Exam 5

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?

ACTH

Why do pregnant women often have heartburn?

As the uterus enlarges it pushes upward on the stomach, causing gastric reflux.

What is the infant's only source of nutrition during the first 2-3 days postpartum?

Colostrum

Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.

False

Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas

False

Most primary oocytes undergo atresia during climacteric.

False

Prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by the time the infant is born

False

Sperm travels to the ampulla of the ductus deferens before reaching the spermatic cord.

False

Spermiogenesis is the last stage of meiosis

False

The uterus is a thick muscular chamber inferior to the urinary bladder.

False

Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?

Hyposecretion and hypersecretion

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to ______.

Hypothyroidism

Which of the following is true regarding the blood-testis barrier?

It prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells.

Which of the following is the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

It prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation.

Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?

It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.

Most ovulation home test kits measure a surge of which hormone?

LH

______ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete _____.

Luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone

Which stage of meiosis is an ovulated egg in?

Metaphase II

The posterior pituitary secretes ______.

Oxytocin (OT)

_______ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas _______ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

_____ have 46 chromosomes, whereas ______ have 23.

Primary spermatocytes; spermatids

What determines breast size?

The amount of adipose tissue

Which of the following is generally accepted as a secondary sex characteristic?

The enlargement of the breasts

Which of the following is not a change in the male body that results from puberty?

These are all changes associated with male puberity

Which of the following is not a function of the nurse cells?

They secrete testosterone.

Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?

To stop fever and pain

Although two breast cancer genes are known, most cases are nonhereditary.

True

Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.

True

Only germ cells undergo meiosis, which produces four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each

True

Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.

True

The first haploid stage of spermatogenesis is prophase II

True

The number of ovarian follicles declines with age, leading to a reduction of estrogen levels.

True

Unlike men, women lack a refractory period and may experience successive orgasms

True

Which of the following is true of the female sexual response?

Women do not have a refractory period and may quickly experience additional orgasms.

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the _____.

action of cyclooxygenase

The ______ secretes ______, which promotes Na+ and water retention.

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

The initial response to stress is called the _____ and is mediated mainly by ____.

alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____.

antagonistic effect

The _____ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.

anterior pituitary

Thyrotropin- releasing hormone targets the _______

anterior pituitary

The hypophyseal portal system connects the ______ with the _____.

anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Eicosanoids are derived from _____.

arachidonic acid

Which of the following does not play a role in thermoregulation of the testes?

bulbospongiosus muscle

The ______ is the small, bilateral organ found lateral to the membranous urethra.

bulbourethral gland

Which of the following is not a component of the vulva?

cervix

Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate peak during the

climax (orgasm)

The ____ is an example of the female external genitalia.

clitoris

The penis is homologous to the ______.

clitoris

Which of the following are not found in or around the seminiferous tubules?

corpus cavernosum cells

The penile urethra is enclosed by the _____.

corpus spongiosum

Where are follicles located?

cortex of the ovary

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes _____.

cortisol

When it is cold, the _____ contracts and draws the testes closer to the body to keep them warm.

cremaster

Changes called male climacteric are a consequence of a(n) ______

decreased secretion of testosterone

Dilation of the _____ causes the lacunae to fill with blood and the penis to become erect.

deep arteries

What is the longest stage of labor?

dilation stage

When does oogenesis begin?

during embryonic development

When does an ovum finish meiosis?

during fertilization

When do mammary glands primarily develop within the breasts?

during pregnancy

The orgasm-emission phase of the male sexual response is stimulated by ____.

efferent sympathetic signals from the lumbar region of the spinal cord

Between weeks 3 and 8 of development, a developing individual is considered a _____.

embryo

Where does an embryo usually attach to its mother?

endometrium

Which uterine layer is composed of simple columnar epithelium containing tubular glands?

endometrium

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that ______.

energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism

Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?

enzyme amplification

The _____ is the site of sperm maturation and storage.

epididymis

Which form of estrogen is the most potent in pregnancy?

estradiol

During __________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia.

excitement

Sperm cells get energy to power their movement from ______, which is contributed by the ______.

fructose; seminal vesicles

The _____ has/have no androgen receptors and do/does not respond to it.

germ cells

Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

glucagon

Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _____, which _____ blood glucose.

glucagon; raises

Which of the following is inhibited by testosterone?

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion

What provides most of the natural lubrication during female sexual excitement?

greater vestibular glands

Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?

growth hormone (GH)

In early pregnancy, what hormone stimulates growth of the corpus luteum?

human chorionic gonadotropin

Pregnancy kits test for the presence of what hormone?

human chorionic gonadotropin

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

hypoglycemia

When do the testes start secreting testosterone?

in the first trimester of fetal development

T4 and T3 are _______ hormones that are mainly transported ______ in the blood.

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

Which of these is not found in the vestibule?

mons pubis

The nonpregnant uterine wall consists mostly of ______.

myometrium

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via ______.

negative feedback inhibition

Contraceptive pills mimic the ______ feedback effect of ______.

negative; estrogens and progesterone

Milk ejection occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the _____, which leads to the release of _____ from the pituitary.

nipple and areola; oxytocin

What is the earliest sign of puberty in girls?

onset of breast development

The ovary receives blood from which artery/arteries

ovarian and uterine

The medial pole of the ovary is attached to the uterus by which ligament?

ovarian ligament

Which of the following are primary sex organs?

ovaries

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

ovary

The countercurrent heat exchanger that prevents arterial blood from overheating the testes is the _____.

pampiniform plexus of veins

_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

paracrines

The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.

parathyroid glands

The ____ sometimes expels copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid, which constitutes the female ejaculate.

paraurethral glands

The acrosome contains enzymes used to _____.

penetrate barriers surrounding the ovum

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is the one associated with menstrual cramps?

premenstrual

In the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as _____.

primordial follicles

Which hormone acts primarily on the uterus?

progesterone

Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase?

progesterone

The infundibulum is a ______

projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

Men have only one ______

prostate

The golf-ball sized structure found inferior to the urinary bladder, and surrounding the most proximal portion of the urethra, is called the ______.

prostate

The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a characteristic of which stage of puberty?

pubarche

What is an ovulated egg more technically referred to as?

secondary oocyte

The haploid (n) result of meiosis I is called a _______

secondary spermatocyte

By volume, most of the semen is produced in the _____.

seminal vesicles

Which of the following is the correct pathway of sperm cells from their formation to ejaculation?

seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?

somatotropin (growth hormone)

Whether an organism will be genetically male or female is determined by __________.

sperm

At what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail?

spermatid

In the process of spermiogenesis, _______ become ______.

spermatids; spermatozoa

After puberty, which epithelium lines the vagina?

stratified squamous epithelium

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.

stress

Which follicle stage is characterized by the development of a corona radiata?

tertiary

The _____ is the gonad and the ______ is the gamete.

testis; sperm

Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

testosterone

Which of the following is an androgen?

testosterone

Male infertility (sterility) refers to _____.

the inability to fertilize an egg

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

What do lutein cells develop from?

theca interna

The _____ secretes hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells)

thymus

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when _____.

thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary

At the end of meiosis I there are _____, whereas at the end of meiosis II there is/are _____.

two haploid cells; four haploid cells

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone

up-regulation

In which structure does fertilization usually occur?

uterine tube

What structure leads from each ovary to the uterus?

uterine tube

Which of the following is a part of the internal female genitalia?

vagina

Which of the following is a secondary sex organ?

vagina

During climacteric, what can cause hot flashes?

vasodilation of cutaneous arteries

What is a follicle composed of?

An oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete acth?

CRH

_______ are found in both male and female external genitalia, but the ______ is/are only found in the female.

Corpora cavernosa; vestibular bulbs

In meiosis, each parent cell produces __________. A. two haploid cells B. four haploid cells C. two diploid cells D. four diploid cells E. haploid cells that are identical to the parent cell

Four haploid cells

Which of the following occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

Several follicles are developing an antrum

Which hormone suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone secretion?

inhibin

Sildenafil (viagra) prolongs erection by ______.

inhibiting degradation of cGMP

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

insulin

The penis is innervated by the _____ nerve.

internal pudendal

Why would an enlarged prostate interfere with urination.

it compresses the urethra

The _____ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.

kidney

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the ______.

kidneys

The anterior pituitary is _____ than the posterior pituitary and has _______ connection to the hypothalamus.

larger; no nervous

During climacteric, women secrete ____.

less estrogen and progesterone

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _______ and the ______.

liver and kidneys

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

What is the cessation of menstruation referred to as?

menopause

The anterior margin of the ovary is anchored by a peritoneal fold called the _____

mesovarium