Exam 4

14. In order to avoid disappointment and frustration, one's performance standards: a. Should be based on past accomplishments and failures b. Should be very lenient c. Should be very difficult d. All of the above

A

15. Kelly took the _______ as the model for describing all humans. a. Scientist b. Minister c. Humanist d. Laboratory animal

A

17. According to Kelly, people ______ their experiences, which means they attempt to interpret and give meaning to those experiences. a. Construe b. Rationalize c. Actualize d. Sacralize

A

19. The statement, "Persons differ from each other in their construction of events," describes the ________ corollary. a. Construction b. Individuality c. Choice d. Experience

A

20. A ______ construct subsumes other constructs within it. a. Superordinate b. Subordinate c. Dichotomous d. Fragmentary

A

22. The statement, "A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only," describes the _____ corollary. a. Range b. Organization c. Modulation d. Fragmentation

A

27. For Kelly," . . . perception of one's apparent dislodgment from his core role structure" defined: a. Guilt b. Threat c. Hostility d. Aggression

A

3. Mischel found the value of the personality coefficient to be about: a. .30 b. .70 c. 1.00 d. -.50

A

30. Kelly devised the ______ in order to identify the constructs a client uses to construe the relevant people in his or her life a. Role Construct Repertory Test b. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire c. Q-Sort d. More than one of the above

A

33. Because it deals with intact conscious experience, Kelly's theory is said to be: a. Phenomenological b. Cognitive c. Existential d. Humanistic

A

36. The _____ create(s) a feedback system which allows people to coordinate their experiences with their actualizing tendencies. a. Organismic valuing process b. Phenomenological field c. Conditions of worth d. Need for positive regard

A

37. Which of the following comes closest to meaning the same thing as phenomenological reality? a. Private reality b. Objective reality c. Physical reality d. Cultural reality

A

4. Mischel referred to the belief that behavior is more consistent than it actually is as the: a. Consistency paradox b. Personality coefficient c. Learning dilemma d. Fundamental fact of life

A

40. When the child develops the need to view himself or herself positively, the child is said to have developed: a. The need for positive regard b. The need for self-regard c. Conditions of worth d. Actualizing tendency

A

48. Rogers believed that humans are: a. Basically good b. As Freud portrayed them c. What their environments cause them to be d. Either good or bad depending on their genetic endowment

A

1. Which of the following is not significantly emphasized by social cognitive theory? a. Cognitive factors b. Self-regulation of behavior c. Extrinsic reinforcement d. Intrinsic reinforcement

B

10. According to social cognitive theory, most human behavior is a. Caused by external reinforcement b. Freely chosen c. Self-regulated d. Instinctive

B

16. According to Kelly, the major tool a person uses in anticipating events is the: a. Habit b. Personal construct c. Organismic valuing process d. CPC cycle

B

25. For Kelly, the recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one's construct system, defined: a. Hostility b. Anxiety c. Threat d. Fear

B

26. For Kelly, ". . . continued effort to extort validational evidence in favor of a type of social prediction which has already proven itself a failure" defined: a. Anxiety b. Hostility c. Aggression d. Guilty

B

28. According to Kelly, we experience ______ when our major beliefs about the world are invalidated. a. Fear b. Theat c. Aggression d. Hostility

B

32. As Kelly attempted different clinical approaches, he discovered that: a. One had to have a single theoretical framework to work within b. Anything that caused clients to look at themselves differently improved the situation c. Other clinical psychologists were appalled when he did not follow Freudian theory d. All of the above

B

34. Kelly believed that each person creates his or her own constructs for dealing with the world. He called this creative ability: a. The habit family hierarchy b. Constructive alternativism c. The actualizing tendency d. The CPC cycle

B

35. According to rogers, the most important resource that an individual possesses is his or her: a. Construct system b. Actualizing tendency c. Will to survive d. Phenomenological field

B

43. _____ exists when individuals no longer use their organismic valuing processes as a means of determining if their experiences are in accordance with their actualizing tendencies. a. Neurosis b. Incongruency c. Uncertainty d. Hostility

B

49. According to Rogers, a person's subjective reality can: a. Be completely known by other people b. Be known only by the person himself or herself c. Never be known by anyone d. Be known only by a psychotherapist

B

8. The statement, "If I do X, I can expect Y," exemplifies a: a. Competency b. Behavior-outcome expectancy c. Stimulus-outcome expectancy d. Self-efficacy expectancy

B

9. The most important fact about observational learning is that it: a. Is similar to operant conditioning b. Requires no reinforcement c. Always translates directly into performance d. Explains the consistency in human behavior

B

11. _______ allow a person to act contrary to his or her moral principles without experiencing self-contempt. a. Dysfunctional self-expectancies b. Healthy performance standards c. Self-exonerating mechanisms d. Encoding strategies

C

13. The statement, "If I see X, I can expect to see Y," exemplifies a: a. Competency b. Behavior-outcome expectancy c. Stimulus-outcome expectancy d. Self-efficacy expectancy

C

18. Kelly believed that: a. A person freely creates his or her own construct system b. A person's behavior is determined by his or her construct system c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

C

23. During the ______ phase of the CPC cycle, a person mills through a number of propositional constructs. a. Control b. Preemption c. Circumspection d. Submergence

C

24. Which of the following occurs during the test phase of the creativity cycle? a. The construct system is loosened b. The construct system is tightened c. The creative idea discovered in a preceding stage is tested for its usefulness d. The constructs in one's construct system are made more permeable

C

29. According to Kelly, a neurotic: a. Is like a bad scientist b. Continues to make the same predictions in the absence of validating experiences c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

C

31. With fixed-role therapy: a. The client is asked to play a role b. The therapist becomes a supporting actor c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

C

39. _____ involves receiving warmth, love, and respect from the relevant people in one's life. a. The need for self-regard b. The actualizing tendency c. The need for positive regard d. The organismic valuing process

C

41. According to Rogers, the only way not to interfere with the child's actualizing tendency is to give him or her: a. Conditions of worth b. Positive regard c. Unconditional positive regard d. Equal status within the family

C

42. How, according to Rogers, should parents deal with behavior problems? a. Tell the child he or she is disliked when certain activities are engaged in b. Punish the child but always tell him or her why he or she is being punished c. Give the child the feeling that he or she is always loved but that certain things he or she does may be disliked d. Express love toward the child only when he or she is acting in a desirable way

C

45. According to Rogers, the main goal of psychotherapy is to: a. Socialize clients b. Release repressed conflicts c. Bring clients ever closer to using their organismic valuing process in living his or her life d. All of the above

C

5. The term reciprocal determinism means that: a. Human behavior cannot be accurately predicted b. Humans are constantly influencing each other c. The person, the environment, and the person's behavior continually interact with each other d. Psychology has always been influenced by developments in the other sciences

C

7. Which of the following does Mischel believe should be taken into consideration by a personality theorist? a. Person variables b. Situation variables c. Both person and situation variables d. Neither person nor situation variables

C

12. Mischel and his colleagues found that the ability to delay gratification increased with: a. Age b. Intelligence c. Shorter intervals of delay d. All of the above

D

2. Which of the following assumes that human behavior is at least moderately consistent over time and from one situation to a similar situation? a. Reinforcement theory b. Trait theory c. Psychoanalytic theory d. All of the above

D

21. The statement, "A person's construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs," describes the _____ corollary. a. Range b. Choice c. Modulation d. Dichotomy

D

38. According to rogers, the ______ gradually emerges from experiences involving verbal labels such as "me" and I." a. Mind b. Phenomenological field c. Actualizing tendency d. Self

D

44. Which of the following concepts has remained important throughout all the various stages of Rogers' thinking concerning psychotherapy? a. The actualizing tendency b. The organismic valuing process c. Unconditional positive regard d. All of the above

D

46. According to Rogers, if a relationship is to facilitate growth it must be characterized by: a. Genuineness b. Unconditional positive regard c. Empathic understanding d. All of the above

D

47. If Rogers found the correlation between a self-sort and an ideal-sort to be +.10, he would have concluded that the two sorts were: a. Almost perfectly correlated b. Inversely related c. Substantially correlated d. Almost totally unrelated

D

50. Which of the following characterizes fully functioning people? a. They are open to experience b. They see themselves as the locus of evaluation of their experiences c. They receive and give unconditional positive regard d. All of the above

D

6. Person variables include a person's: a. Gender b. Beliefs c. Physical attractiveness d. All of the above

D