exam 4 mcb3020 hello
When the body destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
Type 1 diabetes
_______ are phagocytes in the alveoli of the lungs that directly attack and neutralize pathogens
alveolar macrophages
one of the major functions of humoral immunity is to tag and destroy infections with:
antibodies
macrophages, some B cells, dendritic cells
antigen-presenting cells
present antigens to helper T cells once they digest and destroy the infectious agent
antigen-presenting cells
_____ are large, complex molecules because that have to be large enough for the body to recognize them
antigens
foreign molecules that elicit an immune response
antigens
is co-expressed with
IgM
is the first antibody produced during an immune response
IgM
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
MALT
______ are involved with blood clotting
platelets
Bone marrow and thymus =
primary lymphatic tissues and organs
are involved in the production, maturations, and differentiation of lymphocytes
primary lymphatic tissues and organs
a _________ is a fever inducing compound
pyrogen
a ______________ occurs as oxygen consumption increases
respiratory burst
-phagocytosis -inflammation -extracellular killing -fever -complement system
second line of defense
-lymph nodes -spleen -tonsils -Peyer's patches -Lymphoid tissues
secondary lymphatic tissues and organs
initiate an adaptive immune response by encountering and binding antigens
secondary lymphatic tissues and organs
the white pulp filters the blood for the presence of antigens
spleen
What do monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells have in common?
they are all phagocytic cells
-humoral immunity -cell-mediated immunity
third line of defense
Involves B cells and T cells
third line of defense
fight against inhaled pathogens
tonsils
both Chlamydia and Neisseria are:
viruses
types include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells
T cells
The disadvantages of the immune system:
-Allergies -hypersensitive response -autoimmune disease
Lymphocytes consist of three groups of non-phagocytic WBCS:
-B cells -T cells -NK cells
Virolence factors of S. aureus
-Protein A -Exfoliatin -Hyaluronidase -Capsule
Cell-mediated immunity directly acts against all of the following:
-altered cells -infected cells -cancer cells
Three major, beneficial roles of the immune system are:
-fights pathogens -inactivates toxins and viruses -monitors for cancer
are activated in the lymph nodes
B cells
differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells
B cells
most directly involved in humoral immunity
B cells
originate in the bone marrow and mature in the bone marrow
B cells
Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue
BALT
In treating type I hypersensitivity, ________________ reduces histamine levels by blocking the conversion of __________________ to histamine.
Cortisone; histidine
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions such as skin reaction to the TB test are result of:
Delayed,types cell-mediated immune reactions
Loss of water (watery diarrhea) due to the accumulation of ions in the intestinal tract is the characteristic of:_____________ infection.
Enterotoxigenic EC
The ____ fragment is the region where the antigen binds
FAB
the _______ fragment mediates binding to host tissues, immune cells, and complement proteins
FC
Gut associated lymphoid tissue
GALT
is a major antibody in secretions
IgA
plays a role in creating allergic reactions
IgE
is the major circulating antibody
IgG
When the body produces antibodies against its own DNA, causing chronic fatigue
Lupus
When the body attacks the brain and spinal cord
MS
Which of the following produces hydrolytic enzymes such as lysozyme?
Macrophages
Antigens are processed by ____________ and presented to_________:
Macrophages, Helper T cells
_______ prevents microbes from entering the lungs by trapping them and moving them upward in the respiratory tract
Mucocilary blanket
attack and kill malignant cells and cells that have been infected with pathogens
NK cells
play a role in both specific and nonspecific defenses
NK cells
The surface projections (pili) of this organism are important in attachment to host cells and are major virulence determinants. It is:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
organized aggregations of lymphatic tissue found in the intestine and lungs. They are covered with microfilm cells that bring the infection is; antigens are then passed to the immune cells, which fight the infection on the spot
Peyer's patches
This zoonotic disease is caused by an intracellular pathogen and is an example of phagocytic failure.
Plague
When the body attacks tissue in the joints
RA
which best describes reservoirs of infection?
Reservoirs of infection are sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection
Skin associated lymphoid tissue
SALT
Originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
T cells
most directly involved in cell mediated immunity
T cells
An antibody is a ____ shaped protein complex that identifies, opsonizes, and neutralizes foreign invades
Y
A respiratory burst occurs when:
a phagosome is formed
____ immunity is a more specific, tailor-made type of immunity that develops after an individual is exposed to a pathogen
acquired
third line of defense =
acquired immunity
Acquired immunity is also called ______ immunity
adaptive
the process in which specialized cells recognize, ingest, and digest extracellular pathogens
phagocytosis
There are 2 antigen binding sites for each antibody so anitbodies are _______
bivalent
All blood formed elements originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the ___________
bone marrow
_______ immunity is against intracellular pathogens, using cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells that kill altered cells, infected cells, or cancer cells
cell-mediated
attraction of immune cells such as phagocytes
chemotaxis
macrophages produce:
cytokines
specialized proteins used for communication in the immune system
cytokines
phagocytic cells but their main function is antigen presentation
dendritic cells
the ______ is the outermost layer of the mucous membrane and is constantly regenerated
epithelium
barrier defenses: skin, mucous membranes
first line of defense
nautrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils =
granulocytes
______ immunity involves substances found in the body's humors
humoral
_______ immunity is against extracellular pathogens via the activation of B cells, which produce antibodies and memory cells
humoral
it is effective at neutralizing extracellular microbes
humoral immunity
The ______ consists of cells, proteins, and supporting systems that kill or neutralize invaders, react to allergens and chemical,s and monitor the body for cancer
immune system
Antibodies are also called:
immunoglobulins
_____ immunity is the body's natural immunity - the immunity someone is born with
innate
-First line of defense -Second line of defense
innate immunity
The body's first response to a viral infection is to produce:
interferons
the body's natural pyrogen is:
interleukin-1
pea sized organs that filter the lymph for the presence of antigens and initiate a response
lymph nodes
The ______ system consists of lymphatic organs and a conducting network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph
lymphatic
B cells, T cells, NK cells =
lymphocytes
a network of loosely attached and connected lymphatic vessels
lymphoid tissues
Have a variety of surface receptors that allow them to bind to and destroy infectious agents
macrophages
are localized in specific tissues and are named for the tissues in which they reside
macrophages
____ cells release histamine granules during an allergic response
mast
circular around the body and mature into macrophages
monocytes
Traps microbes to prevent transportation to the lungs
mucocillary blanket
_______ are the most common portal of entry for pathogens
mucous membranes
Involves antibodies directly blocking the ability of antigens to bind to a host
neutralization
major circulating phagocytic cells in the body
neutrophils
Innate immunity is also called _____ immunity
non-specific
covering the surface of the microbe to facilitate phagocytosis
opsonization
monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils =
phagocytes
recognize, engulf, and destroy foreign cells
phagocytic cells
