EXAM 4.

If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need?

- "You in the red sweater—call 911!"

________ is to one's current partner as ________ is to a possible future partner.

- Comparison level; comparison level for alternatives

Complete the following analogy about the effects of mood on helping behavior. ________: feel bad, do good :: happiness: ________.

- Guilt; feel good, do good effect

A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true? a. John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man. b. John is more likely to help the man; Karen is more likely to help the woman. c. John is more likely to help both the man and the woman. d. John and Karen are equally likely to help both the woman and the man.

- John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man.

Based on information from your text on residential mobility, which of the following people would be more likely to volunteer in their community?

- Layla, who has lived in her community for her whole life

Which of the following examples best illustrates how functional distance plays a role in the propinquity effect?

- Marge, whose cubicle is right next to both the kitchen and the elevator, is one of the most popular people in the entire office.

Which of the following statements about perceptions of physical attractiveness is true? a. Asymmetrical faces are typically viewed as more attractive because they are so distinctive. b. Large cross-cultural differences emerge in terms of what is seen as physically attractive in the human face. c. The more someone looks like us, the less attractive we typically find him or her to be. d. Perceivers tend to believe that someone who is attractive also possesses a range of other (unrelated) positive characteristics.

- Perceivers tend to believe that someone who is attractive also possesses a range of other (unrelated) positive characteristics.

According to research presented in class, in which of the following cities would you be the most likely to be helped if you needed help crossing a busy street?

- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior? a. Julie puts a dollar in the church collection basket because everyone else donates. b. Lexy volunteers at her son's school to help out his class. c. Robert anonymously donates a kidney to a twenty-year-old accident victim he will never meet. d. Lou helps his wife with the dishes in the hopes that she'll cook dinner more often.

- Robert anonymously donates a kidney to a twenty-year-old accident victim he will never meet.

Which of the following statements regarding attachment style is true? a. Few, if any, individuals change their attachment style once they reach adulthood. b. A majority of adults have been found to exhibit an avoidant attachment style. c. The attachment style that adults display is shaped by their partner's behavior and the type of relationship they've created as a couple. d. Your attachment style as an infant typically has little to do with the attachment style you have in your adult relationships.

- The attachment style that adults display is shaped by their partner's behavior and the type of relationship they've created as a couple.

In order to best predict whether people will help another person, it is best to know something about ________ and ________.

- their personality; the particular situation in question

Amos has just received a good grade on his calculus exam. He's in a great mood, and thinks to himself, "School's going well; my relationship with Carrie is going great. It's a wonderful world!" On the way out of the building, he finds that a bicyclist has hit a pedestrian, so he hurries over to help the fallen person. This example best illustrates which of the three reasons why positive mood enhances helping?

- We are motivated to prolong our good moods, and helping does that.

Which of the following findings regarding gender differences and breakups in heterosexual relationships is true? a. Men tend to be more likely than women to display contempt and sarcasm during a break-up. b. Women tend to be more likely than men to want to remain friends after a break-up. c. Men tend to be more likely to be breakers than breakees. d. Women tend to be more likely than men to initiate a relationship break-up.

- Women tend to be more likely than men to want to remain friends after a break-up.

Although her boyfriend treats her well, he always puts her needs first, and doesn't demand much in the way of relationship effort from her, Courtney feels unsatisfied with the relationship because a little voice in her head keeps telling her there must be an even better mate out there for her somewhere. Courtney seems to have

- a high comparison level

- Katie and Madeline are dating. According to the investment model of close relationships, which of the following will influence their commitment to the relationship? a. their satisfaction with the relationship b. their level of investment in the relationship c. the availability and quality of alternative partners d. all of the above

- all of the above

Similarity in terms of which of the following dimensions has been found to predict increased attraction? a. attitudes b. attractiveness level c. genetics d. all of the above

- all of the above

According to evolutionary theory (Darwin, 1859), natural selection favors genes that promote individual survival. This tenet is most troublesome in explaining

- altruism

Using the stage model of the decisions bystanders make before helping (or not helping) in an emergency, which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the model?

- altruism

Elliot worries that his girlfriend doesn't really love him and he smothers her with attention. According to attachment theory, Elliot probably has a(n) ___________ attachment style, because when he was an infant, his caregivers were ___________.

- anxious/ambivalent; inconsistent and overbearing

According to evolutionary psychologists, why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency? Doris's children

- are more likely to pass on her genes.

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you

- are the sole witness

Brian has had many girlfriends in his life, mostly because he feels unable to comfortably commit to any one person. As soon as a relationship begins to get serious, he feels trapped and puts up barriers to his partner. His girlfriends always want him to make a bigger commitment than he is comfortable making. Brian's attachment style is best described as

- avoidant

Which attachment style below is best captured by the following sentiment? "I am uncomfortable being close to others and find it difficult to trust people completely. I am nervous when anyone gets close, and often my partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being."

- avoidant attachment style

Equity theory suggests that if a relationship is not equitable

- both the underbenefited and the overbenfited individuals will be unsatisfied with it.

Whereas _____________ love is characterized by feelings of intimacy and affection, _____________ love tends to include intense longing and physiological arousal.

- companionate; passionate

Which of the following is NOT identified as a major predictor of attraction in long-term romantic relationships? a. similarity b. reciprocity c. complementarity d. propinquity

- complementarity

One measure of the social distance between people is known as

- degrees of separation

Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. This is an example of

- diffusion of responsibility

________ refers to the ability to experience events or emotions from another person's perspective.

- empathy

Research on the influence of mobile phone technology on social interaction indicates that

- even if a mobile phone isn't being used during a conversation, it can still pose a distraction that comes at the expense of social engagement.

According to research in the lecture, churchgoers were more likely to contribute to charity before they attended confession than after confession. These findings are most compatible with

- feel bad; do good.

Researchers (Isen & Levin, 1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that

- finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping.

According to research by Batson and his colleagues, when empathy is ________, people ________.

- high - will help no matter what the costs

You are considering breaking up with your significant other after 1 month of being a couple. While the relationship gives you lots of rewards and has few costs, you have recently met someone new whom you anticipate will give you even more rewards for even fewer costs. Your dilemma stems from the fact that you have a ___________ and a ___________.

- high comparison level; high comparison level for alternatives

Justin sees a blind person in need of help crossing a busy intersection. If Justin does not feel empathy for the blind person, under what circumstances (according to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis) would Justin help?

- if the rewards would outweigh the costs

When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. ________ best explains why this is so.

- informational social influence

The _____________ suggests that the more times we encounter someone or something, the more we tend to like it.

- mere exposure effect

Which of the following is an example of an intrapersonal stage to relationship dissolution?

- one member of the couple thinks a lot about his or her relationship dissatisfaction

When community service work is required by a school or business, there is the downside risk that people will infer that they are volunteering only because it is required and will be less likely to freely volunteer in the future. This risk is known as the

- over justification effect

There is a(n) ________ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood that he or she will help in the community.

- positive

Whereas ________ is any act performed to benefit another, ________ is such an act performed with no regard for one's safety or interests.

- prosocial behavior - altruism

Although George wants to help a stranded motorist he passed on the freeway, he passes by because he knows it would take too much time out of his busy schedule. What theory offers the best explanation as to why George did NOT help?

- social exchange

Research indicates that a face's symmetry is a reliable predictor of how attractive it is seen to be. An evolutionary psychology explanation for this finding would be that

- symmetry is a sign of health and that a potential mate has good genes.

Which of the following is a benefit of online dating?

- the ability to achieve propinquity with a wider range of people

Frank tells his friend that he his madly in love with Marie, and that it feels like he's high. There is some element of truth to that because

- the areas in Frank's brain that experience reward and release dopamine are active.

every morning at the bus stop, Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change. She is clearly hungry and alone. Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can "feel her pain," he makes a point of giving her some change each morning that he sees her. Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos's behavior?

- the empathy-altruism hypothesis

One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is that if you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by

- the norm of reciprocity

Rusbult and other researchers suggest that in trying to predict relationship satisfaction, we need to consider not only the rewards and costs of a given relationship, but also

- the partners' level of investment in the relationship.

According to research conducted by Akert (1998), what is the single best predictor of how well ex-partners cope in the aftermath of the dissolution of their relationship?

- the role they played in the decision to break up

Research on "fatal attractions" suggests that

- the same qualities that first draw us to a person can, with time, become qualities that contribute to breaking up.

A principal theory in social psychology is social exchange theory. According to this theory, we will be most likely to help others

- when the benefits outweigh the costs