Exam 3

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, universal discriminatory trait?

It refers to a physical or cultural characteristic that may make one a target of discrimination, and that everyone has.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, self-selective process?

It refers to a process where individuals effectively choose themselves to a form a group as opposed to being chosen by others.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, social conditioning?

It refers to a set of cultural cues and pressures provided by the actions and habits of an organization's member that guide new members toward how they are to act within the organization.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, weak victimization?

It refers to a situation where individuals use discrimination as an excuse for their own failures.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, utilization analysis?

It refers to a study of whether an organization is taking full advantage of the human resources available in its geographic area.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, intentional discrimination?

It refers to discriminatory acts stemming from explicitly realized prejudice.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, unintentional discrimination?

It refers to discriminatory acts stemming from unrealized prejudice.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, transactional leadership?

It refers to the ability of getting the members of an organization onboard through give and take, and inclusion.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, transformational leadership?

It refers to the ability to inspire and convert the members of an organization into devoted and unselfish advocates of its goals.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept, social precedent?

It refers to the belief that ingrained customs and habits explain divergent career paths for men and women.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "cultural imperialism"?

It refers to the charge that people and organizations are forcing ethical codes and attitudes on people with different histories, habits, and customs.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of due care?

It refers to the conception of manufacturers as being in a position to understand the potential dangers of their products and therefore obligated to take precautions to ensure quality and safety.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of brand?

It refers to the consumer disposition towards a specific good or service.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of manufacturer liability?

It refers to the consumers' right to sue manufacturers for injuries caused by a defective product.

An organization stipulates that cotton or synthetic material pants, wool pants, casual shirts, dress shirts, sweaters, are acceptable for men, and casual dresses, skirts, tops and turtlenecks are acceptable for women. This is an example of:

a dress code.

Miriam is an assistant manager in a retail chain. She is awarded the "Best Worker of the Year", award for her consistent performance. When the opportunity for a promotion arises, she is ignored and one of her male colleagues is promoted instead. She is as qualified as her male colleague but is passed over for the promotion. This is potentially an example of:

the glass ceiling.

Juan is the leader of a small team in an organization. He finds that Adrian appears disinterested in his work. In an effort to motivate him, Juan mentions how important Adrian is for the success of the team, during the team meeting. This praise acts as a reward for future good performance and prods Adrian to show more interest in the job at hand. This is an example of:

transactional leadership.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, grooming code?

It refers to a set of rules—explicit or implicit—concerning hygiene and presentation at work.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, commander?

It refers to a leadership persona that gives clear directions and expects compliance.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, democratic leadership?

It refers to a leadership persona that seeks active participation from an organization's members.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, concealable discriminatory trait?

It refers to a physical or cultural characteristic that may make one a target of discrimination, and that may remain hidden if the individual chooses.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of reasonable consumer standard?

It refers to a presumption that protections against deceitful advertising should only be extended to cover marketing efforts that would significantly mislead a thoughtful, moderately experienced consumer.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of ignorant consumer standard?

It refers to a presumption that protections against deceitful advertising should only be extended to cover marketing efforts that would significantly mislead any consumer, including those much less sophisticated or experienced than typical buyers.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, organizational code?

It refers to a set of written rules defining an organizational culture and indicating how individuals ought to act within the organization.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of puffery?

It refers to a technical term in advertising signifying expressed views that are so clearly subjective exaggerations or product slogans that no reasonable person would take them literally.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "complex transaction"?

It refers to a transaction where the seller is not the fabricator of the good being sold.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "reasonable person model"?

It refers to a way of answering questions by appealing to how a typical, reasonable person would respond if asked.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "multicultural respect ethical strategy"?

It refers to accepting that the customs and habits of members of diverse societies are legitimate and should be respected.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "local deference ethical strategy"?

It refers to accepting that the customs and habits of those conforming to a society should provide guidance for all those entering the society within a culturalist ethics.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, corporate culture ethics audit?

It refers to an aspect of corporate culture that attempts to measure how open channels are between the ethical values stationed at the top of the organization to guide activities and the actual practices down below.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, dress code?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes a set of rules—explicit or implicit—distinguishing what garments may and what may not be worn in the workplace.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, community interaction?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the degree to which an organization and its members participate in local, nonwork endeavors.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, political action?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the degree to which an organization and its members participate in partisan governmental activities not directly related to work endeavors.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, personalized workspace?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the extent to which an organization's members make their physical space at work their own space.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, leisure time?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the habits and preferences of an organization's members with respect to their relaxation time.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, employee interaction?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the way members relate to each other on the job.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, compliance?

It refers to an aspect of the corporate world that measures the distance between what an organization says it believes in the abstract and what it and its members actually do.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, isolated discrimination?

It refers to an episode of discrimination not indicative of an individual's or an organization's standard practice.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "prurience"?

It refers to an immoderate and unwholesome interest or desire, especially one that is related to sex.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, strong victimization?

It refers to an individual claiming to suffer discrimination where it doesn't exist and using the claim to abuse others.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, glass ceiling?

It refers to an unacknowledged block on the advance of qualified people, especially women to high posts in an organization.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "laissez-faire"?

It refers to an unobstructed marketplace, one where individuals and organizations compete against each other with a minimum of regulation, oversight, and limitation.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of implicit contract?

It refers to an unwritten agreement formed between sellers and buyers as a function of their transaction.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of informational advertising?

It refers to commercials and advertisements presenting facts to influence consumers.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, individual discrimination?

It refers to discrimination expressed by a person within an organization that may or may not share the outlook.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "enabling organizations"?

It refers to organizations that actively encourage or at least facilitate drug use by employees.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "complicit organizations"?

It refers to organizations that know employees are using drugs and don't intervene.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, institutional discrimination?

It refers to recurrent episodes of discrimination indicative of an individual's or an organization's standard practice.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, regularized discrimination?

It refers to recurrent episodes of discrimination indicative of an individual's or an organization's standard practice.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of biological differences, which is used as an explanation for occupational segregation?

It refers to the belief that men and women are fundamentally different in terms of basic aspirations and capabilities.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "culturalist ethics"?

It refers to the definition of ethical right and wrong as aligning with a society's accepted rules and norms of behavior.

Which of the following statements holds true for the doctrine of comparable worth?

It refers to the doctrine that dictates that distinct occupations requiring comparable levels of skill, training, effort, and responsibility should be rewarded with comparable salaries.

Which of the following statements is true about the term "caveat emptor"?

It refers to the doctrine that the consumer alone is responsible for the quality of the product purchased.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, statistical indication of racism?

It refers to the evidence of racism in society gleaned from data.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, experimental indication of racism?

It refers to the evidence of racism in society gleaned from planned experiments.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, episodic indication of racism?

It refers to the evidence of racism in society gleaned from specific, unplanned occurrences.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "a slippery slope"?

It refers to the idea that once one starts doing something, it'll be difficult to stop doing more and more of it.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of consumerism?

It refers to the identification of consumers with the products he or she buys and an accompanying need to buy in order to exist.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of consumer advocate?

It refers to the justification of consumer revenge against sellers of defective goods as protecting other consumers.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "product sincerity"?

It refers to the openness and transparency about what's being offered to consumers.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of proportional revenge?

It refers to the principle that the cost imposed on sellers of defective goods should be comparable with the consumer's loss.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "objectification"?

It refers to the reduction of a human being—his or her nobility and dignity—to nothing more than the object, which is his or her body.

Which of the following statements is true about the term "implied warranty"?

It refers to the right of the consumers to claim from sellers if the good or service fails to meet expectations.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "privacy (as a right)"?

It refers to the right to be left alone by others.

Which of the following statements holds most true for the concept of "freedom (as a right)"?

It refers to the right to pursue our own happiness in the ways we as individuals determine.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, minority?

It refers to the status of being vulnerable to discrimination.

Which of the following is true about sexual harassment in the workplace?

It refers to unwelcome sexual advances that affect an individual's employment.

The concept of _____ refers to a view of consumers wherein they are protected from defective goods and services by the affirmation that their purchase is also an implicit agreement with the seller guarantying quality similar to expectations.

contracting consumers

In the Canadian Northwest Territories, aboriginal people are given preference for jobs and education and are considered to have P1 status. Non-aboriginal people who were born in the NWT or have resided half of their life there are considered a P2. This is an example of:

affirmative action.

Cartoon characters such as Superman, Spider-man, and Batman have replaced local heroes in many countries. Drinks such as Pepsi and Coke have dominated the markets of developing countries and have replaced local fruit drinks. Eventually, local varieties and products begin to mimic American products in order to compete with American cultural imports. This is an example of:

cultural imperialism.

A _____ refers to a form of business where a company with a successful operation offers others the opportunity to function under its trade name in exchange for a fee or similar compensation.

franchise

Organizations in the United States allow immigrants to follow their own customs and practices without forcing them to follow local customs and practices. The above instance serves as an example of:

multicultural respect ethical strategy.

Ivan, who is of Russian nationality, is employed to make deliveries by Deliveries Same Day Limited. A late delivery is made to General Goods and Ivan is called an "ignorant Russian fool", by Fred the foreman. Ivan is very upset about this and complains to his boss. This is an example of:

national origin discrimination.

An advertisement for a body deodorant for men shows a man attracting a variety of material luxuries and a line-up of beautiful girls after using the deodorant. Here the girls are dehumanized as they are compared with other material luxuries. The message in this advertisement is an example of:

objectification.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, cultural dissonance?

It refers to a conflict between the values the organization publicly promotes as essential to its functioning, and the values guiding an organization's workers in their day-to-day activities.

Which of the following statements holds most true for the concept of "informed consent"?

It refers to a decision to accept possible drug testing after making a careful and deliberative judgment.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, visionary?

It refers to a leadership persona that guides an organization's members towards a shared dream, goal or purpose.

_____ is a measure that is implemented to advance toward fairness for minorities in the workplace, usually including some form of preferences for certain groups.

Affirmative action

The _____ is an agency of the federal government charged with investigating and preventing unfair and deceptive marketing practices.

Federal Trade Commission

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of transactional advertising?

It refers to advertising directly about the exchange of money for a good or service.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "social paradigm shift"?

It refers to an abrupt change in a social attitude.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, workplace mood?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the climate at work on a typical day.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, social cause activism?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the degree to which an organization and its members participate in societal crusades not directly related to work endeavors.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, workers or people doing work?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the degree to which an organization's members are valued as integral people with aspirations beyond those of the organization.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, workplace time?

It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the way time is understood and valued in the workplace.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of strict product liability?

It refers to the doctrine that manufacturers are legally responsible for product defects no matter how much care may have taken to prevent them.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "Samaritanism"?

It refers to the ethical responsibility to step in and help others when it's possible to help and when the personal cost is not disproportionate to the good that can be done.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of viral marketing?

It refers to the exploitation of consumers to do a company's promotional work.

_____ refers to the proportional revenge taken by an individual against those who have wronged him or her.

Retributive justice

Which of the following refers to the argument that discrimination is wrong because as humans we're endowed with a certain dignity and freedom that is abridged by discrimination?

Rights argument

In the morning rush hour, John, a bicycle courier boy, skids off his cycle and is unable to get up. A number of people pass him, but do not stop to help him because if they did so, they would get late for school or work. Martha, who is also getting late for an appointment, sees John in pain and stops her car, helps him get up and drives him to a nearby clinic. Martha's act of helping John is an example of:

Samaritanism

_____ refers to the argument that discrimination is wrong because it treats people unequally for reasons not involving merit.

The fairness argument

Which of the following refers to the argument that discrimination is wrong because it diminishes our collective happiness and welfare?

The utilitarian argument

_____ refers to a situation where individuals imagine how they would like society to be if they did not know beforehand where they would be placed in it, and use that image to test current reality for fairness.

The veil of ignorance

Gillian handles the finances for a nonprofit organization. Once she used the account to pay for her son's skating class fees. She vowed to replace the money as soon as possible. On another occasion she repeated the act. Now it has become a habit for her to make personal payments from the account. This is an example of:

a slippery slope.

An organization's stated public policy is that it is committed to environmental protection. It has a waste recycling department to filter chemically charged waste. However workers are instructed to ignore any such directive as the whole operation is very expensive. Therefore everyday thousands of gallons of chemically contaminated waste is released into the nearby water bodies damaging the local ecosystem. This is an example of:

cultural dissonance.

The concept of _____ refers to a view of consumers wherein they are safeguarded from defective goods and services only by their own caution.

wary consumers

_____ refers to the doctrine that government regulators must restrict citizen marketplace freedoms in order to serve the citizens' interest.

Legal paternalism

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, pace setter?

It refers to a leadership persona that challenges members of the organization to work and meet goals by setting a strong example.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, affiliative leadership?

It refers to a leadership persona that focuses on the human and emotional dynamic of the workplace over immediate work requirements.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of false claims?

It refers to a kind of deceitful advertising where claims made are directly dishonest.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of concealed facts?

It refers to a kind of deceitful advertising where claims made aren't directly dishonest, but pertinent information is intentionally left out.

Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of ambiguous claims?

It refers to a kind of deceitful advertising where claims made aren't directly false, but misleading—though technically true—information is accentuated.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term "deny the premise"?

It refers to a kind of rational argument that questions another's opinion by insisting that their basic assumptions are wrong.

Which of the following statements holds true for the term, coach?

It refers to a leadership persona that challenges members of an organization to meet specific, relatively accessible goals under close supervision.

Which of the following accepts the basic culturalist argument that right and wrong is nothing more than the customs and habits of those conforming to a society, and people joining a society can expect a grace period while they figure things out, but they must ultimately come into line with their new found society?

Local deference ethical strategy

For more than 60 years African Americans in the Southern USA were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in the Congress or in the local government. They had been segregated and discriminated against in American society. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools. It brought about the integration and acceptance of the African Americans in the American society. This is an example of:

a social paradigm shift.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 refers to the federal law:

banning discrimination in terms of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

The concept of _____ refers to a view of consumers wherein they minimize the need for buyer protection while maximizing a market economy's efficient functioning.

capable consumers

A pharmaceutical company wants to test a new drug before releasing it in the market. The people to whom the new drug would be administered are made aware of the possible consequences of taking the drug. They have signed a written agreement that the company would not be held responsible for any side effects that might be caused by the new drug. The signing of the agreement by the people is an example of:

informed consent.

In a particular market the prices are determined entirely by supply and demand. The market is unregulated by any parties other than the market participants. The government plays a neutral role in its administration and legislation of economic activity, neither limiting it (by regulating industries or protecting them from internal/external market pressures) nor actively promoting it (by owning economic interests or by offering subsidies to businesses or R&D). This is an example of:

laissez faire.

A newspaper starts including a pullout that features pictures of actors as well as articles on the latest developments in the film industry. It refers to this pullout as its Hollywood section and intends to charge extra for this pullout. The pullout is optional and serious readers have the option of not ordering the pullout. This is an example of:

product sincerity.

The concept of _____ refers to a view of consumers wherein they are safeguarded from defective goods and services by liability lawsuits and governmental regulatory action.

protected consumers

The concept of _____ refers to a view of consumers wherein they may well take individual action to penalize sellers whose products fail to meet expectations.

renegade consumers

The Dalai Lama has no overt base of power. He holds no political position, does not command an army and has no control over mighty economic resources. Yet the Tibetans listen to him and follow his vision of what their world should be like. He has the power to sway people without coercion or force. This is an example of

transformational leadership.

A federal bureaucrat decides to frame a law that bars visually challenged individuals from government work. However on further reflection she realizes that she might find herself in the same position one day. The law now seems harsh and unfair, and she drops the idea of framing such a law. The _____ helps her to frame laws in a way that is balanced and fair.

veil of ignorance

Jamie who used to date Jasmin, a colleague in the same organization, does not want to date her any more and has told her so. Jasmin has taken offence to Jamie's new behavior toward her, and plans to avenge herself. She falsely accuses Jamie of aggressively hitting on her in a way that affects her performance at school. This is an example of:

victimhood.

The marketing campaign for the 2008 film The Dark Knight included techniques such as the mass gatherings of Joker fans, scavenger hunts around the world, detailed and intricate websites that let fans actually participate in "voting" for political offices in Gotham City, hidden phone numbers, and websites in the queue lines of The Dark Knight roller coasters at Six Flags Great America and Six Flags Great Adventure. The movie also markets heavily off of word of mouth from the thousands of Batman fans. This is an example OF

viral advertising.

Broadly, the ethics of affirmative action center on the question of :

whether the individual or the community should receive priority.