Exam 3 Water and other major minerals
What hormones are involved in the conservation of water in the body?
---Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to an increase in concentration of blood. ADH signals the kidneys to retain water. ---Renin ---Angiotensin I ---Angiotensin II ---Aldosterone- signals kidneys to retain more sodium and chloride which in turn water
What are the functions of sodium?
1. Helps in absorption of glucose and some amino acids in the Small Intestine. 2. Required for normal muscle and nerve function. 3. Aids in water balance.
What is the RDA based on 40% absorption for calcium?
1000mg
The RDA for calcium is __________ milligrams of calcium daily.
1000mg (adults) 1200mg (women over 50/men over 70) 1300mg (adolescents)
During what age does the human body reach peak bone mass?
20-30 years old
What is the AI for Chloride?
2300mg
Normal absorption of calcium in food is ______%. Increases to ~____% during time of need (pregnancy, infancy)
25%-Food ~60% (pregnancy/infancy)
Which of the following is the term that pairs with the definition? Definition: Cells on bone surface that dissolve bone by releasing acid and enzymes. A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes
A. Osteoclasts
If we ate no processed food and added no salt daily sodium intake would be approxiately? a. 300mg b. 500mg c. 800mg
B. 500mg
Which of the following is the term that pairs with the definition? Definition: Bone-building cells produce collagen and add minerals to form healthy bone. A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes
B. Osteoblasts
Which of the following is the term that pairs with the definition? Definition: Are biochemically active; they can take up calcium from the blood and release it back into the blood, as well as help bone become more dense, if needed. A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes
C. Osteocytes
When blood calcium rises too high, the thyroid gland releases ____________. This hormone restores blood calcium to normal levels (-). Hint: C
Calcitonin
What are the target nutrients of the Dash Diet?
Calcium, potassium, magnesium, fat, fiber,.
True or False The RDA for water intake is 15 cups/day for men and 11 cups/day for women.
False, its the adequate intake
What are the 2 sulfur-containing amino acids that mainly provide sulfur? Hint: M & C
Methionine Cysteine
When blood calcium levels fall too low, the thyroid gland releases ________. This hormone restores blood calcium to normal levels (-). Hint: PH
Parathyroid hormone
The ______-________ system is one regulator of BP and blood volume. A decrease in blood pressure starts the cascade of reactions (-) that restore blood pressure to the normal range. This system functions with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to control blood pressure. It is listed twice because angiotensin II acts at both the adrenal gland and the blood vessels to help regulate blood pressure
Renin-angiotensin
Calcium is absorbed in the upper part of the ____ _____ because it is slightly acidic.
Small Intestine
Adequate intake of sodium: 1500mg/day for adults 1200-1300mg/day for older adults BODY ONLY NEEDS ~200mg/day
True
Calcium Transport/Storage/Excretion Transported: In the blood (concentration is tightly regulated) Storage: In the bones Excretion: Via kidneys (under control of parathyroid hormone), skin, and feces.
True
Calcium supplements -Calcium carbonate (40%) -Calcium citrate (21%)
True
Chloride -Absorption: in the SI and colon Transported: active transcellular reabsorption and chloride diffusion across the paracellular pathway down its concentration gradient. -Stored in Blood (w/ sodium) -Excreted: Thru kidneys/perspiration
True
Dash diet consists of: -Low in fat & sodium -High in fruits & veggies & low-fat dairy products.
True
Food sources of Magnesium -Whole grains, veggies, nuts, seeds, chocolate.
True
Function of potassium -High intake of potassium suppresses the renin-angiotensin system and promotes the excretion of excess sodium and water.
True
Functions of Calcium -Bone development and maintenance -Blood clot (needed to convert prothrombin to thrombin) -Transmission of nerve impulses to target cells. -Muscle contraction -Cell metabolism (binds w/ calmodulin (calcium-modulating protein))
True
Functions of Chloride -Negative ion for the extracellular fluid -Component of HCL -Immune response/Nerve function/ transportation of CO2
True
Functions of Magnesium -2nd most abundant intercellular cation -Stabilizes ATP- by binding to its phosphate group -Contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis -Potassium and calcium metabolism= bone structure and mineralization -Nerve transmission, heart contraction -Insulin release from the pancreas -May dilate arteries -May prevent heart rhythm abnormalities, decrease hypertension, gallstone formation
True
Functions of Phosphorous -Found in every cell- main intercellular (between cells) anion -ATP/DNA/RNA -Phospholipids- part of cell membrane -Acid-base balance- may protect against hypertension.
True
Functions of Sulfur Nonionic form: -Part of organic compounds (e.g., biotin & thiamin) -Disulfide bridges, formation of collagen and keratin. Ionic form: -Acid-base balance -Aids in drug detoxifying pathways.
True
How to prevent osteoporosis? -meet calcium and vit. D needs -regular menstruation -weigh-bearing exercise -accurate height measurement -medication
True
Hyponatremia= water intoxication --Electrolytes diluted in blood especially sodium. symptoms of water intoxication -headaches, blurred vision, cramps, convulsions, rarely---death when the brain swells too much water. Populations at risk: infants under 6 months/endurance athletes, mental disorders.
True
Magnesium Absorption -40-60% of what is absorbed -Low intakes rate of absorption = 80% -Absorption is enhanced by vitamin D
True
Magnesium Transport/storage/excretion Transport: Kidneys regulate blood concentration of magnesium. Storage: Primarily in bones (over 1/2), some in muscle. Excretion: Kidneys
True
Parathyroid hormone -increases blood calcium -Retains calcium from excretion -Increases calcium absorption via increased calcitriol -Increases calcium release from bone Lowering blood calcium -Decreases parathyroid hormone and calcitriol Calcitonin- key factor to control blood Ca level
True
Phosphorous Absorption/transport/storage/excretion Absorption: Effective absorption by the body (70%); passive absorption based on the phosphorous concentration in the lumen. Stored: In the bones (80%) Excreted: Kidneys excrete excess
True
Potassium Absorption/transport/storage/excretion Absorption: In both the small and large intestine Transported: across the apical membrane by an electroneutral transporter that tightly binds one sodium and potassium ion to two chloride ions. Storage: Body cells (95%); some in blood Excretion: Regulated by KIDNEYS (excretion and retention)
True
Refeeding Syndrome -Those that have experienced long-term low-nutrient intake and extreme weight loss. -If aggressively refed, the small amount of Phosphorous in the bloodstream will shift into cells to participate in essential metabolic pathways -The shift can cause blood phosphorous levels to be so low that respiratory failure and other critical health conditions
True
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (regulates arterial pressure) -Fall in blood pressure triggers renin-angiotensin system -Kidneys release renin, activates angiotensinogen -Angiotensinogen converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (needs Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs) -Blood vessels constrict -Adrenal glands release aldosterone - signals retention of sodium and chloride by kidneys, which leads to water retention -Stimulates the release of vasopressin (antidiuretic horomone- ADH) increases fluid retention by kidney -Stimulates thirst centers in the brain -Increases blood pressure
True
Sodium Absorption: In the stomach, SI, and colon Transported: Active transport (via sodium-potassium pump) Excretion: regulated by the kidneys Sodium remains in the blood stream.
True
Sources of Calcium -Dairy products -Kale, collard, mustard greens -Calcium fortified foods -Tofu (if made with calcium carbonate) -Canned fish (w/ bones)
True
Sources of Phospohorous Dairy, bakery products, sodas, meats, and cereal.
True
Sources of Potassium potatoes (w/ skin), yogurt (plain), dried beans, fruits/veggies/ milk, grains, fish.
True
Sources of chloride -Seaweed -Olives -Rye -Some fruits and veggies -Table salt (60%) -Chlorinated water
True
Sulfur information -Part of a natural diet, primarily from protein -Used to preserve foods -No UL, RDA, or deficiency or toxicity associated with
True
Table salt is made up of 60% chloride and 40% sodium
True
True or False 90% of those over the age of 55 will develop hypertension in their lifetime.
True
True or False An individual with osteopenia is MORE likely to fracture a bone than someone with a normal bone density but is LESS likely to fracture a bone than someone with osteoporosis.
True
True or False Even though only about 30% of the calcium in dairy products is absorbed, these foods are rich in calcium and provide a greater total quantity of calcium than many foods containing better-absorbed calcium.
True
True or False No set upper limit for Potassium
True
True or False Phosphorous in grains and legumes in the forms of phytates are poorly absorbed because we lack the enzyme that releases the phosphorous.
True
True or False The absorption of Phosphorous is enhanced by calcitriol (active vit. D)?
True
True or False The availability of vitamin D promotes and regulates active transport of calcium.
True
True or False Aldosterone regulates sodium balance.
True
True or False 90% of potassium consumed is absorbed.
True
What are the functions of water? --Metabolic process- Maintenance of blood volume and transport of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. --Solvent and chemical reactions. --Body temperature regulation --Removal of body waste --Amniotic fluid/joint lubricants/saliva/bile
True
What is the AI for potassium? 4700mg/day
True
What is the RDA for Phosphorous? RDA= 700mg
True
What is the RDA for magnesium? Men: 400mg Women: 310mg
True
What is the consequences of hypercalcemia? -Kidney stones -Calcification of tissue
True
When dietary potassium is HIGH, calcium secreted in the urine DECLINES.
True
Deficiency disease of potassium = hypokalemia Causes---Use of diuretics
true
Sensible losses- (urine output/heavy perspiration) Insensible losses-(lungs, feces, skin)
true
