exam 4 mcb3020 hello

When the body destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

Type 1 diabetes

_______ are phagocytes in the alveoli of the lungs that directly attack and neutralize pathogens

alveolar macrophages

one of the major functions of humoral immunity is to tag and destroy infections with:

antibodies

macrophages, some B cells, dendritic cells

antigen-presenting cells

present antigens to helper T cells once they digest and destroy the infectious agent

antigen-presenting cells

_____ are large, complex molecules because that have to be large enough for the body to recognize them

antigens

foreign molecules that elicit an immune response

antigens

is co-expressed with

IgM

is the first antibody produced during an immune response

IgM

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

MALT

______ are involved with blood clotting

platelets

Bone marrow and thymus =

primary lymphatic tissues and organs

are involved in the production, maturations, and differentiation of lymphocytes

primary lymphatic tissues and organs

a _________ is a fever inducing compound

pyrogen

a ______________ occurs as oxygen consumption increases

respiratory burst

-phagocytosis -inflammation -extracellular killing -fever -complement system

second line of defense

-lymph nodes -spleen -tonsils -Peyer's patches -Lymphoid tissues

secondary lymphatic tissues and organs

initiate an adaptive immune response by encountering and binding antigens

secondary lymphatic tissues and organs

the white pulp filters the blood for the presence of antigens

spleen

What do monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells have in common?

they are all phagocytic cells

-humoral immunity -cell-mediated immunity

third line of defense

Involves B cells and T cells

third line of defense

fight against inhaled pathogens

tonsils

both Chlamydia and Neisseria are:

viruses

types include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells

T cells

The disadvantages of the immune system:

-Allergies -hypersensitive response -autoimmune disease

Lymphocytes consist of three groups of non-phagocytic WBCS:

-B cells -T cells -NK cells

Virolence factors of S. aureus

-Protein A -Exfoliatin -Hyaluronidase -Capsule

Cell-mediated immunity directly acts against all of the following:

-altered cells -infected cells -cancer cells

Three major, beneficial roles of the immune system are:

-fights pathogens -inactivates toxins and viruses -monitors for cancer

are activated in the lymph nodes

B cells

differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells

B cells

most directly involved in humoral immunity

B cells

originate in the bone marrow and mature in the bone marrow

B cells

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue

BALT

In treating type I hypersensitivity, ________________ reduces histamine levels by blocking the conversion of __________________ to histamine.

Cortisone; histidine

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions such as skin reaction to the TB test are result of:

Delayed,types cell-mediated immune reactions

Loss of water (watery diarrhea) due to the accumulation of ions in the intestinal tract is the characteristic of:_____________ infection.

Enterotoxigenic EC

The ____ fragment is the region where the antigen binds

FAB

the _______ fragment mediates binding to host tissues, immune cells, and complement proteins

FC

Gut associated lymphoid tissue

GALT

is a major antibody in secretions

IgA

plays a role in creating allergic reactions

IgE

is the major circulating antibody

IgG

When the body produces antibodies against its own DNA, causing chronic fatigue

Lupus

When the body attacks the brain and spinal cord

MS

Which of the following produces hydrolytic enzymes such as lysozyme?

Macrophages

Antigens are processed by ____________ and presented to_________:

Macrophages, Helper T cells

_______ prevents microbes from entering the lungs by trapping them and moving them upward in the respiratory tract

Mucocilary blanket

attack and kill malignant cells and cells that have been infected with pathogens

NK cells

play a role in both specific and nonspecific defenses

NK cells

The surface projections (pili) of this organism are important in attachment to host cells and are major virulence determinants. It is:

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

organized aggregations of lymphatic tissue found in the intestine and lungs. They are covered with microfilm cells that bring the infection is; antigens are then passed to the immune cells, which fight the infection on the spot

Peyer's patches

This zoonotic disease is caused by an intracellular pathogen and is an example of phagocytic failure.

Plague

When the body attacks tissue in the joints

RA

which best describes reservoirs of infection?

Reservoirs of infection are sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

Skin associated lymphoid tissue

SALT

Originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

T cells

most directly involved in cell mediated immunity

T cells

An antibody is a ____ shaped protein complex that identifies, opsonizes, and neutralizes foreign invades

Y

A respiratory burst occurs when:

a phagosome is formed

____ immunity is a more specific, tailor-made type of immunity that develops after an individual is exposed to a pathogen

acquired

third line of defense =

acquired immunity

Acquired immunity is also called ______ immunity

adaptive

the process in which specialized cells recognize, ingest, and digest extracellular pathogens

phagocytosis

There are 2 antigen binding sites for each antibody so anitbodies are _______

bivalent

All blood formed elements originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the ___________

bone marrow

_______ immunity is against intracellular pathogens, using cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells that kill altered cells, infected cells, or cancer cells

cell-mediated

attraction of immune cells such as phagocytes

chemotaxis

macrophages produce:

cytokines

specialized proteins used for communication in the immune system

cytokines

phagocytic cells but their main function is antigen presentation

dendritic cells

the ______ is the outermost layer of the mucous membrane and is constantly regenerated

epithelium

barrier defenses: skin, mucous membranes

first line of defense

nautrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils =

granulocytes

______ immunity involves substances found in the body's humors

humoral

_______ immunity is against extracellular pathogens via the activation of B cells, which produce antibodies and memory cells

humoral

it is effective at neutralizing extracellular microbes

humoral immunity

The ______ consists of cells, proteins, and supporting systems that kill or neutralize invaders, react to allergens and chemical,s and monitor the body for cancer

immune system

Antibodies are also called:

immunoglobulins

_____ immunity is the body's natural immunity - the immunity someone is born with

innate

-First line of defense -Second line of defense

innate immunity

The body's first response to a viral infection is to produce:

interferons

the body's natural pyrogen is:

interleukin-1

pea sized organs that filter the lymph for the presence of antigens and initiate a response

lymph nodes

The ______ system consists of lymphatic organs and a conducting network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph

lymphatic

B cells, T cells, NK cells =

lymphocytes

a network of loosely attached and connected lymphatic vessels

lymphoid tissues

Have a variety of surface receptors that allow them to bind to and destroy infectious agents

macrophages

are localized in specific tissues and are named for the tissues in which they reside

macrophages

____ cells release histamine granules during an allergic response

mast

circular around the body and mature into macrophages

monocytes

Traps microbes to prevent transportation to the lungs

mucocillary blanket

_______ are the most common portal of entry for pathogens

mucous membranes

Involves antibodies directly blocking the ability of antigens to bind to a host

neutralization

major circulating phagocytic cells in the body

neutrophils

Innate immunity is also called _____ immunity

non-specific

covering the surface of the microbe to facilitate phagocytosis

opsonization

monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils =

phagocytes

recognize, engulf, and destroy foreign cells

phagocytic cells