Exam 4 MGMT Review

What is the Goal Setting Theory?

A motivation theory based on the assumption that conscious goals and intentions influence behavior.

What is self efficacy?

A person's belief about their capability to perform a task. A part of "other personality traits at work".

What is a Myers Briggs type indicator?

A psychological tool used to measure personality traits and preferences.

What is the Meyer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

A questionnaire used to administer the Myers-Briggs Framework.

What is the Myers-Briggs Framework?

A way to describe personality of workers and distinguish people from one another. Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging

What is multitasking?

Ability to effectively work on multiple tasks at once.

What are the characteristics of highly authoritarian subordinates?

Accept and do not question directives from their boss.

What are the Big Five Personality Traits?

Agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, emotional stability, openness to experience

How popular is the MBTI?

Among the most popular selection instruments used today, with as many as 2 million people taking it each year.

What is managing emotions?

Balancing anxiety, fear, and anger to not interfere with productivity.

What is Machiavellianism?

Behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others.

What is the relationship between behavior and conscious goals and intentions?

Behavior is a result of conscious goals and intentions.

What is external locus of control?

Belief that external forces control what happens to them.

What is internal locus of control?

Belief that one can control their own lives.

What are the characteristics of people with an external locus of control?

Believe luck plays an important role in life.

How can managers use the Goal Setting Theory?

By understanding how people set goals, managers can influence employee behavior in an organization.

What are the characteristics of low neuroticism/more stability?

Calm, poised, resilient, secure, better able to handle job-related stress.

What are the characteristics of individuals with high risk propensity?

Catalyst for innovation, gambles on new products, leads organization in new directions, could possibly jeopardize the wellbeing of the organization.

What is the basic framework of attribution?

Consensus, Consistency, Distinctiveness

How is the psychological contract defined?

Contributions: what the individual will make to satisfy expectations, needs or requirements; ex: effort, ability, loyalty, skills, time, competencies; Inducements: what the org provides; ex: pay, job security, benefits, career opportunities, status, promotion opportunities

What is locus of control?

Degree to which people believe their behavior can influence what happens to them.

What is risk propensity?

Degree to which someone is willing to take a risk.

What is a limitation of the Big Five?

Developed based on research in the US and may not apply accurately to workers from different cultures.

How does the psychological contract exist?

Does not exist in written form and terms are not explicitly negotiated (implied)

How is EQ different from IQ?

EQ is about emotions and self-awareness, while IQ is about learning and understanding.

What are the characteristics of people with a strong internal locus of control?

Easily motivated and independent.

What is the challenge of psychological contracts?

Ensuring contributions and inducements are satisfactory to both parties

What is goal commitment?

Extent a person is committed to a goal.

What is authoritarianism?

Extent to which someone believes power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems.

What is self esteem?

Extent to which someone believes they are worthwhile and deserving.

What is the difference between Extraversion and Introversion?

Extraverts get energy being around others, while introverts are worn out by others and need solitude to recharge.

Lyle's manager just handed him a list of goals for the year. Because Lyle had no say in setting these goals, he isn't sure that they are the right ones for him, and as a result, he isn't very motivated to accomplish them. What attribute of Goal Setting Theory does this relate to?

Goal acceptance.

Ashami just had a meeting with Shared, a new employee. Shared said that his goal was to produce 5 articles a month, but Ashami knows that the last employee in the position was able to write 15 articles a month. What attribute of Goal Setting Theory does this relate to?

Goal difficulty

What are the specific attributes of the Goal Setting Theory?

Goal difficulty, Goal Specificity, Goal Acceptance, Goal Commitment, Goal Directed Effort

What determines an individual's goal-directed effort?

Goal difficulty, specificity, acceptance, and commitment

What are characteristics of highly agreeable individuals?

Good natured, cooperative, forgiving, gentle, understanding, cordial, pleasant

Why is EQ important in organizations?

High EQ is desired in managers and roles that involve interpersonal interaction and influencing others.

A manager observes that an employee is late for a meeting. The manager might further realize that he is often late for other meetings. What kind of consistency is that?

High consistency (The extent to which the same person behaves in the same at different times.)

How does agreeableness affect working relationships?

Highly agreeable individuals often have good working relationships, which could extend to customers, suppliers, and other key org constituents

What is organizational support?

How much an org offers an employee to accomplish their goals.

Give an example of high distinctiveness.

If Alison only smokes when she is out with friends, her behavior is high in distinctiveness. If she smokes at any time or place, her distinctiveness is low

What are the characteristics of high neuroticism/less stability?

Insecure, excitable, reactive, subject to extreme mood swings.

What is performance?

Interaction of goal-directed effort, org support, individual abilities and traits

What are intrinsic rewards?

Internal and psychological rewards for achieving a goal or performing well

What are examples of intangible inducements?

Job security, status

In what types of jobs do highly Machiavellian individuals do well?

Jobs requiring hard-bargaining skills, achieving goals at all costs, and win-lose situations.

In what types of jobs do highly Machiavellian individuals not do well?

Jobs that are highly structured.

What is the difference between Judging and Perceiving?

Judgers enjoy completion or being finished, while perceivers enjoy the process and open-ended situations.

What are the characteristics of low openness?

Less receptive to new ideas and less willing to change.

What are the characteristics of high introversion?

Less talkative, less social.

A manager observes that an employee is late for a meeting. The manager might further realize that he is the only one who is late. What type of consensus is this?

Low Consensus (The extent to which other people in the same situation behave the same way.)

A manager observes that an employee is late for a meeting. The manager might further realize that the same employee is sometimes late arriving for work and returning from lunch. What kind of distinctiveness is that?

Low distinctiveness (The extent to which the same person behaves in the same way in other situations.

What are the characteristics of individuals with low risk propensity?

Might lead the organization to stagnancy, helps organization successfully weather turbulent and unpredictable situations.

What are the characteristics of less Machiavellian individuals?

More emotional, not manipulative, value friendship and loyalty, less willing to lie to achieve goals.

Does being agreeable mean agreeing with everything?

No, being agreeable does not mean that an individual automatically agrees with everything

What are the characteristics of individuals who are high on Machiavellianism?

Non-emotional, rational, manipulative, do not value friendship and loyalty, willing to lie to achieve their goals.

How do we attribute causes of observed behavior?

Observe behavior and attribute causes to it. We may attribute behaviors differently.

What are the characteristics of high openness?

Open to new ideas, willing to change, curious, creative, imaginative.

What is positive support?

Org provides access to info, tech, adequate talent, supply of mat'ls

What is the psychological contract?

Overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what they will contribute to org and what org will provide in return

What are examples of tangible inducements?

Pay, career opportunities

What does goal specificity need to consistently relate to?

Performance.

What is agreeableness?

Person's ability to get along with others

What is emotional stability?

Personality trait related to being calm, self-confident, and secure

What is openness?

Personality trait related to being imaginative, curious, and open-minded

What is extraversion?

Personality trait related to being outgoing, sociable, and assertive

What are the consequences of unsatisfactory psychological contracts?

Poor performance, resignation, unnecessary labor costs incurred by the org

What are the characteristics of less authoritarian subordinates?

Question or disagree with their boss.

What is personality?

Relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another

What is negative support?

Reliance on outdated tech, failure to repair damaged equipment, denying access to critical info

What is motivating oneself?

Remaining optimistic and persevering through setbacks and failure.

What are the dimensions of EQ?

Self-awareness is the basis for other components of managing emotions, motivating oneself, empathy, social skills

What is the difference between Sensing and Intuition?

Sensing types prefer concrete things, while intuitives prefer abstract concepts.

What are characteristics of individuals with low agreeableness?

Short-tempered, irritable, uncooperative, antagonistic toward others, not very good working relationships

What is the relationship between employees and employers implied by the psychological contract?

Similar to that of the relationship between buyers and sellers in that each party seeks to gain value from the exchange

What are individual abilities and traits?

Skills and personal characteristics necessary for doing a job

What are inducements?

Something that persuades someone to do something

What are the characteristics of high conscientiousness?

Systematic, thorough, organized, careful, responsible, self-disciplined, high performers; accountable & doesn't leave work until finished

What are the characteristics of low conscientiousness?

Take on too many tasks and procrastinate; Careless, disorganized, irresponsible, less self-disciplined, low performers.

What are the characteristics of high extraversion?

Talkative, sociable, assertive, open to new relationships, high performers.

What are extrinsic rewards?

Tangible and visible rewards for achieving a goal

What are social skills?

The ability to get along with others.

What is goal specificity?

The clarity and precision of a goal. One of two original attributes of theory.

What is consensus in attribution?

The extent to which other people in the same situation behave the same way.

What is EQ (Emotional Intelligence)?

The extent to which people are self-aware and can manage their emotions.

What is consistency in attribution?

The extent to which the same person behaves in the same at different times.

What is distinctiveness in attribution?

The extent to which the same person behaves in the same way in other situations.

What is goal acceptance?

The level at which a person accepts goals.

What is attribution?

The mechanism closely related to perception where you attribute the causes of observed behaviors

Why are personality traits important in organizations?

They are some of the most fundamental sets of individual differences in orgs

What is the difference between Thinking and Feeling?

Thinkers base decisions on logic and reason, while feelers base decisions on feelings and emotions.

What is the purpose of the MBTI?

To assess personality types and determine communication styles and interaction preferences.

How can the Goal Setting Theory be used?

To implement concepts from expectancy and equity theory.

What is neuroticism/emotional stability?

Trait of being either insecure and reactive or calm and resilient.

T/F: There are questions about the validity and reliability of the MTBI.

True.

What is empathy?

Understanding others' feelings without being explicitly told.

Can EQ be developed?

Yes, EQ can be developed.

What is goal difficulty?

level of effort required to accomplish; a realistic but difficult goal; one of two original attributes of theory

What is conscientiousness?

number of things someone can work on effectively at once; ability to effectively multitask

What is self awareness?

person's capacity for being aware of how they are; can guide own life and behaviors