as:
esteem
Kevin is 18 years old and believes that he is less likely to get into a serious car accident or die at an early age than peers his age. He may be illustrating:
excessive optimism.
Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:
exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate is known as:
external locus of control.
Upon reviewing David's blog, people quickly notice that he likes to use a lot of adjectives to describe the different social events he attends. This may give people enough information to make a safe assessment about which personality factor for David?
extraversion
Psychologists use _____ to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait.
factor analysis
_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.
factor analysis
According to studies in the United States and Japan, those who suffer from sleep loss are vulnerable to obesity because levels of leptin _____ while ghrelin levels rise.
fall
A high-school junior stated in health class that women cannot get pregnant if the man is still in the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle. The teacher responds by saying that this is _____.
false
In a study that followed hundreds of 5 to 18-year-old girls from New Zealand and the United States, the absence of a _____ correlated with sexual activity before age 16.
father
A completely focused state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills is called:
flow
Shortly after learning he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of the _____ principle.
frustration-aggression
When the temperatures go up in the summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of the _____ principle
frustration-aggression
Recently Maggie has been caught in heavy traffic when traveling to and from work. This situation has caused her to arrive to work late and arrive home at a much later time than normal. When she comes home, she slams the front door and tends to yell more at her children and husband over things that are rather insignificant. This behavior can best be explained by the _____.
frustration-aggression principle
Your new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room and you assume she must be a slob. You ignore the fact that she is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the _____.
fundamental attribution error
By age 50, _____ disorder becomes rare.
generalized anxiety
Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from _____ disorder
generalized anxiety
Sigmund Freud described _____ as free-floating anxiety.
generalized anxiety disorder
This disorder is characterized by symptoms of unexplained and continually tense and uneasy feelings.
generalized anxiety disorder
Diane is concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n):
generalized anxiety disorder.
When stressed, people crave carbohydrates. Carbohydrates help raise levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect. This is an example of taste preferences being influenced by _____ factors.
genetic
When the level of _____ in your blood drops, your hunger increases.
glucose
You are the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on your choice of scales. You decide to change your opinion for the good of the group. This best illustrates _____.
groupthink
The most common _____ experienced in schizophrenia are auditory.
hallucinations
Dr. Harper is studying the effects of HIV awareness campaigns and the reduction of new HIV cases within the Latino population of a major city. He is examining what is effective to stem the tide in this high-risk area of the city. He is also looking at medication compliance and wellness examinations. He is a:
health psychologist.
The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia affect the sense of _____.
hearing
Monique has not eaten since early this morning. It is now time for dinner. Her stomach is growling and she feels very hungry. One reason that she is feeling hungry is because:
her blood glucose level has dropped.
Your best friend is applying to graduate school, but only at the best schools in the country. He has always had a great desire for attaining a high standard and significant accomplishment. According to Henry Murray, he could be classified as someone with:
high achievement motivation.
A month ago, Jason lost his job because of circumstances beyond his control and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her "green card," that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold, and he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of the following do you think is happening to Jason?
his immune response is dropping
Terrell is NOT feeling hungry at the moment. This is likely because his ghrelin levels are _____.
low
For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is very likely that Odessa is suffering from:
major depressive disorder.
John has been having difficulties getting out of bed. He is not interested in going out with friends, and hardly ever answers the phone. John has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from:
major depressive disorder.
At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of the _____ model.
medial
Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.
medial
In order to balance online sharing and real world tasks, the text suggests that people learn to _____ their time.
monitor
Typically, when compared to women, men fantasize about sex _____ often, more physically, and less romantically.
more
You are visiting colleagues in Mexico City and are asked to try a local delicacy, sautéed ant eggs. You are reluctant to do so as your _____ makes you less willing to consume this "odd" food.
neophobia
Javier has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates his teachers because of his actions. Rather than work to succeed, he tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students with whom he hangs out. He has at times answered questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like his friends. Javier's behavior is an example of:
normative social influence.
A starving rat will lose all interest in food if its arcuate _____ is destroyed.
nucleus
Personality inventories are to _____ scoring as projective tests are to subjective scoring.
objective
Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n):
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
About _____ of all children whose lack of conscience seems to be apparent before age 15 will become antisocial adults.
one half
he correct order of the stages of the sexual response cycle is excitement, plateau, _____, and resolution.
orgasm
A person's enduring sexual attraction toward members of their own sex or the other sex is called their sexual:
orientation
Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of:
osttraumatic stress disorder.
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from:
panic attacks
This is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
passionate love
_____ is a present day medicine used to fight bacterial infections that is made from natural substances found in botanical life.
penicillin
The director of an assisted-living housing complex was puzzled by the following situation. When she let the residents choose their own dinner-time, as well as what they wanted to eat, she realized there were far fewer health problems and deaths. To what might she attribute this?
perceived control
Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes her recent low grades and quarter-mile race loss are reflections of her intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusions best illustrate a(n) _____ attributional style.
pessimistic
Roger works full-time, has a part-time job, and has a new consulting company in response to his son's special needs. He seems to be coping with everything quite well for the moment. According to Hans Selye, he is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
phase 2 of GAS, in a state of resistance.
Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. According to Hans Selye, she is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
phase 3 of GAS, in a state of exhaustion
Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood drawn. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from a(n) _____.
phobia
This disorder is characterized by a person having an irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
phobias
If a man has _____, his identical twin's chances of being similarly afflicted are about 6 in 10 if they shared a placenta.
schizophrenia
One of the hallmarks of _____ is disorganized thinking. Theorists suggest that people with such disorganized thoughts have a breakdown in selective attention.
schizophrenia
Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for _____.
schizophrenia
In European and North American psychology, the _____ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality.
self
Matt is 14-year-old who is unpopular with his classmates. They often taunt him by calling him a freak or a nerd, and generally will have nothing to do with him. According to the text, these experiences will probably cause Matt to engage in _____ behavior and to underperform on aptitude tests.
self-defeating
Our _____ is said to be a gauge of how socially accepted we feel.
self-esteem
People with high _____ have feelings of high self-worth and tend to persist when faced with a difficult task
self-esteem
The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set is called:
set point
Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:
slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.
When people perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called:
social facilitation.
Managers who build teamwork and effectively mediate employee conflicts are said to excel in:
social leaderships
In one study on _____, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought no one else was pulling with them.
social loafing
Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a:
social phobia.
Tim enjoys watching violent action movies and television shows on most evenings, as well as listening to music with violent lyrics. When faced with real-life conflict, he tends to respond with aggressive behavior because he believes that he needs to "act like a man." According to social psychologists, he has learned _____, which are mental files for how to act.
social scripts
Everyone is attempting to get onto the Internet at the same time despite the fact that the Internet provider has asked people to log on during off-peak hours. This best illustrates the dynamics of a _____.
social trap
Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment.
social-cognitive
Amanda blames herself for her recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that her depression results from this blaming of herself rather than the slumping economy. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a(n) _____ perspective.
social-cognitive
Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.
social-cognitive
Reciprocal determinism is associated with the _____ perspective.
social-cognitive
The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.
social-cognitive
The _____ perspective involves the concept of reciprocal determinism.
social-cognitive
Tameka volunteers twice a week at a homeless shelter along with members of her church youth group. They tutor and read to young elementary age children who are housed in the shelter. Tameka's volunteerism is an example of:
social-responsibility norm.
The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates the _____ effect.
spillover
The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates:
spillover effect
Mr. Rogers thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mr. Rogers appears to be associating qualities to all members of the group that are unrelated to the objective evidence that define this particular age group. Mr. Rogers is demonstrating a _____.
stereotype
Which of the following can be defined as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective evidence that define the group?
stereotype
In a now-classic study, Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman tested the idea that stress increases vulnerability to heart disease. They measured the blood cholesterol level and clotting speed of 40 U.S. tax accountants. They found that:
stress predicted increased heart attack risk.
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the _____, or the way we interact with that situation, is known as problem-focused coping.
stressor
According to the text, people sometime disparage themselves in order to be _____ strategic.
subtly
The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural _____ level is _____.
testosterone; lowered
Alone in the woods, you hear a noise. You think you see a bear coming towards you. Your heart starts pounding and, at the same time, you realize you are afraid. This sequence of events is best explained by which theory of emotion?
the Cannon-Bard theory
You look down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. You immediately feel your heart start to pound and you simultaneously experience fear. Which of the following theories best explains this emotional response?
the Cannon-Bard theory
As she was riding her bicycle down a hill, Wendy hit a large rock and lost her balance. She managed to come to a stop without falling. Once she was stopped, she noticed her heart was racing and she was shaking. After that, she realized she was frightened. Which theory of emotion best explains this sequence of events?
the James-Lange theory
According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and serves as a mediating force between the demands of the id and the superego.
the ego
It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if you would put a small, one-foot sign in your yard. You agree. The next week, your wife cannot believe you agreed to let the volunteer to put a new, three-foot sign on the front lawn. This is known as:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
When the temperatures go up in the summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of:
the frustration-aggression principle.
As you are driving to campus one day another car cuts you off and speeds ahead. Immediately you yell out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Your judgment best illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of drug addicts living in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." His attitude best illustrates:
the just-world phenomenon.
Marcus was upset because his boss, who had promised him a raise, decided not to give him the raise and to give it to a rival of Marcus instead. Marcus told his wife that be believed "what comes around goes around" and that both will "get theirs." This is an example of:
the just-world phenomenon.
At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of:
the medical model
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization refers to:
the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of:
the reciprocity norm.
You look down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. You immediately feel your heart start to pound. You are confused by this response until you remember your last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and you thought you were going to die. You realize your heart is pounding because you are afraid. Which of the following theories best explains this sequence of events?
the two-factor theory
Many researchers believe that this is not a repository of seething passions and repressive censoring but rather a cooler information-processing center that works without our awareness.
the unconscious
T lymphocytes are to the _____ as B-lymphocytes are to the bone marrow.
thymus
According to most health psychologists, all of the following are examples of good advice in order to succeed in permanently losing weight EXCEPT:
to eat quickly to avoid prolonged exposure to food.
Passionate love has been described as "adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder" because of the arousal caused by another person. This is best explained by the _____ theory.
two-factor
When Greg's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted his harmless symptoms as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional response is best understood in terms of the _____ theory.
two-factor
The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate passionate love. This is best explained by the _____.
two-factor theory
An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:
unconditional positive regard.
For the most part, psychologists no longer refer to the id, ego, and superego, or classify their patients according to psychosexual development. However, with support from decades of psychological research, they do assume that much of our mental life is _____.
unconscious
When people feel drawn to a partner, they become motivated to _____ sexual risks.
underestimate
The fundamental attribution error involves _____ situational influences on another's behavior.
underestimating
Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach is not very reliable and that it has limited _____.
validity
Research investigating the responses that people have to erotic stimuli has found that erotic stimuli produce _____ levels of arousal in both men and women.
virtually identical
Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by signs of depression such as lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must last for two or more _____.
weeks
Which theorist was the first psychologist to suggest that to improve mood we should act cheerful?
william james
Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a "_____."
word salad
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than _____ people are overweight worldwide.
1 billion
In one study of more than 100,000 American veterans returning home from the U.S. invasions of Iraq or Afghanistan, approximately _____ were diagnosed with a psychological disorder, most frequently PTSD.
1 in 4
Nearly 1 in _____ people will develop schizophrenia.
100
In one older survey of masturbation-related fantasies, _____ percent of women and _____ percent of men reported imagining being "taken" by someone overwhelmed with desire for them.
19; 10
Between 1930 and 1960, the number of dissociative identity disorder (DID) diagnoses in North America was about _____ per decade.
2
Depression affects women and men in a ratio of:
2:1
The percentage of Americans who report suffering from generalized anxiety in 2008 was about:
3.1.
For his performance review, Professor Donnell is evaluated by his students, colleagues, department chair, and research assistants. This best illustrates:
360-degree feedback
In the _____ performance appraisal method, your manager, other colleagues, customers, and even you rate your performance.
360-degree feedback
Feigned smiles last for more than _____ seconds.
4 OR 5
Carlos' wife is going the hospital for a painful spinal tap procedure and he is permitted to be with her during the procedure. What advice would you give Carlos to help him reduce the stress for his wife?
Hold her hand and talk to her about funny events in her life.
Why is it that African women have been found to rate their ideal body type as being significantly closer to their actual shape as compared to European and North American women?
In much of Africa, plumpness is equated with prosperity and thinness can signal AIDS, poverty, and hunger.
Not only are we pushed by our need to reduce drives, we also are pulled by _____.
Incentives
In an experiment by David Napolitan and George Goethals, a young woman acted in an aloof and critical way to one group of students, and in a warm and friendly manner to another group. Some of each group were told that she would be acting spontaneously, and some were told the truth--that she was merely acting remote or friendly. What effect did knowing the truth have on the students' opinion of the woman?
Knowing the truth beforehand did not affect how the students perceived her, either negatively or positively.
According to _____, there is a pyramid of human needs, such that the most basic physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become active.
Maslow
Once again, the director of an ancillary department has interfered with your project. She has even accused you of illegal activities when you know that you have committed none. You discuss this situation with your boss who helps you to reframe the situation and put things into perspective. The mere discussion helps relax you and is:
a catharsis.
_____ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
a conflict
In a study that followed hundreds of 5 to 18-year-old girls from New Zealand and the United States, _____ correlated with sexual activity before age 16.
a fathers abscense
An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with:
a manic episode.
Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from a(n):
a mood disorder
Max does not recycle glass, metal, or plastic garbage because he thinks it is inconvenient and has minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of:
a social trap
A desire for accomplishment and for mastery of things, people, and ideas, is called _____ motivation. It is related to setting and reaching high standards.
achievement
Mick never seems to be satisfied with his achievements, although he is not depressed. He does celebrate those achievements, but his achievements become normal after some time, and he moves on to the next big thing. This is best explained in terms of:
adaptation-level phenomenon.
_____, a prominent Neo-Freudian, proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.
adler
_____ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy.
aggression
The Big Five personality factors include conscientiousness, _____, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
agreeableness
Seventeen-year-old Vanessa just found out she is pregnant. Which of the following likely contributed to her unplanned pregnancy?
alcohol use
Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she stopping eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She began portioning the amount of food she ate and weighing food. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 115 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of:
anorexia nervosa.
Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having:
antisocial personality disorder.
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, most notably _____.
anxiety
_____ disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
anxiety
Sylvia is in charge of hiring a new employee for a demanding position. The personnel department has told her she can use only one assessment tool in her search. The assessment tools most likely to help Sylvia find the right person for the job are _____ tests.
aptitude
One way of clarifying emotions is to place them along two dimensions: (low versus high) _____ and (pleasant versus unpleasant) _____.
arousal; valence
Juanita is a young doctor preparing to take her surgical skills exam. In order to avoid being overconfident and failing, many researchers would recommend that she:
ask other doctors to score her abilities.
Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of:
attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.
When our need for relatedness is balanced with our need for _____ and competence, we experience a deep sense of well-being.
autonomy
Tiffany is a 16-year-old girl who lives in a low income neighborhood. Her grades are very good and there is a strong possibility that she will receive a scholarship for college. However, many of her peers are either pregnant or have contracted STDs. The text recommends that she does all of the following to ensure that she does not get pregnant and sidetrack her college career EXCEPT:
avoid discussions about contraception.
The interdisciplinary field of _____ integrates behavioral and medical knowledge, and applies this knowledge to health and disease.
behavioral medicine
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to avoid loneliness and separation is known as _____ and love.
belongingness
The stress normally experienced by immigrants is lessened by chain migration. This best illustrates the importance of _____ needs.
belongingness
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to love and be loved is known as:
belongingness and love.
Research has shown which of the following to be an influence on the sexual motivation of human beings?
biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences all affect human sexual motivation
Frieda is organized, careful, and disciplined. She would likely score very highly on a personality test that measures _____.
conscientiousness
Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a:
biopsychosocial model.
Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n):
bipolar disorder.
Minimal communication about _____ is a factor that is related to higher rates of teen pregnancy
birth control
The text suggests that the _____"is our most significant sex organ."
brain
Cancer-producing substances such as nicotine and radioactive materials are known as _____.
carcinogens
During your performance appraisal, your manager reviews with you a number of items such as "always meeting vendor needs," "uses time effectively," and "multitasks." These are all checked "yes" or "no." This is an example of a(n) _____.
checklist
Whether people feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade often depends on whether they attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to their own lack of academic ability. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by:
cognitive appraisals.
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to passionate love; as deep affectionate attachment is to _____ love.
companionate
Social psychologists believe that passionate love is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases in the later stages.
companionate love
Social-cognitive theorists believe people learn many behaviors either through _____ or by observing and _____ others.
conditioning; imitating
When a person adjusts his or her own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, that person is exhibiting _____.
conformity
Upon Roger's admission to the psychiatric unit, Dr. Weaver began her evaluation of him. When she asked why he is here, he responded that "the binary code knows the answer to the riddle that is in the middle on the griddle. Furthermore, I know that the horned head of Zeus rises in the early morning." Roger is manifesting this specifier of schizophrenia.
disorganized
Juan was shopping for a new watch and the salesperson was pressuring him to spend money way above his financial limit. Juan attributed the behavior to the salesperson's pushy personality. Juan was attributing her behavior to _____ factors.
dispositional
A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a(n):
dissociative disorder.
Angel has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime as his alter ego must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Angel does not suffer from __________________________ as the host is never co-conscious with the alter egos.
dissociative identity disorder
Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, _____-blocking drugs have little effect on persistent negative symptoms such as toneless voices or expressionless faces.
dopamine
Whenever physiological need increases, such as when we get thirsty or hungry, psychological drive also goes up. This is an example of _____ theory.
drive-reduction
Human factors psychologists work at designing _____ environments.
efficient
After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kathy alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates _____-focused coping.
emotion
Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies involve the unconventional use of electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed or magnetic fields. This type of alternative medicine is in the _____ domain.
energy
Biofield therapies, such as qi gong, Reiki, and therapeutic touch, are intended to affect _____ that purportedly surround and penetrate the human body.
energy fields
As a child soldier in Uganda, Mukasa saw rape, torture, and other traumatic events before escaping several months ago to a refugee camp. As Mukasa grows up, psychological researchers today would indicate that high stress and associated stress hormones will _____ his memory of the traumatic events.
enhance
One cluster of personality disorders exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors. For example, someone with _____ personality disorder displays shallow, attention-getting emotions and goes to great lengths to gain praise.
histrionic
By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to maintain _____.
homeostasis
The tendency to wear heavier clothes when it's cold and lighter clothes when it's warm is an example of humans trying to maintain:
homeostasis
Lisa just bought a new car. She really loves it. One of the main reasons is that she is able to access many of the controls while keeping her eyes on the road. For example, she is able to see how fast she is driving in the bottom-left portion of the windshield. In addition, she is able to control the stereo system by pressing buttons on the steering wheel. It is likely that the engineers who designed the car worked with _____ psychologists.
human factors
According to one study, a section of the _____ has been found to be larger in homosexual men than in heterosexual men.
hypothalamus
Anders has just received devastating news about the coffee shop he owns. Things seem very bleak because a nationally-known competitor is moving in on the same block. Anders has many debts to pay and his wife is expecting their fourth child. When he hears the bad news, his heart rate zooms and he feels faint, like he is in shock. According to Hans Seyle, he is:
in Phase 1 of GAS, experiencing an alarm reaction.
People trapped in a depressed mood are:
inactive and unmotivated.
The fact that some students will work hard for the reward of getting a good grade illustrates the importance of:
incentives
Donald thought he was well prepared for a presentation he was giving. However, he failed to anticipate questions his audience would ask him. Afterwards he was surprised by how poorly he performed. Many researchers would argue that Donald's _____ caused him to be overconfident.
incompetence
Twelve-year-old Tommy was watching the movie "Jaws" with his 10-year-old sister. He wanted her to become scared during certain parts of the movie, so he displayed a fearful facial expression during parts of the movie to stimulate fear in his little sister. According to facial feedback theory, while he did succeed in stimulating fear in his sister, he is likely to:
increase his fear during the parts of the movie he displayed the fearful facial expression.
_____ social influence results from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
informational
Megan was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Because Megan is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Megan is displaying _____.
informational social influence
Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief best illustrates:
ingroup bias
After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace. This behavior is an example of a(n)_____.
instinct
The perspective on motivation that focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors is known as:
instinct theory.
Dave is only 1 hour old. Remarkably, when he feels anything touch his cheek, he starts rooting and, when he makes contact with a nipple, sucking. These behaviors are _____.
instincts
Challenge this Question Jose was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes when his fasting blood glucose was discovered to be 300 mg/ml. His _____ production, which is secreted by the pancreas, was not controlling his blood glucose.
insulin
Jose was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes when his fasting blood glucose was discovered to be 300 mg/ml. His _____ production, which is secreted by the _____, was not controlling his blood glucose.
insulin; pancreas
Some people are better at detecting other people's emotions. For example, shown a 2-second scene of an upset woman, people who are _____ are better able to detect her emotion.
introverts
Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:
is NOT classified as an illness.
The jury deliberated on the rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. These jurors said that by looking like that, she had been asking to be assaulted. Their opinion is best explained in terms of the _____.
just-world phenomenon
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a popular inventory that classifies people into personality types based on their responses to a series of questions. According to one National Research Council report, this test:
lacks confirmation of its scientific worth as a predictor of job performance.
The proper order of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, _____, and genital.
latency
_____ theorists see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction.
learning
According to the text, many contemporary psychologists have turned to the _____ perspectives on anxiety.
learning and biological
Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the _____ frontal lobe.
left
Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the:
left frontal lobe.
Males who view depictions of sexually attractive women will often start to find their wives or girlfriends _____ attractive.
less
Sarah is a 13-year-old girl who is unpopular with her classmates. They often taunt her by calling her a freak, and generally will have nothing to do with her. According to the text, these experiences will probably cause Sarah to show _____ empathy towards others.
less
When communicating electronically rather than face to face, we often are less focused on others' reactions, less self-conscious, and thus _____ inhibited.
less
In the 1920's when hemlines reached the knee, an exposed female leg was considered erotic. Today an exposed leg is less likely to elicit such a response. This is an example of emotional response _____ caused by repeated exposure.
lessening
Ellen Hatfield and her co-workers randomly matched new University of Minnesota students for a Welcome Week dance. On the night of the blind date, the couples danced and talked for more than two hours and then took a brief intermission to rate their dates. It turned out that _____ was the most important factor in determining whether or not the couples liked each other.
physical attractiveness
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to satisfy hunger and thirst is known as:
physiological needs
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest being genuine with them and showing them unconditional _____ regard.
positive
Unconditional _____ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. This attitude nurtures growth in others.
positive regard
You imagine the self you want to be—a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming—a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of:
possible selves.
Seven months ago, Quinn witnessed the gruesome murder of a close friend. Although many people expected him to suffer from this, he seemed to have the opposite reaction. He had a greater appreciation for life, his relationships with his family became more meaningful, and he became more involved in his faith. Quinn's response is known as:
posttraumatic growth.
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization is the motivation to fulfill one's _____.
potential
According to a poll discussed in the text, 65 percent of Americans received NO _____ in the work place in the last year.
praise
Which of the following is indicative of a sexual disorder?
premature ejaculation
Raul went to see his doctor because he reaches orgasm quickly. Raul was diagnosed with:
premature ejaculation.
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor, or the way we interact with that stressor, is known as:
problem-focused coping.
Although Greg has accumulated many tickets for a wide range of traffic infractions, he complains all the time to family and friends about other peoples' driving. Sigmund Freud would describe this as_____, while today researchers would describe this as false consensus effect.
projection
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to feel that the world is an organized and predictable place is a _____ need.
safety
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a popular inventory that classifies people into personality types based on their responses to a series of questions. According to one National Research Council report, this test lacks _____ scientific worth.
proven
If a person exhibits persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions, the person may have a(n)_____ disorder.
psychological
A month after the attacks on the United States in September 2001, a survey of Manhattan residents indicated that a number of them claimed they were suffering _____. Among those living near the World Trade Center, 20 percent reported telltale signs such as nightmares, severe anxiety, and fear of public places.
ptsd
_____ is characterized by a person having lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event.
ptsd
Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.
reciprocal determinism
Katrina is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Albert Bandura called this process:
reciprocal determinism.
When our need for _____ is balanced with our need for autonomy and competence, we experience a deep sense of well-being.
relatedness
Performance on tasks depends on arousal level as well as the type of task. For optimal performance on a DIFFICULT task,:
relatively low arousal is best.
As a child soldier in Uganda, Mukasa witnessed rape, torture, and other traumatic events before escaping several months ago to a refugee camp. As Mukasa grows up, followers of the psychoanalytic perspective would suggest that he will probably _____ these painful experiences. Psychological researchers today claim that high stress and associated stress hormones tend to _____ memory.
repress; enhance
The correct order of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is: an alarm reaction, _____, exhaustion.
resistance
