Exam 5
prostate gland effects on urination
Hypertrophy of the prostate leads to nighttime urgency in men
tap water enema
Hypotonic Enema. -increases peristalsis, softens stool -takes 15 mins to take effect
what to avoid after cataract surgery
-bending, lifting, pushing, pulling -avoid lying on affected side at night
Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
-comes PO or rectal suppository
caring for visually impaired patients
-identify yourself verbally when entering/exiting their room -clearly communicate the reason for being in their room -orient them to where their belongings are -always warn and completely explain when touching patient -have patients use vision aids when ambulating
Dry-form Macular Degeneration
-most common -people may have yellow deposits (drusen) in macula -as drusen get bigger and more numerous, they dim or distory vision, especially when reading -as it gets worse: cells in the macula thin & break down, leaving waste deposits in the back of the eye
other risk factors for UTIs
-sexual activity -menopause (change in estrogen) -birth control -kidney stones or enlarged prostate -immunocompromised -catheter
financial abuse
Exploitation of funds for personal gain or profit
Cataract treatment
Lens replacement
Cystitis definition
Medical term for inflammation of the bladder -usually caused by a bacterial infection, maybe a reaction to certain drugs/radiation/irritants or complication of another illness -Also considered a UTI
isotonic enema
Normal saline, distends the colon, stimulates peristalsis, and softens feces
large intestine
Part of alimentary canal that absorbs water and forms feces -6 feet long
Bowel retraining program
Program that helps people who have chronic constipation or frequent loss of bowel control -Involves trying to go to the bathroom at same time every day to train body to have regular bowel movements -When setting a time for bowel movements consider: elimination habits, diet, lifestyle, work schedule, etc.
Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD)
Slow loss of kidney function over months or years as a result of irreparable damage to the kidneys, can progress to end-stage renal disease
promoting regular bowel habits
Timing Positioning Privacy Nutrition Exercise -Abdominal settings -Thigh strengthening
Indirect Visualization Studies
Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) Small bowel series Barium enema Abdominal ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Abdominal CT scan
Stereogenesis
a sense that allows a person to recognize the size, shape, and texture of an object
sensory deprivation
a state in which there is little or no sensory stimulation
oral solution
Polyethyl glycol solution (PEG), such as GoLYTELY or Colyte-can be used to cleanse the intestine of feces
Bowel Perforation: s/s
abdomen is distended, round, hard, patient is having a lot of pain
tertiary health prevention
activities directed at maintaining the best possible state of health once a disease or illness has already developed in order to prevent worsening (exercise for pt with heart disease)
where to report abuse in Arizona
adult protective services
bowel diagnostic test order
fecal occult blood test barium studies endoscopic exam
carminative enema
help expel flatus from the rectum
sensory overload is caused by
increased internal stimuli (pain or disease), invasive treatments, excessive noise, presence of strangers, medications that stimulate the CNS
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure
advantages to antidiarrheals
no drowsiness
stroke effects on urination
stroke reduces muscular control leading to increased frequency of urination
cleansing enema
tap water, normal saline, soapsuds, hypertonic solution
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
test to detect occult blood in feces
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal
self neglect
"failure to thrive" where people have given up on living
who is covered by Arizona's elder abuse laws?
-65+ -18-64 with a disability -any adult who is admitted as an inpatient to a 24 hour health facility
Common Characteristics of Victims of Elder Abuse
-80+ years -Cognitively impaired -Female -Often widowed or socially isolated -Usually lives with abuser -Physically or psychologically aggressive
who are abusers?
-90% is relatives, 50% are adult children -50% are men
how to measure urine output
-Ask patient to void into bedpan, urinal, or specimen container in bed or bathroom. -Pour urine into appropriate measuring device. -Place calibrated container on flat surface and read at eye level. -Note amount of urine voided and record on appropriate form. -Discard urine in toilet unless specimen is needed.
Recommended colostomy diet (first 6-8 weeks)
-Avoid food high in fiber, ie: foods with skins, seeds, shells -Foods that cause diarrhea or excessive flatus, ie: beans, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, simple carbs -Drink 2 quarts of fluids per day, preferably water
biological theory for anger-aggression
-Brain abnormalities: Alzheimer's or epilepsy -Decreased levels of serotonin
Medications that predispose to constipation
-Calcium channel blockers -Narcotic pain medication -Antacids containing calcium or aluminum -Iron -Antidepressant -Overuse/abrupt stoppage of laxatives
Behavioral Theories for Anger-Aggression
-Children learn aggression and they imitate it -If repeat aggressive behavior is rewarded then that behavior will be repeat
Sterile technique to retrieve urine sample from indwelling catheter
-Clamp tube below port if necessary -Clean access port with antiseptic swab -Attach syringe to port -Aspirate urine into syrine -Remove syringe and release clamp if necessary -Transfer specimen to container
sterile urine specimen
-Collect urine by having patient void into a clean receptacle, avoiding contamination with feces and toilet tissue (note if woman is menstruating as RBCs can be found) -Use aseptic technique to pour urine into appropriate container, label pt. name, date, time of collection -package appropriately and send to lab for examination
urinary tract infection (UTI)
-Common infections that happen when bacteria, from skin or rectum, enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract -most common type is bladder infection (cystitis)
Aging influence on bowel elimination
-Constipation due to lack of muscle tone in bowels and abdomen, slowed peristalsis, lack of exercise/immobility, inadequate fluid intake, lack of dietary fiber, and many medications
environmental factors that increase risk of assault by patients to nurses
-Disproportionate staff:patient ratios -Being alone with patients -Invasion of patients personal space -Use of seclusion/restraints -Lack of education -Long wait times for staff to respond to patients -Weapons brought to facilities
Fecal impaction treatment
-Doctor may insert one or two fingers to break up stool in rectum -a warm mineral enema -laxative, purgative, or aperients to loosen stools and increase BMs
bowel prep for surgery
-Evacuation of feces within 1 hour of first glass of oral solution and is completed within 4-6 hr
Pilocarpine hydrochloride
-Isopto Carpine -miotic drug -treats glaucoma -causes contraction of iris sphincter muscles
stool collection
-Medical aseptic technique is imperative .-Wear disposable gloves. -Wash hands before and after glove use. -Do not contaminate outside of container with stool .-Obtain stool and package, label, and transport according to agency policy.
fecal impaction
-Most often cause by constipation -Prevents the passage of normal stools -Small amounts of fluid may pass around the impacted mass -Liquid fecal seepage with no passage of normal feces is a sign of impaction
Colostomy care following surgery
-Most patients wear an open-ended appliance that allows for drainage of fecal material without removing the appliance -empty drainage system frequently and keep appliance free of odor -encourage patient to participate in care and look at ostomy
UTI Symptoms
-Pain/burning while urinating -Frequent urination -Feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder -Bloody urine -Pressure/cramping in the groin or lower abdomen
Increasing the risk for constipation
-Patients on bedrest taking constipating medicines -Patients with reduced fluids or bulk in their diet -Patients who are depressed -Patients with CNS diseases or local lesions that cause pain while defecating -Patients taking opioids -Patients aged 65+
Risks for fecal impaction
-Patients who use frequent stimulant laxatives -Those who are immobile -Patients with spinal cord injuries -Parkinson's disease -Diabetes mellitus -Malignancies `-Chronic kidney disease
Cycle of Abuse--Phase 3: Honeymoon Stage
-Phase is characterized as calm with the batterer exhibiting kind and loving behavior towards victim -Batterer knows they overreacted, is very sorry, and wishes to redeem themself
Cycle of Abuse--Phase 2: Violent Incident
-Phase is characterized by explosive and uncontrollable rage -Lack of control and the element of overkill distinguish phase two from incidents occurring in phase 1 -phase 2 is a brief period, impossible to detect what type of violence and the severity
Manual removal of fecal matter
-Procedure is very uncomfortable -May cause irritation to rectal mucosa and bleeding
Reasons for Catheterization
-Relieving urinary retention -Obtaining a urine specimen when usual methods can't be used -Obtaining a sterile urine specimen -Emptying bladder before, during, or after surgery -Monitoring critically ill patients
Collecting a urine specimen from an indwelling catheter
-Should be obtained from the special port in the catheter for specimen collection -Do not collect from drainage bag; may not be fresh-Always use sterile technique -If urine is not present in tube, clamp the tube below the access port briefly (no longer than 30 min) to allow urine to accumulate
Cystitis signs and symptoms
-Strong, persistent urge to urinate -burning sensation when urinating -passing frequent, small amounts of urine -hematuria -cloudy or strong-smelling urine -pelvic discomfort -feeling of pressure in lower abdomen -low grade fever
UTI Prevention
-Urinate after sexual activity -Stay well hydrated -Take showers instead of baths -Minimize douching, sprays, or powders in genital area -Teach girls when potty training to wipe front to back
suprapubic catheter
-Used for long-term continuous drainage in patients with no other alternative possible-Inserted surgically through a small incision above the pubic area-Diverts urine from urethra
Patient Guidelines for Stool Collection
-Void first so that urine is not in stool sample.-Defecate into the container rather than toilet bowl.-Do not place toilet tissue in the bedpan or specimen container.-Avoid contact with soaps, detergents, and disinfectants as this may affect test results-Notify nurse when specimen is available.
Cognitive Theories for Anger-Aggression
-When a person perceives a threat (emotional or physical), it provokes a response with arousal to take action -Anger may arise in a form of self-protection
absorbance products
-absorb or contain urine leakage -when used improperly can lead to dermatitis or skin breakdown, can lead to UTI
Stabilizing Patient to minimize risk of assault
-administer first aid to patient -use verbal de-escalation -request psych consult or transfer -facility protocols
cataracts risk factors
-age -heavy alcohol use -smoking -obesity -htn -eye injuries -family history -sun exposure -diabetes
Oral intake with diarrhea
-avoid cold fluids -avoid foods high in sugar, rich foods -eat bland foods in small portions
how can nurses reduce risk for assault?
-avoid wearing anything that can be grabbed -Advocate for staff training -advocate for emergency alarms, metal detectors, panic buttons, video surveillance, better patient:staff ratios, remove items that can be easily thrown -develop debriefing teams for victims of assault.
Kidneys
-bean shaped organs located on back of abdominal wall
what happens to bladder tone with age?
-bladder muscle tone reduces which reduces the capacity of urine it can hold, increasing the frequency of urination
Cataracts symptoms
-blurry vision -trouble seeing at night -seeing colors as faded -increased sensitivity to glare -halos surrounding lights -double vision in the affected eye -a need for frequent changes in prescription glasses
laxative considerations
-can be irritating to rectum -bleeding from rectum -avoid in dehydrated patients or sodium retention
red flags for elder abuse
-caregivers with inadequately treated mental health or substance abuse problems -caregivers who are burdened/resentful
mental clues of abuse
-confused -depressed -anxious -fearful
benefits of suprapubic catheter
-decreases risk of contamination with organisms from fecal material -elimination of damage to the urethra -higher client satisfaction -lower risk of CAUTI
causes for colostomy
-diverticulitis -fistulas -trauma -cancer
Ileostomy Dietary recommendations:
-ensure adequate daily fluid intake to avoid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (additional 500-750 mL per day) -Ileostomy output is high in potassium and sodium, thus if patient has an increased output electrolytes should be monitored closely
Urinary Nursing Physical Assessment
-examine genital area -presence of excoriated skin due to moisture -presence of incontinence pads or briefs -palpation of bladder -bladder scan to look at urinary retention -catheterization -examine urine output (color, clarity, odor, amount)
Kidney Infection Symptoms
-fever- chills -lower back pain or pain in the sides of the back -nausea or vomiting
effects of age on urination
-infants/children and elderly adults urinate more than adults
Nurses are?
-mandated reports -legally obligated to report any suspected or actual abuse
steps for changing ostomy pouch
-measure stoma, trim wafer opening to fit 1/8" larger than stoma -remove old wafer, clean and dry skin -apply skin prep/ adhesives -apply new wafer -attach drain pouch to flange -attach the clamp -document
Loperamide nursing considerations
-monitor cardiac activity -ensure fluid and electrolyte balance -stop meds if no improvement in 48 hours -encourage fluids
patient goals for normal elimination
-patient has a soft formed BM every 1-3 days without discomfort
types of abuse
-physical abuse -self neglect -neglect -sexual abuse -emotional abuse -financial abuse
physical cues of abuse
-pressure sores -poor hygiene -bruising -dehydration -burns/restraint marks -over/under medicated -broken bones
patients with hearing impairment
-provide hearing devices -noise free environment -written communication or sign language
clean-catch specimen
-pt. voids and discards a small amount, continues voiding into sterile container, stops voiding and removes container, then continues voiding and discards the last amount of urine in bladder -First small void is to flush away any organisms near the meatus which can interfere with results -Urine voided midstream is most characteristic of urine body is producing
ascending colostomy
-relatively rare opening in the ascending portion of the colon -Located on the right side of the abdomen
Pilocarpine hydrochloride patient teaching
-remove contacts before use -caution driving at night -brow pain may be present
Caring for patients who are confused
-reorient patients to help with their anxiety -check patients more frequently -move patient closer to the nurses station
antidiarrheal considerations
-requires frequent dosing -do not give to children under 12 -contraindicated for pregnant women -turns stool black
RN considerations for miralax
-rule out bowel obstruction before administering -can take 2-3 days for bowel movement to occur -may decrease serum digoxin -monitor for electrolyte imbalances
social clues of abuse
-screened telephone calls -isolation -patient reports someone is accessing their accounts/finances -changing medical doctors frequently
relationship clues of abuse
-stories are inconsistent -caregiver doesn't let you talk to patient alone -delay in seeking care -body language of patient
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (acute renal failure)
-sudden decline in kidney function (could be caused by severe dehydration, anaphylactic shock, sepsis, etc.)
ileostomy
-surgically created opening in the small intestine, usually at the end of the ileum. -intestine is brought to the abdominal wall to form a stoma -may be temporary or permanent-may involve partial or complete removal of the colon -Feces produced in an ileostomy is liquid and continuously eliminated
what to do if abuse is suspected?
-try to talk to victim alone and get the whole story -normalize the situation as much as possible -maintain objective demeanor
causes for ileostomy
-ulcerative colitis -crohn's disease -trauma -cancer
caregiver clues of abuse
-untreated medical issues -indicates burden, resentment, frustration -drug or alcohol abuse
Patient who are visually impaired
-use corrective lenses, larger print for reading, braille -carry conversations at patient's eye level
bismuth subsalicylate effect on stool
-used to treat diarrhea -can cause black stools
senses that interact with external environment
-vision -hearing -smell -taste -touch
Pilocarpine hydrochloride nursing considerations
-watch for excessive salivation -watch for hypotension
urethra difference between males and females
-women's urethra is shorter -male urethra can expel urine and semen -no portion of the urethra is external to the body
Ileocecal valve function
Prevents contents from entering the large intestine prematurely, and prevents waste products from returning to the small intestine
fluid intake for regular defecation
2000-3000mL
neglect
A form of physical abuse where there is failure to provide physical support, shelter, medical, dental, or psychiatric care
straight catheter
A straight tube inserted to drain urine then immediately removed
Environment health promotion
Access to healthy food, walking trails, bike racks
Anesthesia/pain medication influences on bowel elimination
Anesthesia/pain medications can slow peristalsis and cause constipation-Can lead to bowel obstructions and post-operative paralytic ileus where bowel peristalsis stops
Anti-diarrheals
Anti-diarrheals any medication that provides symptomatic relief for diarrhea
Antibiotics influence on bowel elimination
Antibiotics can upset the normal flora of the intestines and can lead to intractable diarrhea that can cause dehydration
Loperamide (Imodium)
Antidiarrheal med -inhibits peristalsis, slows down movement -allows more fluid to be absorbed into the body -less diarrhea, more formed stools
elder abuse
Any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult
cancer screening tests
BRCA1/2 blood test
Communicating with Unconscious Patient
Be careful of what you say in the person's presence. Hearing is believed to be the last sense lost; therefore, the person is often likely to hear what is being said, even if there does not appear to be a response. Assume the person can hear you. Talk with the person in a normal tone of voice about things you would ordinarily discuss. Speak to the person before touching. Remember that touch can be an effective means of communicating with the unconscious person. Keep environmental noises at as low a level as possible.
Colonscopy and sigmoidoscopy
Both require a bowel prep to be finished prior to performing the exam-Bowels must be completely clear so the physician can visualize the intestine
Digital removal of fecal mass
Can stimulate vagus nerve and result in slowed heart rate -If this occurs, stop procedure immediately, monitor HR and BP, notify PCP
rectal suppository
Conical or oval solid substance shaped for easy insertion into body cavity and designed to melt at body temperature -Can be used to stimulate the bowel in constipated patients
stoma complications
Detachment Recession Stenosis Prolapse Ulceration Parastomal herniation Fistula formation Necrosis
ostomy appliance
Device to gather and contain ostomy output, controls odor
CKD causes
Diabetic nephropathy Hypertension Glomerulonephritis
Endoscopy
Direct visual examination of body organs or cavities -Done using a fiberoptic endoscope (long, flexible tube containing glass fibers that transmit light into the organ and return an image that can be viewed)
Indwelling rectal tube (Sazzi tube)
Fecal management system is used for patients with uncontrollable diarrhea along with non-healing wounds in the perineal area
when is fecal matter removed manually
If patient with fecal impaction cannot expel fecal mass voluntarily and oil or cleansing enemas fail to break up mass
Abdominal Physical Assessment
Inspection, auscultation, palpation-looking for abnormality in appearance, obvious masses, scars, distension
enema
Introduction of a solution into the large intestine, usually to remove feces-Instilled solution distends the intestine and irritates the intestinal mucosa, increasing peristalsis
how to promote normal urination
Maintaining normal voiding habits Promoting fluid intake Strengthening muscle tone Assisting with toileting
post-op stoma inspection
Note size, coloration, drainage -Watch skin around the stoma to maintain integrity -Stoma should be dark pink to red and moist
diarrhea in adults
Passage of 3 or more loose stool a day -Large amount of fluid and electrolyte lost relatively quickly -Associated with intestinal cramps -N/V may occur, blood also may be noted -can be a protective response when the cause is an irritant in the intestinal tract
Cycle of Abuse--Phase 1: Tension Building
Phase is composed of many minor incidents of abuse (ie: jealousy, tantrums, controlling behaviors, etc) that gradually increase in severity
Fever and diaphoresis and the kidneys
Result in body fluid conservation by the kidneys, decreasing urine production and the urine that is produced is highly concentrated
hearing screening exams
Rinne and Webster tests- bone and air conduction
peristalsis of intestines
Series of muscle contractions that moves food through digestive system-mass sweeps occur 1-4x every 24 hr period
Why are women more prone to UTIs?
Shorter urethra than males and higher chance to be exposed to microorganisms in external environment
uterine prolapse and urination
The muscles relax and sometimes protrude through the vagina, reducing the bladder's ability to hold urine thus increasing frequency-Common in elderly women and women with multiple births
ileocecal valve
Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
24 hour urine specimen
a urine specimen consisting of all urine voided in a 24-hour period
uti treatment
antibiotics
sexual abuse
any sexual act without consent
transient urinary incontinence
appears suddenly and lasts 6 months or less -caused by treatable factors
Kinesthesia
awareness of positioning of body parts and body movement
tertiary health promotion
begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning
how cataracts forms
begins when proteins in the eye form clumps that prevent the lens from sending clear images to the retina
iron salts effect on stool
black stool
Overactive bladder
bladder contracts more often than normal, causing increased urinary frequency
hematuria
blood in the urine
Levodopa (L-dopa) affect on urine color
brown to black -antiparkinson's drug
what types of beverages increase urination?
caffeine and alcohol
Absent bowel sounds with zero elimination
call doctor for possible bowel care
Heart failure and the kidneys
can lead to increased fluid retention and decreased urine output
4 parts of large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anus
constipating foods
cheese, lean meat, eggs, pasta
Cataracts
clouding of the lens
environmental clues of abuse
clutter, dirt, filth
individual health promotion
coaching, counseling, medical, nutrition
glaucoma diagnostic test
comprehensive dilated eye exam
if a patient has hypoactive bowel sounds
continue frequent focused assessments until bowel sounds or elimination occurs
total incontinence
continuous and unpredictable loss of urine, complete loss of control over urinary bladder
wet macular degeneration
damage to the macula when blood vessels leak blood and fluid into retina -vision is distorted, spots of blindness and loss of central vision
Anthelmintic enema
destroy intestinal parasites
muscle of the bladder wall
detrusor muscle -can be extended to store urine and then empty the bladder
retinopathy
disease of the retina
what medications increase urine output?
diuretics- high blood pressure medications
glaucoma laster treatment
doctors can use lasers to help the fluid drain out of the eye
treatment of diarrhea
doctors prefer IV fluids and to let diarrhea continue to flush out whatever is causing it
hypertonic enema
draws water into colon -small volume -contraindicated in patients where sodium retention or renal impairment is a problem
Somnolence
drowsiness, sleepiness
how to re-orient a patient with sensory alteration
engaging the patient in a conversation about the current news, weather, or asking them about their hobbies or experiences -should be frequently monitored, avoid excessive noise or stimuli
polyuria
excessive urination
vision screening exams
eye tests, pressure tests
function of kidneys
filter blood supplied by the renal arteries and remove unwanted substances, secreting waste into urine
secondary health promotion
focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found
colostomy of ascending colon
frequent liquid stools -odor is a problem
Foods with laxative effect
fruits and vegetables, bran, chocolate, alcohol, coffee
antibiotics effect on stool
green-gray color
symptoms of glaucoma
headache eye pain blurred vision halos around lights eye redness
when is it necessary to divert urine flow
if there is an obstruction or tumor in the urinary tract
when is fluid intake contraindicated for elimination?
in older adults with cardiac and renal problems
effects of diabetes on urination
increased urine frequency
visceral senses
information about conditions within internal organs
physical abuse
intentionally causing physical harm to another person
primary health prevention
intervening before health effects occur -ex. altering risky behaviors such as diet or tobacco use
urge incontinence
involuntary leakage of urine with a sudden, strong desire to urinate
overflow incontinence
involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder, difficulty emptying the bladder
what happens to bladder contractility with age?
it decreases which causes increased urine retention and stasis, leading to increased risk for UTI
enema
last resort treatment for people suffering from constipation
bisacodyl
laxative -promotes colon peristalsis -increases fluid accumulation in both intestines
glycerin
laxative hypertonic solution -draws fluid into the colon, stimulates peristalsis
high blood glucose and kidneys
leads to increased urine output
anticoagulants effect on urine color
light pink -dark red should be reported to physician
colostomy of transverse colon
liquid to semi-formed stool
ureter
long tubes made of smooth muscle that push urine into bladder
renal failure
loss of kidney function resulting in its inability to remove waste products from the body and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
where is an ostomy typically located for sigmoid or descending colostomy?
lower left quadrant of abdomen
oil retention enema
lubricate the stool and intestinal mucosa, easing defecation
oil enema
lubricates stool and intestinal mucosa -often used as retention enema, patient needs to hold solution for 30-60 mins
blue or green urine
may be caused by methylene blue, component in medications
secondary health prevention
measures that detect and diagnose disease early to allow for prompt treatment -ex. screening, mammography
glaucoma treatment
medications, laser, surgery-will not undo any damage to vision, but treatment can stop it from getting worse
Urinary internal sphincter
middle layer of muscle tissue that guards the opening between the urinary bladder and urethra
functional unit of the kidneys
nephron (each kidney has about 1 million)
what controls urination
nerve centers in the brain and spinal cord
memory impairment
occur in the aged as a result of pathology -not due to aging
gas producing foods
onions, cabbage, beans, cauliflower
Pyridium effect on urine color
orange to orange-red urine
polyethylene glycol (Miralax)
osmotic laxative -causes water to be retained in stool -comes in powdered form, dissolved in water
dysuria
painful urination
diuretics effect on urine color
pale yellow
distention/flatulence
passing gas from the digestive system out of the back passage
bismuth subsalicylate
pesto bismol, antidiarrheal
aspirin, anticoagulants effect on stool
pink to red to black stool
Organizational health promotion
policies such as tobacco-free worksites, nutrition guidelines
glaucoma meds
prescription eye drops: lower the pressure in the eye and prevent damage to optic nerve
primary health promotion
preventing disease from developing through promoting healthy lifestyle
Primordial Prevention
prevention of the development of risk factors for disease
urination
process of emptying bladder
sensory reeption
process of receiving data about the external or internal environment through the senses
Medicated enema
provide medications absorbed through the rectal mucosa
stoma normal appearance
red, moist, healthy skin around stoma
stress incontinence
related to pressure on urinary bladder -can be caused by weight, pregnancy, sneezing, lifting heavy objects, exercise
magnesium citrate (Citroma)
saline laxative -pulls water into the lumen -patient education: stay hydrated and warn about dependence, fiber intake
activity influences on bowel elimination
sedentary lifestyle can cause decreased motility and leads to constipation
colostomy of descending colon
semi formed soft solid stool
what can happen if you increase fiber without increasing fluids?
severe GI problems including fecal impaction
cholinergic (antihistamines) medication effect on urination
side effect of antihistamines is loss of bladder control, may have overflow incontinence
interpersonal health promotion
social support systems, social networks, education, activity clubs
fleet enema
sodium phosphate enema -introducing fluid into the intestines through the rectum -liquid softens impacted stool -stimulates large bowel movement
ions regulated by the kidneys
sodium, phosphorus, and potassium -kidneys measure out what is needed by the body and puts them back into blood, excess is excreted in urine
colostomy of sigmoid colon
solid stools
sensory overload
state of excessive and sustained multi-sensory stimulation manifested by behavior change (anxiety, irritability) and perceptual distortion
fecal diversion
surgical creation of an opening of part of the colon or small intestine to the surface of the skin to allow for stool to exit the body
transverse ostomy
surgical opening created in transverse colon with one or two openings
post void residual
the amount of urine left in the bladder after urination -if patient is not completely voiding, an indwelling catheter is necessary
analgesics/sedatives interfering with bladder function
they may cause sedation or drowsiness, leading to diminished awareness of need to void
when are stool specimens used
to check for organisms (most common is C.diff)
barium studies
to visualize gastrointestinal structures and reveal any inflammation, ulcers, tumors, strictures, or other lesions
anti-angiogenic drugs
treatment for macular degeneration -injects medication into eye that stops new blood vessels from forming
Nasogastric tube
tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used to decompress the stomach
urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
where is a transverse ostomy located
upper right or middle abdomen
ileal conduit
urinary diversion in which the ureters are connected to the ileum with a stoma created on the abdominal wall
nocturia
urination during the night
functional incontinence
urine loss caused by the inability to reach the toilet because of environmental barriers, physical limitations, loss of memory, or disorientation
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
what happens if waste is not removed from the body by the kidneys?
waste builds up to harmful levels in the blood and can cause damage
effects of bladder capacity on urination
when bladder capacity is exceeded, urge to urinate increases. -with age, bladder muscles become weak and capacity reduces
bladder
where urine is stored
Antacids effect on stool
white discoloration or speckling
