EXAM 4 Bio 101

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

what is an ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Which scenario describes allopatric speciation?

A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.

Which of the following is an example of an evolutionary adaptation?

A portion of a forest burns in a forest fire. As a species of beetles starts to recolonize the area, the lighter-colored individuals in the population are much more visible against the burned bark compared to darker individuals. These lighter individuals are eaten by bird predators at a high rate. After two generations, most of the beetles are darker in color.

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

What is a community?

All the different populations that live together in an area

Characid fishes are found naturally only in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?

Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents.

In exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

Which of the following is a true statement?

Massive extinction of species results in less species diversity but is followed by an explosive diversification of certain remaining species.

Abiotic

Non-living

A biologist spends her summer break collecting frogs from a remote jungle in Peru. She discovers two distinct color forms that could be variants of a single species or two different species. What would be the most direct test of their species statusunder the biological species concept?

Observe mating in the natural environment of the two groups.

Which of the following correctly ranks the levels of ecological hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?

Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere

Logistic growth involves

Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Examine the two squirrel populations in the accompanying figure. The populations are separated by a geographic barrier. If after a long period of time the two species are no longer separated, what evidence is needed to determine if speciation has occurred?

The two populations are not interbreeding freely.

What is a population?

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

which of the following describes allopatric speciation

a population of squirrels is seperated by the grand canyon, the two subpopulations evoke in two distinct species

What name is given to the seafloor?

benthic realm

The dominant greenhouse gas is _______.

carbon dioxide

The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is due primarily to ________.

carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth

which of the following taxonomic levels is the most inclusive

class

Temperature increases due to global warming have been greatest ________.

close to the poles

Homology is evidence of ________.

common ancestry

An ecologist is studying the diet of a group of desert-dwelling scorpions, which have many types of potential prey (insects, small mammals, etc.). She tracks the scorpions to see how much they eat of each prey species.

community

What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of the different species?

community

If you study how two species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about ________.

community ecology

Examine the evolutionary relationships represented in the accompanying figure. Based upon this model, which of the following pairs of organisms are most closely related?

coyotes and wolves

All but one of these are causes for increasing carbon dioxide levels. Choose the EXCEPTION.

creating compost piles from vegetable waste

Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds) were extinct by the end of the ________.

cretaceous

Sequence these levels of biological organization from most inclusive on the left to least inclusive on the right. Rank from the most inclusive to the least inclusive level. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What level of ecology is concerned with energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among various biotic and abiotic factors?

ecosystem

which part of the earth receives the greatest intensity of solar radiation

equator

water moves from the land to the atmosphere through

evaporation and transportation

A period of mass extinction is often followed by ________.

explosive diversification

Of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same ________ are the most closely related.

family

Type I survivorship curves are typical of species that exhibit ________.

few offspring, good care

The biological species concept cannot be applied to ________.

fossils

Ecology is the study of ________.

interactions between organisms and their environments

Chinese privet is a plant that is native to China. Over 150 years ago, Chinese privet was introduced to the United States as a fast-growing shrub that serves as an excellent privacy hedge. With no natural herbivore, Chinese privet quickly established itself and spread in natural areas throughout the southeast and eastern seaboard of the United States. Its dominance in these areas has jeopardized the survival of native plant species. Chinese privet provides evidence that ________.

introducing non-native organisms can cause environmental damage

Biotic

living things

In _____ isolation, it is physically impossible for two species to mate with each other, often because their genitalia do not fit together properly.

mechanical

which of these is a of type 1 survivorship

most individuals survive to older age interval

Which taxonomic level is most inclusive?

order

Which one of the following is an example of a subject in evo-devo?

paedomorphosis

What name is given to the open ocean?

pelagic realm

Which of the following realms/zones do whales typically inhabit?

pelagic realm

The figure shows regions of an ocean. In what region do phytoplankton live?

photic zone

in the aquatic ecosystem, what name is given to the region where photosynthesis can occur

photic zone

A group of snails (of the same species) lives in a garden that also includes beetles and tomato plants. What level(s) of ecological organization does the group of snails belong to?

population, community, ecosystem

Read the following scenario to answer the following question.In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called "ligers." Male ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral differences.The natural differences in the ranges of wild tigers and lions is an example of ________.

prezygotic barrier

Darwin thought that significant evolution was much too slow to be witnessed in a human lifetime. Recent experiments by biologists have _____.

shown that some populations can evolve quite rapidly, with important changes occurring over several generations in the laboratory

Plate tectonics has been responsible for instances of all of the following EXCEPT ________.

sympatric speciation

plate tonics has been responsible of intones of all of the following EXCEPT

sympatric speciation

Eastern and western spotted skunks breed at different times of the year. Therefore, they are prevented from interbreeding by _____ isolation.

temporal

With regard to the environment as a whole, when is the worst time to apply pesticide to your lawn?

when its raining or about to rain

Organism

An individual living thing (plant)

Which option best describes Type II survivorship curves?

Survivorship is constant over the lifespan.

Under the biological species concept, what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species?

ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

An organism's environment consists of ___________.

abiotic and biotic factors

What term applies to the physical and physiological changes experienced by astronauts who spend months in space?

acclamation

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater streams and, during their first year of life, the young salmon migrate distances up to 1,000 km in order to reach the ocean. Here they spend up to 5 years where they feed and grow, acquiring more than 95% of their biomass. During the summer of their maturing year, they begin the long journey back to their home streams to spawn. Although it is still uncertain how salmon navigate back to their spawning grounds, current hypotheses suggest that they have a highly developed sense of smell that allows them to remember odors they encountered on their migration to the ocean. They then use these odors to help them navigate back to the streams where they were born. At the spawning grounds, females use their tails to form a hollow cavity in the stream gravel where they lay up to 8,000 eggs. The males fertilize the eggs, and both adults typically die soon thereafter.

acclimation

Which of these is a community?

all of the organisms living in your garden

Scientists have documented that spring seasons starting earlier due to climate change have resulted in some caterpillar species beginning their maturation stage earlier than normal. There are bird species that need the caterpillars to feed their chicks. However, since the caterpillars are maturing before the chicks hatch (and therefore cannot be used for chick food), the birds are experiencing a drop in their lifetime reproductive success. Interestingly, scientists have also documented that the individual birds that are successful in altering their egg-laying patterns to align with earlier spring seasons have the greatest lifetime reproductive success. These phenomena are examples of ________.

an evolutionary response to climate change

Ecology is the study of

how organisms interact with each other and the nonliving environment

Which one of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?

hybrid sterility

Which of the following would NOT cause population size to decrease?

increase birth rate

An effect of deforestation has been to ________.

increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Global warming may trigger all but one of these results to occur. Choose the EXCEPTION.

increased forest clearing for agricultural purposes