Exam 4- Study Guide

Genetic modification of fruits and vegetables will address the ______ loss of food in supermarkets due to over ripening.

15%

If the human population continues to increase at the rate of 1.05% per year, by the year 2050, agricutural production would need to increase by

70%

One of the challenges that results from an increase in global population is the limitation of arable land. If the world population increases 30% by 2050, food production per acre of land would need to increase by

70%

What part of the flower produces pollen grains?

anther

Plants genetically modified with the Bt gene

are more pest resistant

By making plants that are insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant there has an increase

in fruit yield.

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered in a way that would not occur in nature, through a

mating process and through natural recombination.

In the 1990s, researchers made a variety of rice that contained ______ to decrease the amount of children dying of vitamin A deficiency.

β-carotene

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CH2O in the photosynthesis reaction?

(CH2O) refers to the building blocks of carbohydrates.

A stretch of fluorescent single-stranded DNA used to detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence by complementary pairing to it is called a

A probe

Which of the following statements describe a potential benefit of genetically modified plants?

A) Plants can be more resistant to pests.

The ultimate goal(s) of successful plant GMOs is(are) to

All are correct

What is the focus of current GM plant research related to improving health of the human population?

All the answers are correct

The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into ____________.

Bacteria

Which of the following is a way that bacteria have been genetically modified?

Bacteria have been genetically modified to break down toxic chemicals.

Genome editing can be accomplished by using

CRISPR

What are the impacts of global warming and global climate change?

Climate change alters the temperature of an ecosystem; it also affects precipitation patterns. As the planet warms, some areas witness an increase in precipitation, while others see a decrease.

______ combined genes from two viruses to create the first recombinant DNA which led to the foundation for the first GMO experiments.

Paul Berg

What are some of the benefits associated with the genetic modification of animals?

D) higher nutritional content

Which process provides the nucleotides that are found within a gene or a targeted area of the genome?

DNA sequencing

The PCR process requires three steps. In the first step, the temperature is usually set at 95˚C because this is the optimum temperature for the

Denaturing of the double strands

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of squash?

Disease resistant

______ is a complex carbohydrate that provides plants with structure.

Fiber

Potential uses for genetically modified animals are:

GM animals can be used to grow organs for human transplants.

Since the success of Flavr-savr tomatoes, there has been growing trend to produce more

GMOs in agriculture.

The process of using the information contained within a gene to produce a protein is known as

Gene expression

Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.

______ rice has been genetically modified to have higher concentrations of nutrients to help prevent human disease.

Golden

Which part of the CRISPR complex tags the target gene to be destroyed?

Guide RNA

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of alfalfa?

Herbicide tolerance

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of corn?

Isect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance

Which organisms are considered the most primitive group of plants?

Mosses

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of NADPH in the photosynthesis reaction?

NADPH carries some of the high-energy electrons generated when sunlight strikes the chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes.

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of apples?

Nonbrowning

How was the rice genome modified in order to create golden rice?

One gene from a daffodil and one gene from a soil bacterium were added to the rice genome.

By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways to provide ______ for human ______.

Organs for human transplant

______ breeding has allowed farmers to produce a large variety of food, such as kale, cabbage, and cauliflower, from a single species.

Selective

Effects of GMOs on non-target species?

Studies on the effects of GM pest resistance and its effects on non-target insect species are primarily focused on plants modified with Bt. Some non-target insect species may benefit from the use of plants genetically modified with Bt.

There are three steps in a PCR process. In the third step, the temperature is usually set at 72oC because this is the optimum temperature for the

Taq DNA polymerase to add in complementary base pairs.

The testing and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in particular GM plants, is tightly regulated internationally to prevent any negative effects on the environment or human health. Which of the following statements support researchers' use of cisgenic organisms?

The genome of a cisgenic plant, like the genome of a traditionally bred plant, is not altered with DNA from a different species.

The accurate description of the stages of gene expression?

The process of transcription makes mRNA from a segment of DNA, and is then translated into amino acids.

Flavr-savr ______ were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption.

Tomato

Global climate change is accelerating the development of GMOs to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, produce plants that can withstand

a change in salinityand produce plants that can withstand drought.

What role doesA. tumefaciens play in producing GM plants?

a vector for the introduction of foreign genes into plants and consequent regeneration of transgenic plants.

Identify the characteristics common to all members of the plant kingdom.

non-motile

Arctic apples were created through a process of genetic engineering. Researchers used a technique known as RNA interference, which silenced the expression of the gene that produces polyphenol oxidase. Silencing this gene and eliminating the production of polyphenol oxidase prevents the fruit from browning. RNA interference is an example of what type of genetic engineering?

silencing gene expression

In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, the _____ stage produces diploid cells and the ______ stage produces haploid cells

gametophyte, sporophyte

The function of DNA is to store information for producing all the

molecules required by cells for life.

One next-generation GMO is the use ofMetarhizium pingshaense, which is a transgenic ______ that is used to treat malaria.

Artemisinin

The adverse health risks and monitoring associated with GMOs are:

B) Because cisgenic organisms contain genes that have been modified to change the trait, they can cause allergic reactions in some people if they are allergic to the food in its unmodified form.

The ecological effects of GMOs are :

B) Genetically modified crops that contain the Bt endotoxin may contribute to resistant strains of insects.

The benefits of genome editing include

B) being able to remove and replace a small section of nucleotides.

What are the risks associated with gene transfer.

B) potential allergic reaction if GM food is consumed

Genetic modification can benefit agriculture in the face of climate change by

B) reduce the need for water

Why would a researcher use PCR?

During a PCR reaction, primers are used to determine which area of the DNA is amplified

European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene fromBacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.

Endotoxin

The browning of an apple is due to the expression of the ______ gene. This gene produces the brown trait.

PPO

The process used by plants to convert H2O, CO2, and sunlight into food for the plant is called _____.

Photosynthesis

Which of the following statements best explains the primary role of photosynthesis in plant nutrition?

Photosynthesis takes solar energy and converts it into the chemical potential energy of carbohydrates.

How does RNAi silence specific genes in plants?

RNAi binds to specific mRNA sequences, targeting them for disposal.

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions?

The light-dependent reaction splits water and releases oxygen, whereas the light-independent reaction utilizes carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates.

A researcher is comparing a plot of agricultural land planted with Bt corn to a plot of agricultural land planted with non-GMO corn. Based on what she knows about Bt, she would expect to find

an increased crop yield in the Bt corn field.

Using a plasmid, Boyer and Cohen were able to make E. coli antibiotic resistant to ______.

antibiotic tetracycline

Golden rice has been genetically modified to produce __________.

beta-carotene

Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of __________,

climate change

A ______ is a segment of DNA that encodes for a protein.

gene

The movement of genes between species is termed as _________ gene transfer.

gene migration

Which process has been used to modify arctic apples to prevent browning?

gene silencing

The gametophyte generation is responsible for photosynthesis in all groups but the

mosses

The intentional change in the genetic material to interfere with its function in a cell or organism is known as

mutagenesis

Genes encode for proteins, are segments of DNA that control traits and consist

of a nucleotide sequence.

The GMO procedure that coats very small fragments with tungsten or gold with genetically modified DNA and then uses a gene gun for delivery is called

particle bombardment

Genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce _________.

pharmaceutical compounds

What is A. tumefaciens?

plant bacterial pathogen

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as

plasmid

The ______ enzyme reacts with oxygen and polyphenols in plants and causes fruit to brown.

polyphenol oxidase (or PPO)

Scientists have genetically modified chickens, cows and goats to increase or improve the

production of food products.

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CO2 in the photosynthesis reaction?

source of carbon needed for the formation of carbohydrates

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of H2O in the photosynthesis reaction?

source of electrons for light-dependent reactions

In the first GMO experiment, researchers genetically modifiedE. coli by giving the bacteria

the gene it needed to provide antibiotic resistance.

In what way have AquaAdvantage Salmon been genetically modified?

to grow faster

In gene expression ______ is creating mRNA from DNA; and ______ is creating a protein from the mRNA.

transcription; translation