Exam 4 (quiz 13 ...

OSHA

sets standards, inspects, and imposes penalties for unsafe working conditions

184

According to most studies, at what weight will health risks for a person who is 6 feet (72 inches) tall? 184 155 258 221 169

Adults over 75 years of age are at highest risk of death due to TBI. Falls are the leading cause of TBIs. TBIs may be mild, moderate, or severe.

According to the CDC's surveillance and the Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) surveillance system, which of the following statements about traumatic brain injury (TBI) is true? Mark all that apply. Adults over 75 years of age have the greatest number of emergency department visits for TBI. Adults over 75 years of age are at highest risk of death due to TBI. Falls are the leading cause of TBIs. These systems include TBI cases occurring in the military. Boys are more likely than girls to experience TBI. TBIs may be mild, moderate, or severe.

Poor Americans are more likely to experience injuries at home, at work, and in the community. In the US in 2010, injuries were the leading cause of death in the following age groups: 1-4 years, 5-14 years, and 15-24 years old. From 1999 to 2010, fatal poisonings quadrupled in the United States. In 2010 in the US, 31% of deaths in 15-24 year old persons were due to suicide or homicide In the US in 2013, poisonings were the leading cause of fatal injuries In 2013 in the US, 65% of traffic fatalities involved alcohol use.

After reviewing the epidemiology of injuries, read the following statements about that topic and mark all of the true statements. Poor Americans are more likely to experience injuries at home, at work, and in the community. In the US in 2013, poisonings were more likely to be intentional than firearm deaths. In 2010 in the US, injuries became the leading cause of death. In the US in 2010, injuries were the leading cause of death in the following age groups: 1-4 years, 5-14 years, and 15-24 years old. From 1999 to 2010, fatal poisonings quadrupled in the United States. Males are more likely to experience injuries, while females are more likely to die from injuries In 2010 in the US, 31% of deaths in 15-24 year old persons were due to suicide or homicide. In the US in 2013, poisonings were the leading cause of fatal injuries. In the US in 2013, firearm deaths were more often attributable to homicide than suicide. From 1980 to 2013 in the United States, the top three injury mortality rates steadily increased. In 2013 in the US, 65% of traffic fatalities involved alcohol use.

there are significant differences in the prevalence of obesity in women when comparing racial groups for persons who are overweight or obese, risks increase with the duration of a person being overweight or obese population prevalence are more likely to live in poverty than those who are not the proportion of persons who are overweight increases until 75 years of age, when the proportion of overweight begins to decline the distribution of body mass to the abdomen in overweight persons appears to increase their risks

After reviewing the epidemiology of obesity, identify all of the true statements in the following list of propositions. There are significant differences in the prevalence of obesity in women when comparing racial groups. College graduates experience higher rates of obesity than persons with less education. Being overweight or obese in childhood does not make it more likely in adulthood. For persons who are overweight or obese, risks increase with the duration of a person being overweight or obese. Population prevalence of obesity has been increasing among children since the 1960s. Obese children are more likely to live in poverty than those who are not. Obese children more likely to complete college. The proportion of persons who are overweight increases until 75 years of age, when the proportion of overweight begins to decline. The differences in obesity prevalence among racial groups is greater when comparing men than when comparing women. The distribution of body mass to the abdomen in overweight persons appears to increase their risk.

When compared to suicides among poisonings, falls, and drownings, a greater proportion of gun deaths are due to suicide. US firearm deaths in 2013 were more often due to suicide than homicide. US homicide rates are two to five times higher than similar developed nations. Violence is tradiitonally thought of as a criminal justice isse rather than a public health issue.

After reviewing what is known about firearm injuries, identify which of the following statements are true. Mark all that apply. When compared to suicides among poisonings, falls, and drownings, a greater proportion of gun deaths are due to suicide. US firearm deaths in 2013 were more often due to suicide than homicide. US homicide rates are two to five times higher than similar developed nations. -Politically, efforts to prevent firearm injuries have been less challenging than efforts to prevent motor vehicle injuries. Firearm deaths are more likely among women. -Violence is tradiitonally thought of as a criminal justice isse rather than a public health issue.

obesity

BMI over 30

overweight

BMI over 35

Heavy alcohol and other drug use increase risk of becoming a victim or perpetrator of intimate partner violence. Of the 1,640 deaths due to domestic violence against children in the US in 2012, 70 percent involved children younger than age 3. Low self-esteem, young age, and low income are risk factors for victimization and perpetration. Most of the reported cases of child neglect and abuse are perpetrated by parents. Childhood physical or sexual victimization is a risk factor for being an adult victim or an adult perpetrator

Domestic violence is a cause of injuries and deaths. Read all of the following statements, and mark all of the true statements. Heavy alcohol and other drug use increase risk of becoming a victim or perpetrator of intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence in the US involves less than a million men and women each year. Of the 1,640 deaths due to domestic violence against children in the US in 2012, 70 percent involved children younger than age 3. Low self-esteem, young age, and low income are risk factors for victimization and perpetration. Most of the reported cases of child neglect and abuse are perpetrated by parents. Childhood physical or sexual victimization is a risk factor for being an adult victim or an adult perpetrator

In 2013, Mortality for African American infants was more than double that of white infants. Hispanic population health varies among the many Hispanic subgroups in the United States. In 2013, mortality for American Indian infants was 1.8 times higher than white infants in the US. The overall health of the US population has improved over the last several decades.

From the following list of statements about population health in the United States, identify all of the true statements. -In 2013, Mortality for African American infants was more than double that of white infants. -In 2013, African Americans lived longer than white Americans. -Differences in socioeconomic status was a major contributor to racial and ethnic disparities because there was no poverty among white residents in the US. -Hispanic population health varies among the many Hispanic subgroups in the United States. -In 2013, mortality for American Indian infants was 1.8 times higher than white infants in the US. -The overall health of the US population has improved over the last several decades.

chronic diseases have replaced many of the infectious diseases as the leading causes of death (wrong)

How have the ranked leading causes of death changed in the United States since 1900?

14.6 per 100,000 live births

How many women died annually of causes related to childbirth between 1998 and 2011 in the United States?

4000-5000 deaths

In the US in 1907 over 15,000 workers died of injuries at work. How many fatal injuries were reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2013?

1992

In what year did the Environmental Protection Agency issue a report that declared environment tobacco smoke to be a carcinogen causing 3000 lung cancer deaths a year?

35,000

Of the 435,000 deaths attributed to tobacco smoking in 2000, how many were caused by secondhand smoke?

sex education in schools

Of the 435,000 deaths attributed to tobacco smoking in 2000, how many were caused by secondhand smoke?

tobacco poor diet and inactivity alcohol microbial agents toxic agents motor vehicles firearms sexual behavior illicit drug use

Order of CDC's actual leading causes of death in 2000

federal trade commission

Which agency imposed requirements that cigarette packages contain warning labels?

MADD

Reduce alcohol -elated motor vehicle crashes

Poverty is the number risk factor for infant mortality. - The use of tobacco, alcohol, or unprescribed drugs by pregnant women or household members present a risk to the fetus and infant. -Toxins in the home, air, and water also present risks to a developing fetus. Maternal and infant nutrition support the development and birth of healthy infants.

Review what is known about the epidemiology of infant mortality, and mark all of the true statements about infant health and risks related to premature death. Mothers with higher levels of education expose infants to more stress-related risk. Poverty is the number risk factor for infant mortality. - The use of tobacco, alcohol, or unprescribed drugs by pregnant women or household members present a risk to the fetus and infant. -Toxins in the home, air, and water also present risks to a developing fetus. The use of prenatal care is associated with more risk for the fetus and infant. Maternal and infant nutrition support the development and birth of healthy infants.

true

True or False? A 1991 study found that 91 percent of 6-year-olds recognized Joe Camel, the same percentage that recognized the Mickey Mouse logo of the Disney Channel.

true

True or False? Based on the health belief mode, the public health approach to changing behavior would be to convince people that they are vulnerable, that the threat is severe, and that certain actions are effective preventive measures.

true

True or False? Damage to cilia and irritation of respiratory tract lining by components of smoke increase susceptibility to infectious diseases.

false

True or False? From the public health perspective, it may be more efficient to try to change people's behavior one individual at a time than to try to change the social environment that influences people to behave in unhealthy ways.

true

True or False? Opponents of explicit education about safe sex feel that young people should be taught that they can protect themselves only by abstinence.

true

True or False? Unhealthy behaviors may be maintained and reinforced by aspects of the social environment that are beyond the individual's control.

true

True or False? Until recently, Congress provided subsidies to tobacco growers and has been very reluctant to pass legislation opposed by the industry.

national health and nutrition examination survey NHANES

US research program on the health and nutritional status of children and adults

tars

What component of tobacco smoke provides the flavor in cigarette smoke and is also a major source of its carcinogenicity?

Epidemiology

What field provided the first solid evidence that smoking caused cancer and heart disease and has continued to yield information on the health effects of this very human habit?

injuries

What is the leading cause of death in children after their first birthday?

Joycelyn Elders under President Clinton

Which of the following Surgeon General's of the United States was forced to resign from the position of surgeon general after speaking openly regarding the use of condoms and masturbation as means to avoid reproductive risk?

Type 2 diabetes

Which of the following adult conditions are in part attributable to obesity, and are increasingly being diagnosed in children? Type 2 diabetes mental health disorders Type 1 diabetes Alzheimer's disease Diptheria

community water fluoridation

Which of the following child health programs reduced tooth decay by 50% since the 1960s?

diabetes cardiovascular disease some cancers

Which of the following diseases is more likely when a person is overweight or obese? Check all that apply. -Diabetes -Cardiovascular diseases -Tuberculosis -HIV -Tetanus -Some cancers

Prescription pain medications increased the risk of congenital heart defects. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy increased the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. Obese women were at much higher risk for bearing infants with a broad range of birth defects. Smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of premature birth.

Which of the following findings came from CDC's National Birth Defects Prevention Study, research involving 30,000 infant cases with birth defects and 10,000 infants in a control group? Mark all that apply. Prescription pain medications increased the risk of congenital heart defects. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy increased the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. Obese women were at much higher risk for bearing infants with a broad range of birth defects. Antibiotic use was associated with a much higher risk of infant antibiotic resistance. Smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of premature birth.

state of connecticut

Which of the following governments passed the first law restricting smoking in restaurants?

all pregnant women very young pregnant women pregnant women without partners or other social support poor pregnant women

Which of the following groups are the focus of public health approaches to prevent infant mortality? Check all that apply. all pregnant women very young pregnant women highly vulnerable new born infants pregnant women without partners or other social support poor pregnant women

environmental factors

Which of the following influence people's diet and activity patterns, which are the second most important factor in American's poor health? -Interpersonal factors -Community factors -Intrapersonal factors -Environmental factors

learned helplessness

Which of the following is a pattern described as a "numbed acceptance of a negative situation so that an individual no longer tries to change that situation for the better because he or she does not expect those efforts to make any difference"?

cigarette smoking

Which of the following is clearly the nation's most significant public health issue?

sterilization

Which of the following methods of contraception is most effective at preventing pregnancy?

ecological model

Which of the following models accounts for many layers of social influence in the lives adolescents who become parents before they are ready to nurture new life?

institute of medicine

Which of the following organizations stated that, "It is paradoxical that obesity is increasing in the United States while more people are dieting than ever before, spending, by one estimate, more than $33 billion per year on weight-reduction products and services"?

Adults gain some health benefit from vigorous physical activity for 75 minutes a week and more benefits from 150 or more minutes per week Children and adolescents should have 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day Public health advocates have encouraged clearly labeled healthy choices in cafeterias in work and school settings Public health advocates are looking for ways to adapt successful strategies from tobacco campaigns to healthy eating campaigns. Adults gain some health benefit from moderate physical activity for 150 minutes a week and more benefits from 300 or more minutes per week Public health advocates have encouraged clearly labeled healthy choices in restaurants and other prepared food settings

Which of the following statements about improving diet and physical activity is true? Mark all true statements. Adults gain some health benefit from vigorous physical activity for 75 minutes a week and more benefits from 150 or more minutes per week. Public health officials have described moderate intensity and vigorous intensity as two kinds of physical activity. Children and adolescents should have 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day. Public health advocates have encouraged clearly labeled healthy choices in cafeterias in work and school settings. Current policy interventions include making all agriculture policies consistent with healthy food production. Public health advocates are looking for ways to adapt successful strategies from tobacco campaigns to healthy eating campaigns. Adults gain some health benefit from moderate physical activity for 150 minutes a week and more benefits from 300 or more minutes per week. Healthy diet advocates benefit from all Americans having easy access to healthy food choices. Public health advocates have encouraged clearly labeled healthy choices in restaurants and other prepared food settings

only ones incorrect: americans match their calories consumption to their physical activity levels, americans eat too many fruits, americans eat too many vegetables

Which of the following statements accurately reflect current assessments about American diets, nutrition, and patterns of physical activity? Check all accurate statements. Research suggests that exercise may contribute to the survival of persons with several kinds of cancer. Research suggests physical activity may protect persons from diabetes. Research has shown that greater physical activity predicts longer lives. Research has shown that sedentary persons who become more active will live longer than those who remain sedentary. Americans eat too much protein. Americans eat too much fat. Americans match their calorie consumption to their physical activity levles. Americans eat too many fruits. Research suggests physical activity may protect persons from some cancers. Americans eat too many vegetables

laws requiring premarital screening for HIV infection have little effect in protecting women and children from being infected

Which of the following statements is true about regulation as a way of changing people's behavior? -Laws requiring the use of seat belts and motorcycle helmets have little effect on highway deaths. -Laws requiring premarital screening for HIV infection have little effect in protecting women and children from being infected. -Traffic laws have little effect on the occurrence of motor vehicle crash deaths. -The Eighteenth Amendment had little effect on people's drinking behavior. -Laws requiring childhood immunizations have little effect on deaths from infectious diseases.

sex education in schools is effective in reducing rates of adolescent pregnancy

Which of the following statements is true of education as a way of changing people's behavior? -Simple information about the harms of binge drinking have reduced that source of harm on college campuses. -The Food and Drug Administration's practice of requiring labels stating the fat content of prepared foods has reduced the prevalence of obesity in the United States. -Sex education in schools is effective in reducing rates of adolescent pregnancy. -Physician orders are highly effective because patients almost always follow a physician's direction. -The 1964 surgeon general's report on smoking and health had no effect on people's smoking behavior.

heart disease

Which of the following was among the top five causes of death in 1900 and 2013? -cancer -heart disease -tuberculosis -viral nephritis

all of the above

Which of the following was influenced by the Eighteenth amendment? -decrease in the consumption of alcohol -decrease in cirrhosis of the liver -the "roaring" twenties -increase in organized crimes -all of the above

human papilloma virus

a virus with subtypes that cause diseases in humans ranging from common warts to cervical cancer.

carcinogenicity

ability of substance to cause cancer

the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy.

abortion

congenital anom

account for more than 20 percent of infant deaths and are preventable in many cases

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)

administers another surveillance system that collects data from a nationally representative sample of sixty-six hospital emergency rooms.

years of potential life lost

an estimate of the average years a person would have lived if he or she had not died prematurely.

secondary prevention

attempts to identify a disease at its earliest stage so that prompt and appropriate management can be initiated

primary prevention

attempts to prevent certain injury-causing events from occurring in the first place.

outreach program

attempts to reach women who do not seek early prenatal care; efforts include hotlines, community canvassing, and the provision of incentives to the expectant mother.

tertiary prevention

attempts to reduce or minimize the consequences of a disease once it has developed.

preterm birth

birth of a child prior to 37 weeks of gestation.

low birth weight

birthweight of less than 2500 grams (5 lbs. 8 oz.); associated with preterm birth; very low birthweight is less than 1500 grams (3 lbs. 4 oz.).

developmental disability

broad spectrum of delayed or incomplete development resulting in limited mental or physical function

primary care

essential and basic health services provided to patients in the context of their social context

gestation

carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth

NCHS

collects and analyzes national data on injuries

socioeconomic status (SES)

combined effect of ones income, education, and occupational class

national institute for occupational safety and health NIOSH

conducts research, recommends standards, and conducts hazard evaluations.

diabetes

disease due to insulin deficiency and/or resistance to insulin action and associated with high levels of sugar in the blood

ecological model

explains behavior within the several levels of the social environment

the addition of fluorides to the public water supply to reduce the incidence of tooth decay.

fluoridation

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

formerly the food stamp program, families are issued an electronic benefits transfer card that can be used like a credit card to buy nutritious foods at grocery stores

social support

forms of help received from others

National center for injury prevention and control

founded by Congress and placed inside CDC, looking at injuries beyond those related to traffic

waist to hip ratio

health risk indicator related to weight distribution

stress

individual response to perceived or real demands

self-efficacy

individual sense of effective control in life

Body mass index BMI

individual's ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of the individual's height in meters

unintentional injury

injuries not due to purposeful action

intentional injury

injuries that occur due to the will of others or oneself (homicide or suicide).

Transtheoretical Model

integrated biopsychosocial explanation of individual behavior change

passive smoking

involuntarily inhaling smoke from the intentional smoking of others

asthma

lung disease with recurrent airway restriction, mucous secretion, and chronic inflammation of the airways, result in in reduced airflow

contraception

means for preventing pregnancy

new york city traffic safety unit

multifaceted program to improve pedestrian safety, especially for older adults

dose-response relationship

number of cigarettes and the associated risks of disease, disability, and death

fertility rate

number of live births in a year per 1000 women ages 15-44 years

NRA

opposed public health research on gun violence, under the assumption that persons would be safer with easy access to guns

high income, high education, high occupational class

people who have ___ you would predict the lowest mortality rates

family planning

process of establishing a preferred number and spacing of children

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

provides vouchers for milk, fruit juice, eggs, cereals, and other nutritious foods for pregnant women, lactating mothers, infants, and children up to 5 years old.

prenatal care

provides women with information on how to have a healthy pregnancy and bear a healthy child

relative risk

ratio of one morbidity rate to another

NHTSA

reduce motor vehicle crashes through education, engineering, and environments

injury pyramid

representation of the fact that, while fatal injuries are most reliably reported, many more nonfatal injuries lead to hospitalization and emergency room visits, and even more may be untreated

behavioral risk factor surveillance system

telephone assessment of self-reported actions including those related to intimate partner violence

national highway traffic safety administration NHTSA

the federal agency that sets safety standards for new cars, collects data on motor vehicle deaths, and conducts research on motor vehicle safety.

occupational safety and health administration OSHA

the federal agency that sets standards on occupational safety, inspects workplaces, and imposes penalties for workplace hazards

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

the law enforcement agency in the United States Department of Justice that protects our communities from violent criminals, criminal organizations, illegal use and trafficking of firearms, illegal use and storage of explosives, acts of arson, and acts of terrorism.

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths within the first year of life for every 1,000 live births.

maternal mortality rate

the number of women who died during the act of childbirth

education, enforcement, and engineering

the three Es of injury prevention

Suddent Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

unexpected death of an infant for reasons that are not understood.

health belief model

uses individual understandings to explain and predict behaviors

immunization

vastly reduced childhood deaths from infectious diseases; virtually all children are vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, rubella, mumps and hepatitis B before they enter school because most of these immunizations are required by law