Exam 5
Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?
ACTH
Why do pregnant women often have heartburn?
As the uterus enlarges it pushes upward on the stomach, causing gastric reflux.
What is the infant's only source of nutrition during the first 2-3 days postpartum?
Colostrum
Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.
False
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas
False
Most primary oocytes undergo atresia during climacteric.
False
Prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by the time the infant is born
False
Sperm travels to the ampulla of the ductus deferens before reaching the spermatic cord.
False
Spermiogenesis is the last stage of meiosis
False
The uterus is a thick muscular chamber inferior to the urinary bladder.
False
Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?
Hyposecretion and hypersecretion
The absence of iodine in the diet leads to ______.
Hypothyroidism
Which of the following is true regarding the blood-testis barrier?
It prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells.
Which of the following is the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
It prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation.
Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?
It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.
Most ovulation home test kits measure a surge of which hormone?
LH
______ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete _____.
Luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone
Which stage of meiosis is an ovulated egg in?
Metaphase II
The posterior pituitary secretes ______.
Oxytocin (OT)
_______ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas _______ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
_____ have 46 chromosomes, whereas ______ have 23.
Primary spermatocytes; spermatids
What determines breast size?
The amount of adipose tissue
Which of the following is generally accepted as a secondary sex characteristic?
The enlargement of the breasts
Which of the following is not a change in the male body that results from puberty?
These are all changes associated with male puberity
Which of the following is not a function of the nurse cells?
They secrete testosterone.
Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?
To stop fever and pain
Although two breast cancer genes are known, most cases are nonhereditary.
True
Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.
True
Only germ cells undergo meiosis, which produces four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each
True
Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.
True
The first haploid stage of spermatogenesis is prophase II
True
The number of ovarian follicles declines with age, leading to a reduction of estrogen levels.
True
Unlike men, women lack a refractory period and may experience successive orgasms
True
Which of the following is true of the female sexual response?
Women do not have a refractory period and may quickly experience additional orgasms.
Aspirin and ibuprofen block the _____.
action of cyclooxygenase
The ______ secretes ______, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
The initial response to stress is called the _____ and is mediated mainly by ____.
alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine
Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____.
antagonistic effect
The _____ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin- releasing hormone targets the _______
anterior pituitary
The hypophyseal portal system connects the ______ with the _____.
anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Eicosanoids are derived from _____.
arachidonic acid
Which of the following does not play a role in thermoregulation of the testes?
bulbospongiosus muscle
The ______ is the small, bilateral organ found lateral to the membranous urethra.
bulbourethral gland
Which of the following is not a component of the vulva?
cervix
Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate peak during the
climax (orgasm)
The ____ is an example of the female external genitalia.
clitoris
The penis is homologous to the ______.
clitoris
Which of the following are not found in or around the seminiferous tubules?
corpus cavernosum cells
The penile urethra is enclosed by the _____.
corpus spongiosum
Where are follicles located?
cortex of the ovary
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes _____.
cortisol
When it is cold, the _____ contracts and draws the testes closer to the body to keep them warm.
cremaster
Changes called male climacteric are a consequence of a(n) ______
decreased secretion of testosterone
Dilation of the _____ causes the lacunae to fill with blood and the penis to become erect.
deep arteries
What is the longest stage of labor?
dilation stage
When does oogenesis begin?
during embryonic development
When does an ovum finish meiosis?
during fertilization
When do mammary glands primarily develop within the breasts?
during pregnancy
The orgasm-emission phase of the male sexual response is stimulated by ____.
efferent sympathetic signals from the lumbar region of the spinal cord
Between weeks 3 and 8 of development, a developing individual is considered a _____.
embryo
Where does an embryo usually attach to its mother?
endometrium
Which uterine layer is composed of simple columnar epithelium containing tubular glands?
endometrium
During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that ______.
energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?
enzyme amplification
The _____ is the site of sperm maturation and storage.
epididymis
Which form of estrogen is the most potent in pregnancy?
estradiol
During __________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia.
excitement
Sperm cells get energy to power their movement from ______, which is contributed by the ______.
fructose; seminal vesicles
The _____ has/have no androgen receptors and do/does not respond to it.
germ cells
Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
glucagon
Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _____, which _____ blood glucose.
glucagon; raises
Which of the following is inhibited by testosterone?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion
What provides most of the natural lubrication during female sexual excitement?
greater vestibular glands
Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?
growth hormone (GH)
In early pregnancy, what hormone stimulates growth of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
Pregnancy kits test for the presence of what hormone?
human chorionic gonadotropin
Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?
hypoglycemia
When do the testes start secreting testosterone?
in the first trimester of fetal development
T4 and T3 are _______ hormones that are mainly transported ______ in the blood.
monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Which of these is not found in the vestibule?
mons pubis
The nonpregnant uterine wall consists mostly of ______.
myometrium
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via ______.
negative feedback inhibition
Contraceptive pills mimic the ______ feedback effect of ______.
negative; estrogens and progesterone
Milk ejection occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the _____, which leads to the release of _____ from the pituitary.
nipple and areola; oxytocin
What is the earliest sign of puberty in girls?
onset of breast development
The ovary receives blood from which artery/arteries
ovarian and uterine
The medial pole of the ovary is attached to the uterus by which ligament?
ovarian ligament
Which of the following are primary sex organs?
ovaries
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
ovary
The countercurrent heat exchanger that prevents arterial blood from overheating the testes is the _____.
pampiniform plexus of veins
_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
paracrines
The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
parathyroid glands
The ____ sometimes expels copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid, which constitutes the female ejaculate.
paraurethral glands
The acrosome contains enzymes used to _____.
penetrate barriers surrounding the ovum
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is the one associated with menstrual cramps?
premenstrual
In the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as _____.
primordial follicles
Which hormone acts primarily on the uterus?
progesterone
Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase?
progesterone
The infundibulum is a ______
projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
Men have only one ______
prostate
The golf-ball sized structure found inferior to the urinary bladder, and surrounding the most proximal portion of the urethra, is called the ______.
prostate
The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a characteristic of which stage of puberty?
pubarche
What is an ovulated egg more technically referred to as?
secondary oocyte
The haploid (n) result of meiosis I is called a _______
secondary spermatocyte
By volume, most of the semen is produced in the _____.
seminal vesicles
Which of the following is the correct pathway of sperm cells from their formation to ejaculation?
seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?
somatotropin (growth hormone)
Whether an organism will be genetically male or female is determined by __________.
sperm
At what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail?
spermatid
In the process of spermiogenesis, _______ become ______.
spermatids; spermatozoa
After puberty, which epithelium lines the vagina?
stratified squamous epithelium
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.
stress
Which follicle stage is characterized by the development of a corona radiata?
tertiary
The _____ is the gonad and the ______ is the gamete.
testis; sperm
Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?
testosterone
Which of the following is an androgen?
testosterone
Male infertility (sterility) refers to _____.
the inability to fertilize an egg
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
What do lutein cells develop from?
theca interna
The _____ secretes hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells)
thymus
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when _____.
thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary
At the end of meiosis I there are _____, whereas at the end of meiosis II there is/are _____.
two haploid cells; four haploid cells
Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone
up-regulation
In which structure does fertilization usually occur?
uterine tube
What structure leads from each ovary to the uterus?
uterine tube
Which of the following is a part of the internal female genitalia?
vagina
Which of the following is a secondary sex organ?
vagina
During climacteric, what can cause hot flashes?
vasodilation of cutaneous arteries
What is a follicle composed of?
An oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete acth?
CRH
_______ are found in both male and female external genitalia, but the ______ is/are only found in the female.
Corpora cavernosa; vestibular bulbs
In meiosis, each parent cell produces __________. A. two haploid cells B. four haploid cells C. two diploid cells D. four diploid cells E. haploid cells that are identical to the parent cell
Four haploid cells
Which of the following occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
Several follicles are developing an antrum
Which hormone suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone secretion?
inhibin
Sildenafil (viagra) prolongs erection by ______.
inhibiting degradation of cGMP
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
insulin
The penis is innervated by the _____ nerve.
internal pudendal
Why would an enlarged prostate interfere with urination.
it compresses the urethra
The _____ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
kidney
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the ______.
kidneys
The anterior pituitary is _____ than the posterior pituitary and has _______ connection to the hypothalamus.
larger; no nervous
During climacteric, women secrete ____.
less estrogen and progesterone
Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _______ and the ______.
liver and kidneys
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?
luteinizing hormone (LH)
What is the cessation of menstruation referred to as?
menopause
The anterior margin of the ovary is anchored by a peritoneal fold called the _____
mesovarium