Exam 3 Water and other major minerals

What hormones are involved in the conservation of water in the body?

---Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to an increase in concentration of blood. ADH signals the kidneys to retain water. ---Renin ---Angiotensin I ---Angiotensin II ---Aldosterone- signals kidneys to retain more sodium and chloride which in turn water

What are the functions of sodium?

1. Helps in absorption of glucose and some amino acids in the Small Intestine. 2. Required for normal muscle and nerve function. 3. Aids in water balance.

What is the RDA based on 40% absorption for calcium?

1000mg

The RDA for calcium is __________ milligrams of calcium daily.

1000mg (adults) 1200mg (women over 50/men over 70) 1300mg (adolescents)

During what age does the human body reach peak bone mass?

20-30 years old

What is the AI for Chloride?

2300mg

Normal absorption of calcium in food is ______%. Increases to ~____% during time of need (pregnancy, infancy)

25%-Food ~60% (pregnancy/infancy)

Which of the following is the term that pairs with the definition? Definition: Cells on bone surface that dissolve bone by releasing acid and enzymes. A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes

A. Osteoclasts

If we ate no processed food and added no salt daily sodium intake would be approxiately? a. 300mg b. 500mg c. 800mg

B. 500mg

Which of the following is the term that pairs with the definition? Definition: Bone-building cells produce collagen and add minerals to form healthy bone. A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes

B. Osteoblasts

Which of the following is the term that pairs with the definition? Definition: Are biochemically active; they can take up calcium from the blood and release it back into the blood, as well as help bone become more dense, if needed. A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes

C. Osteocytes

When blood calcium rises too high, the thyroid gland releases ____________. This hormone restores blood calcium to normal levels (-). Hint: C

Calcitonin

What are the target nutrients of the Dash Diet?

Calcium, potassium, magnesium, fat, fiber,.

True or False The RDA for water intake is 15 cups/day for men and 11 cups/day for women.

False, its the adequate intake

What are the 2 sulfur-containing amino acids that mainly provide sulfur? Hint: M & C

Methionine Cysteine

When blood calcium levels fall too low, the thyroid gland releases ________. This hormone restores blood calcium to normal levels (-). Hint: PH

Parathyroid hormone

The ______-________ system is one regulator of BP and blood volume. A decrease in blood pressure starts the cascade of reactions (-) that restore blood pressure to the normal range. This system functions with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to control blood pressure. It is listed twice because angiotensin II acts at both the adrenal gland and the blood vessels to help regulate blood pressure

Renin-angiotensin

Calcium is absorbed in the upper part of the ____ _____ because it is slightly acidic.

Small Intestine

Adequate intake of sodium: 1500mg/day for adults 1200-1300mg/day for older adults BODY ONLY NEEDS ~200mg/day

True

Calcium Transport/Storage/Excretion Transported: In the blood (concentration is tightly regulated) Storage: In the bones Excretion: Via kidneys (under control of parathyroid hormone), skin, and feces.

True

Calcium supplements -Calcium carbonate (40%) -Calcium citrate (21%)

True

Chloride -Absorption: in the SI and colon Transported: active transcellular reabsorption and chloride diffusion across the paracellular pathway down its concentration gradient. -Stored in Blood (w/ sodium) -Excreted: Thru kidneys/perspiration

True

Dash diet consists of: -Low in fat & sodium -High in fruits & veggies & low-fat dairy products.

True

Food sources of Magnesium -Whole grains, veggies, nuts, seeds, chocolate.

True

Function of potassium -High intake of potassium suppresses the renin-angiotensin system and promotes the excretion of excess sodium and water.

True

Functions of Calcium -Bone development and maintenance -Blood clot (needed to convert prothrombin to thrombin) -Transmission of nerve impulses to target cells. -Muscle contraction -Cell metabolism (binds w/ calmodulin (calcium-modulating protein))

True

Functions of Chloride -Negative ion for the extracellular fluid -Component of HCL -Immune response/Nerve function/ transportation of CO2

True

Functions of Magnesium -2nd most abundant intercellular cation -Stabilizes ATP- by binding to its phosphate group -Contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis -Potassium and calcium metabolism= bone structure and mineralization -Nerve transmission, heart contraction -Insulin release from the pancreas -May dilate arteries -May prevent heart rhythm abnormalities, decrease hypertension, gallstone formation

True

Functions of Phosphorous -Found in every cell- main intercellular (between cells) anion -ATP/DNA/RNA -Phospholipids- part of cell membrane -Acid-base balance- may protect against hypertension.

True

Functions of Sulfur Nonionic form: -Part of organic compounds (e.g., biotin & thiamin) -Disulfide bridges, formation of collagen and keratin. Ionic form: -Acid-base balance -Aids in drug detoxifying pathways.

True

How to prevent osteoporosis? -meet calcium and vit. D needs -regular menstruation -weigh-bearing exercise -accurate height measurement -medication

True

Hyponatremia= water intoxication --Electrolytes diluted in blood especially sodium. symptoms of water intoxication -headaches, blurred vision, cramps, convulsions, rarely---death when the brain swells too much water. Populations at risk: infants under 6 months/endurance athletes, mental disorders.

True

Magnesium Absorption -40-60% of what is absorbed -Low intakes rate of absorption = 80% -Absorption is enhanced by vitamin D

True

Magnesium Transport/storage/excretion Transport: Kidneys regulate blood concentration of magnesium. Storage: Primarily in bones (over 1/2), some in muscle. Excretion: Kidneys

True

Parathyroid hormone -increases blood calcium -Retains calcium from excretion -Increases calcium absorption via increased calcitriol -Increases calcium release from bone Lowering blood calcium -Decreases parathyroid hormone and calcitriol Calcitonin- key factor to control blood Ca level

True

Phosphorous Absorption/transport/storage/excretion Absorption: Effective absorption by the body (70%); passive absorption based on the phosphorous concentration in the lumen. Stored: In the bones (80%) Excreted: Kidneys excrete excess

True

Potassium Absorption/transport/storage/excretion Absorption: In both the small and large intestine Transported: across the apical membrane by an electroneutral transporter that tightly binds one sodium and potassium ion to two chloride ions. Storage: Body cells (95%); some in blood Excretion: Regulated by KIDNEYS (excretion and retention)

True

Refeeding Syndrome -Those that have experienced long-term low-nutrient intake and extreme weight loss. -If aggressively refed, the small amount of Phosphorous in the bloodstream will shift into cells to participate in essential metabolic pathways -The shift can cause blood phosphorous levels to be so low that respiratory failure and other critical health conditions

True

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (regulates arterial pressure) -Fall in blood pressure triggers renin-angiotensin system -Kidneys release renin, activates angiotensinogen -Angiotensinogen converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (needs Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs) -Blood vessels constrict -Adrenal glands release aldosterone - signals retention of sodium and chloride by kidneys, which leads to water retention -Stimulates the release of vasopressin (antidiuretic horomone- ADH) increases fluid retention by kidney -Stimulates thirst centers in the brain -Increases blood pressure

True

Sodium Absorption: In the stomach, SI, and colon Transported: Active transport (via sodium-potassium pump) Excretion: regulated by the kidneys Sodium remains in the blood stream.

True

Sources of Calcium -Dairy products -Kale, collard, mustard greens -Calcium fortified foods -Tofu (if made with calcium carbonate) -Canned fish (w/ bones)

True

Sources of Phospohorous Dairy, bakery products, sodas, meats, and cereal.

True

Sources of Potassium potatoes (w/ skin), yogurt (plain), dried beans, fruits/veggies/ milk, grains, fish.

True

Sources of chloride -Seaweed -Olives -Rye -Some fruits and veggies -Table salt (60%) -Chlorinated water

True

Sulfur information -Part of a natural diet, primarily from protein -Used to preserve foods -No UL, RDA, or deficiency or toxicity associated with

True

Table salt is made up of 60% chloride and 40% sodium

True

True or False 90% of those over the age of 55 will develop hypertension in their lifetime.

True

True or False An individual with osteopenia is MORE likely to fracture a bone than someone with a normal bone density but is LESS likely to fracture a bone than someone with osteoporosis.

True

True or False Even though only about 30% of the calcium in dairy products is absorbed, these foods are rich in calcium and provide a greater total quantity of calcium than many foods containing better-absorbed calcium.

True

True or False No set upper limit for Potassium

True

True or False Phosphorous in grains and legumes in the forms of phytates are poorly absorbed because we lack the enzyme that releases the phosphorous.

True

True or False The absorption of Phosphorous is enhanced by calcitriol (active vit. D)?

True

True or False The availability of vitamin D promotes and regulates active transport of calcium.

True

True or False Aldosterone regulates sodium balance.

True

True or False 90% of potassium consumed is absorbed.

True

What are the functions of water? --Metabolic process- Maintenance of blood volume and transport of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. --Solvent and chemical reactions. --Body temperature regulation --Removal of body waste --Amniotic fluid/joint lubricants/saliva/bile

True

What is the AI for potassium? 4700mg/day

True

What is the RDA for Phosphorous? RDA= 700mg

True

What is the RDA for magnesium? Men: 400mg Women: 310mg

True

What is the consequences of hypercalcemia? -Kidney stones -Calcification of tissue

True

When dietary potassium is HIGH, calcium secreted in the urine DECLINES.

True

Deficiency disease of potassium = hypokalemia Causes---Use of diuretics

true

Sensible losses- (urine output/heavy perspiration) Insensible losses-(lungs, feces, skin)

true