Exam 4 Study Guide
How did religious experiences change for African Americans after the Civil War?
churches served as schools, becoming part of a freedom struggle, independent black churches emerged and state & regional/national association developed
What happened during John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry?
crushed by Robert E. Lee's troops; many killed and Brown was sentenced to hang
Why were foreign nations interested in the American Civil War?
democratic experiment and the cotton industry
How did South Carolina respond to the election of 1860?
dissolved their union with the US
What conditions contributed to Americans and Congress retreating from Reconstruction?
economic uncertainty
To whom did the term "contraband" refer?
enslaved people who escaped to Union troops
What was the 14th amendment?
Citizenship, equal protection, bill of right in all states for African Americans
What happened at Seneca Falls, New York in July 1848?
a strengthening women's rights movement also flexed its muscle at Seneca Falls, New York. Led by figures such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, women with deep ties to the abolitionist cause, it represented the first of such meetings ever held in U.S. history.
What was the 13th Amendment about?
abolishing slavery
What was the Lost Cause narrative?
an American pseudo-historical, negationist ideology that advocates the belief that the cause of the Confederate States during the American Civil War was a just and heroic one.
What was the first Reconstruction Act?
an act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel states
What was the Freedmen's Bureau?
It was an organization established by Congress to aid poor southerners.
Who killed Abraham Lincoln and why?
John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln because he supported the south and the idea of slavery and blamed Lincoln for the south's loss in the war
What was the Ku Klux Klan? How did they (and similar groups) terrorize African Americans and whites who supported them?
Ku Klux Klan formed in TN and spread to all Confederacy states. Mobs and lynching
What was the Black Hawk War?
Led to removal of Sauk from Illinois to Kansas
Why was Lincoln hesitant to use African Americans in the Union military?
Lincoln initially waged a conservative, limited war. He believed that the presence of African American troops would threaten the loyalty of slaveholding border states, and white volunteers might refuse to serve alongside Black men.
How to the Comanche work to gain and maintain control in the Southwest?
rose to power in the Southern Plains, launched raids in MX, traded with TX, and controlled flow of commodities in region
What was the ruling in Scott v. Sanford (the Dred Scott decision)?
ruled that black Americans could not be citizens of the US and that Scott (slaves) had no right to sue in courts
How did indigenous tribes attempt to assimilate to a Euro-American lifestyle?
slave ownership, agriculture, and christianity
Why did land redistribution not happen after the war?
telling them the promise of land was not going to be honored and that instead they should plan to go back to work for their former enslaver as wage laborers.
Who was elected president of the Confederate States?
President James Buchanan
What happened between Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks?
Preston brooks took offense and beat Sumner nearly to death with a cane on the floor of the senate
What were the major platforms of the Free Soil Party? How did they influence politics?
-free soil, free labor, free men -called for an end to slavery and DC and stop the spread of slavery
What was Uncle Tom's Cabin? What was its impact?
- A book showed how cruel slavery was and that slaves were real people -encouraged slaves to escape
What was the ruling in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia?
- Cherokees wanted to sue b/c GA had found gold on Cherokee land & ordered land seized - Cherokees not citizens/foreign nation, couldn't sue in fed. court
What led to the Texas Revolution?
- Mexico closed TX borders - illegal American immigrants going to MX - Texans involved in cotton industry: feared MX would ban slavery in territories - high taxes
What was the Fugitive Slave Act? How did it impact slavery and the experience of escaped slaves?
-A law to return runaway slaves to their masters -slave faced obstacles that were harsh and could be sent back
Who were the candidates in the 1864 presidential election?
-Lincoln (won) -Mcclellan
Who were the candidates in the presidential election of 1860? Who won?
-Northern Democrats Sen. Stephen Douglas -Southern Democrats John Breckinridge -Republicans Abraham Lincoln -Constitutional Union John Bell -Abe won all free states
Who were the candidates in the 1876 election? Who won? How?
-Republican Rutherford B. Haynes -Democrat Samuel Tilden -special electoral comission voted along party lines in favor of Haynes -Haynes won
What was John Slidell supposed to do in Mexico City? What happened when he was not successful?
-Try and purchases disputed land with NM & CA -sent army to north of Nueces river and crossed into disputed territory in May 1846
Why were American politicians hesitant to annex Texas? What eventually prompted the annexation?
-another war with MX -promises of westward expansion
What was William Sherman's March to the Sea?
-captured Atlanta -went to Sc -burned Columbia -captured Charleston
How did the discovery of gold in California impact its population growth? How did the demographics of California change?
-drew single young men with hopes of getting rich-CA began pushing for transcontinental railroad to more quickly move people and goods -increases immigration to CA from places like China
How did education change for African Americans after the Civil War?
-public schools in all southern states -expanded hospitals, asylums, orphanages, and prisons
What forms did racial violence during Reconstruction take?
-riots against black political authority -interpersonal fights -organized vigilante groups
What factors led to the annexation of Florida?
-runaway slaves escaping to FL led to private US backed military push into FL and the beginning of the first seminole war -americans wanted lands controlled by Native Americans
What three arguments were made to justify American expansion?
-strength of American values and institutions justified moral claims to hemisphere leadership -lands on the NA continent west of the Mississippi river were destined for American-led political and agriculture improvement -God and the Constitution ordained an irresponsible destiny to accomplish redemption and democratization throughout the world
What were the terms of Compromise of 1850?
-tougher fugitive slave law -end to slave trade in -DC, NM, and Utah and would be able to decide the fate of slavery in their states
What was Lincoln's plan to reunification?
-when 10% of a states voting population signed an oath of loyalty government could be established
What roles did women play during the Civil War?
-women dramatically impacted the war through violent actions in these cases, as well as constant petitions to governors for aid and the release of husbands from military service. -spying on the enemy.
How did Frederick Douglass impact and influence the anti-slavery movement?
-wrote a autobiography -former slaves gave speeches, helped push for rights for black people and helped slaves escape
What were Black Codes? What was their purpose?
1. Andrew Johnson proposed these specific codes, which included the following: a. racial segregation in public places b. prohibition of interracial marriages c. prohibition of jury service by blacks d. blacks could not testify against whites e. blacks without lawful employment were arrested as vagrants and auctioned off to employers who paid their fines 2. The purpose of these codes was to prevent blacks from moving and to keep them as sharecroppers (plantation laborers). With these codes the blacks retook their place beneath whites.
What were the Enforcement Acts?
1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote
What was the Anaconda Plan?
A strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War. It called for strangling the Southern Confederacy, much like an Anaconda does to its prey.
What roles did African Americans soldiers play in the Civil War?
African American soldiers defied the inequality of military service and used their positions in the army to reshape society, North and South. The majority of the USCT had once been enslaved, and their presence as armed, blue-clad soldiers sent shock waves throughout the Confederacy. To their friends and families, African American soldiers symbolized the embodiment of liberation and the destruction of slavery. To white southerners, they represented the utter disruption of the Old South's racial and social hierarchy. As members of armies of occupation, Black soldiers wielded martial authority in towns and plantations. At the end of the war, as a Black soldier marched by a cluster of Confederate prisoners, he noticed his former enslaver among the group.
How did the First Seminole War begin? How did it progress?
Americans also held that Creek and Seminole people, occupying the area from the Apalachicola River to the wet prairies and hammock islands of central Florida, were dangers in their own right. These tribes, known to the Americans collectively as Seminoles, migrated into the region over the course of the eighteenth century and established settlements, tilled fields, and tended herds of cattle in the rich floodplains and grasslands that dominated the northern third of the Florida peninsula. Envious eyes looked upon these lands. After bitter conflict that often pitted Americans against a collection of Native Americans and formerly enslaved people, Spain eventually agreed to transfer the territory to the United States.
Who became president after Lincoln was assassinated?
Andrew Johnson
Where did General Lee surrender?
Appomattox Court House, Virginia
What impact did steamboats have on transportation?
As water trade and travel grew in popularity, local, state, and federal funds helped connect rivers and streams. Hundreds of miles of new canals cut through the eastern landscape. The most notable of these early projects was the Erie Canal. That project, completed in 1825, linked the Great Lakes to New York City. The profitability of the canal helped New York outpace its East Coast rivals to become the center for commercial import and export in the United States.
What happened at the Battle of Shiloh?
Confederate leaders struck first, they drove Grant back to the Tennessee River. The second day, Union troops received reinforcements and defeated the Confederates, who withdrew to Corinth.
What was life like for soldiers in camps during the Civil War?
Daily life for a Civil War soldier was one of routine. A typical day began around six in the morning and involved drill, marching, lunch break, and more drilling followed by policing the camp. Weapon inspection and cleaning followed, perhaps one final drill, dinner, and taps around nine or nine thirty in the evening. Soldiers in both armies grew weary of the routine. Picketing or foraging afforded welcome distractions to the monotony. Soldiers devised clever ways of dealing with the boredom of camp life. The most common was writing. These were highly literate armies; nine out of every ten Federals and eight out of every ten Confederates could read and write. Letters home served as a tether linking soldiers to their loved ones. Soldiers also read; newspapers were in high demand. News of battles, events in Europe, politics in Washington and Richmond, and local concerns were voraciously sought and traded. While there were nurses, camp followers, and some women who disguised themselves as men, camp life was overwhelmingly male. Soldiers drank liquor, smoked tobacco, gambled, and swore. Social commentators feared that when these men returned home, with their hard-drinking and irreligious ways, all decency, faith, and temperance would depart. But not all methods of distraction were detrimental. Soldiers also organized debate societies, composed music, sang songs, wrestled, raced horses, boxed, and played sports. Neither side could consistently provide supplies for their soldiers, so it was not uncommon, though officially forbidden, for common soldiers to trade with the enemy. Confederate soldiers prized northern newspapers and coffee. Northerners were glad to exchange these for southern tobacco. Supply shortages and poor sanitation were synonymous with Civil War armies. The close proximity of thousands of men bred disease. Lice were soldiers' daily companions. Music was popular among the soldiers of both armies, creating a diversion from the boredom and horror of the war. As a result, soldiers often sang on fatigue duty and while in camp. Favorite songs often reminded the soldiers of home, including "Lorena," "Home, Sweet Home," and "Just Before the Battle, Mother." Dances held in camp offered another way to enjoy music. Since there were often few women nearby, soldiers would dance with one another.
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
Defined all persons born in the US as citizens and spelled out rights that they were able to enjoy, without regard to race. The main concept of this bill was equality before the law (not pertaining to Native Americans)
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill?
Douglas proposed a bold plan in 1854 to cut off a large southern chunk of Nebraska and create it separately as the Kansas Territory. Douglas had a number of goals in mind. The expansionist Democrat from Illinois wanted to organize the territory to facilitate the completion of a national railroad that would flow through Chicago. But before he had even finished introducing the bill, opposition had already mobilized. Salmon P. Chase drafted a response in northern newspapers that exposed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill as a measure to overturn the Missouri Compromise and open western lands for slavery. Kansas-Nebraska protests emerged in 1854 throughout the North, with key meetings in Wisconsin and Michigan. Kansas would become slave or free depending on the result of local elections, elections that would be greatly influenced by migrants flooding to the state to either protect or stop the spread of slavery.
Why did the United States not annex Cuba?
Fears of racialized revolution in Cuba (as in Haiti and Florida before it) as well as the presence of an aggressive British abolitionist influence in the Caribbean energized the movement to annex Cuba and encouraged filibustering as expedient alternatives to lethargic official negotiations. Despite filibustering's seemingly chaotic planning and destabilizing repercussions, those intellectually and economically guiding the effort imagined a willing and receptive Cuban population and expected an agreeable American business class. In Cuba, manifest destiny for the first time sought territory off the continent and hoped to put a unique spin on the story of success in Mexico. Yet the annexation of Cuba, despite great popularity and some military attempts led by Narciso López, a Cuban dissident, never succeeded.
What was the ruling in Prigg v. Pennsylvania?
Federal fugitive slave laws trumped Pennsylvania's personal liberty law
What did the First Confiscation Act do? What did the Second Confiscation Act do?
Following the First Confiscation Act, in April 1862, Congress abolished the institution of slavery in the District of Columbia. In July 1862, Congress passed the Second Confiscation Act, effectively emancipating enslaved people in land that came under Union control. Word traveled fast among enslaved people, and this legislation led to even more runaways making their way into Union lines.
What happened at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
General Robert E. Lee was able to force General Hooker to retreat.
What was the ruling in Worcester v. Georgia?
George did not have the legal authority to remove Native American's from their land.
What happened at the Battle of Vicksburg?
Grant defeats this Mississippi town after laying siege on it for 46 days. 30,000 Confederate troops surrender after enduring horrible living conditions.
What happened at Fort Sumter?
In 1861 Confederates attacked the fort, which led to its surrender and was the opening engagement of the Civil War. It is located in Charleston, South Carolina.
How did the Mexican-American War progress?
In the early fall of 1846, the U.S. Army invaded Mexico on multiple fronts and within a year's time General Winfield Scott's men took control of Mexico City. However, the city's fall did not bring an end to the war. Scott's men occupied Mexico's capital for over four months while the two countries negotiated. In the United States, the war had been controversial from the beginning. Embedded journalists sent back detailed reports from the front lines, and a divided press viciously debated the news. Volunteers found that war was not as they expected. Disease killed seven times as many American soldiers as combat. Harsh discipline, conflict within the ranks, and violent clashes with civilians led soldiers to desert in huge numbers.
What happened at the Battle of Gettysburg?
Major battle here in Pennsylvania. After three days, the South lose the battle after Lee makes his costly mistake...Pickett's Charge. High casualties for both sides. Lee loses 1/3 of his army...his last battle in the North.
Which states initially seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States?
Mississippi adopted their own resolution on January 9, 1861, Florida followed on January 10, Alabama on January 11, Georgia on January 19, Louisiana on January 26, and Texas on February 1. Texas was the only state to put the issue up for a popular vote, but secession was widely popular throughout the South.
What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
Missouri came into the Union as a slave state and Maine came into the Union as a free state
What led to Johnson's impeachment?
President Johnson opposed the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and vetoed the Civil Rights Act. he was impeached plus the first president to be impeached
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
President Monroe's message to Europe to NOT colonize any new land in Latin America. The US would stay out of European affairs.
What was the Second Seminole War?
Osceola a fight between the Seminoles and the US when the Seminoles refused to sell Florida it lasted 7 years
What was Johnson's plan for Reconstruction?
Same as Lincoln's, generous with amnesty to the southern states, Johnson added to the list of excluded to vote: those possessing property exceeding $20,000, by doing so, he sought to prevent his longtime adversaries, wealthy planters, from participating in the reconstruction of the southern states
What was the Adams-Onís Treaty?
Spain can't hold Florida so Spain gives up Florida to the US in return for the US paying 5 million settlement between US and Spanish citizens and the US had to give up claims on Texas
What was the most important economic, social, and political outcome of the Civil War?
The Civil War destroyed slavery and devastated the southern economy, and it also acted as a catalyst to transform America into a complex modern industrial society of capital, technology, national organizations, and large corporations. During the war, the Republicans were able to enact the pro-business Whig program that was designed to stimulate the industrial and commercial growth of the United States. The characteristics of American democracy and its capitalist economy were strengthened by this second American Revolution.
What divisions existed in the Democratic Party?
The Democratic Party, absent its southern leaders, divided into two camps. War Democrats largely stood behind President Lincoln. Peace Democrats—also known as Copperheads—clashed frequently with both War Democrats and Republicans. Copperheads were sympathetic to the Confederacy; they exploited public antiwar sentiment (often the result of a lost battle or mounting casualties) and tried to push President Lincoln to negotiate an immediate peace, regardless of political leverage or bargaining power. Had the Copperheads succeeded in bringing about immediate peace, the Union would have been forced to recognize the Confederacy as a separate and legitimate government and the institution of slavery would have remained intact.
Why did Missouri's application for statehood create a sectional crisis? How did James Tallmadge attempt to resolve it?
The Missouri Territory, by far the largest section of the Louisiana Territory, marked a turning point in the sectional crisis. St. Louis, a bustling Mississippi River town filled with powerful enslavers, loomed large as an important trade headquarters for networks in the northern Mississippi Valley and the Greater West. In 1817, eager to put questions of whether this territory would be slave or free to rest, Congress opened its debate over Missouri's admission to the Union. Congressman James Tallmadge of New York proposed laws that would gradually abolish slavery in the new state. Southern states responded with unanimous outrage, and the nation shuddered at an undeniable sectional controversy.
What was the NWSA? What was the AWSA?
The NWSA is the association created by Carrie Chapman Catt. It stands for National Women's Suffrage Association. American Women's Suffrage Association
How did the Ohio River become an early fault line for the slavery debate?
The Ohio River Valley became an early fault line in the coming sectional struggle. Kentucky and Tennessee emerged as slave states, while free states Ohio, Indiana (1816), and Illinois (1818) gained admission along the river's northern banks. Borderland negotiations and accommodations along the Ohio River fostered a distinctive kind of white supremacy, as laws tried to keep Black people out of the West entirely. Ohio's so-called Black Laws of 1803 foreshadowed the exclusionary cultures of Indiana, Illinois, and several subsequent states of the Old Northwest and later, the Far West.
What was the Compromise of 1877?
The South would recognize Rutherford B. Hayes as president and get: more aid troops would leave Hayes said Reconstruction was OVER!
What was the Treaty of New Echota? What was the reaction to it?
The Treaty of New Echota, 1835, was a treaty that forced the Cherokee Nation to leave its land in exchange for land in Western Indian territory. However, it was signed by a minority group, and many Cherokee still resisted removal.
How did naval technology change during the Civil War?
The Union and Confederate navies helped or hindered army movements around the many marine environments of the southern United States. Each navy employed the latest technology to outmatch the other. The Confederate navy, led by Stephen Russell Mallory, had the unenviable task of constructing a fleet from scratch and trying to fend off a vastly better equipped Union navy. Led by Gideon Welles of Connecticut, the Union navy successfully implemented General-in-Chief Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan. The future of naval warfare also emerged in the spring of 1862 as two "ironclad" warships fought a duel at Hampton Roads, Virginia. The age of the wooden sail was gone and naval warfare would be fundamentally altered. While advances in naval technology ruled the seas, African Americans on the ground were complicating Union war aims to an even greater degree.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
The United States gained lands that would become the future states of California, Utah, and Nevada; most of Arizona; and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Mexican officials would also have to surrender their claims to Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as its southern boundary. The United States offered $15 million for all of it.
What was Manifest Destiny?
The belief that it was America's destiny to expand to the Pacific Ocean
Why were the border states so important to the Civil War?
The border states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky maintained geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and the South. All four were immediately critical to the outcome of the conflict.
What led to increased American immigration to Texas?
The debate over slavery became one of the prime forces behind the Texas Revolution and the resulting republic's annexation to the United States. After gaining its independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico hoped to attract new settlers to its northern areas to create a buffer between it and the powerful Comanche. New immigrants, mostly from the southern United States, poured into Mexican Texas.
What was the Trail of Tears?
The forceful relocation of Native Americans west to the Oklahoma Territory.
What was Reconstruction?
The period of rebuilding the South and getting them back in the Union.
What made the Battle of Antietam unique?
This battle was the first major battle of the Civil War to occur on Union soil. It remains the bloodiest single day in American history: over twenty thousand soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing.
Why was it important for the government to build transportation infrastructure in the West?
This debate centered on the proper role of the U.S. government in paying for the internal improvements that soon became necessary to encourage and support economic development. Some saw frontier development as a self-driven undertaking that necessitated private risk and investment devoid of government interference. Others saw the federal government's role as providing the infrastructural development needed to give migrants the push toward engagement with the larger national economy. In the end, federal aid proved essential for the conquest and settlement of the region.
Who won the election of 1868?
Ulysses S. Grant
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
freed the slaves freed slaves in the Confederacy freed slaves in the Confederate states freed slaves in most Southern states
What was the Indian Removal Act?
government law that forced most tribes east of the Mississippi River to move to areas West of the Mississippi Rivers
What was the 15th amendment about?
granted right to vote regardless of race
What struggles did the Cherokee nation face in the state of Georgia?
had no recognition in the state/not citizens
How did moving westward open new opportunities for women?
had to set up homesteads and work in the fields
What was the American Equal Rights Association? What were their goals?
it combined abolitionists and women rights advocates pushed back for enfranchisement, womens leaders, women's suffrage
What was the Young America movement?
it downplayed divisions over slavery and ethnicity by embracing national unity and emphasizing american exceptionalism, democratic participation, territorial expansion and economic interdependence
Why did some women's rights activists oppose the 15th Amendment?
it ignored women's right to vote
What was General Sherman's Special Field Order No. 15?
land in GA and Sc was set aside as homestead for freedpeople
What impact did railroads have on transportation?
link mid-Atlantic cities with lucrative western trade routes. Railroad boosters encouraged the rapid growth of towns and cities along their routes. Not only did rail lines promise to move commerce faster, but the rails also encouraged the spreading of towns farther away from traditional waterway locations. Technological limitations, constant repairs, conflicts with Native Americans, and political disagreements all hampered railroading and kept canals and steamboats as integral parts of the transportation system
How did the role of African American men in politics change after the Civil War?
more black men in government
What was the impact of African American men being allowed to vote after the Civil War?
more black people representation in government
How was the reunification of families achieved after the war?
newspaper ads, traveling, began demanding rights to control their children
What was the Morrill Land Grant Act?
of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.
What was the Civilization Fund Act of 1819?
offered $10k annually to societies that established schools for tribes which led to government taking more land
What was John Crittendon's proposed compromise after the election of 1860?
proposed Constitutional amendments that guaranteed slavery in southern states and territories, denied federal government power over interstate slave trade and offered compensation for unrecovered slaves
What were the problems with how medical situations were handled during the Civil War?
were not handled well
What was the Enrollment Act? What were the Draft Riots?
• The Enrollment Act of March 1863: every able-bodied white male citizen aged 20 to 45 now faced the draft • Also had substitution, where one could pay another man to serve instead • Also commutation, paying a $300 fee to the gov. to avoid being drafted
