Exam 5

prostate gland effects on urination

Hypertrophy of the prostate leads to nighttime urgency in men

tap water enema

Hypotonic Enema. -increases peristalsis, softens stool -takes 15 mins to take effect

what to avoid after cataract surgery

-bending, lifting, pushing, pulling -avoid lying on affected side at night

Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

-comes PO or rectal suppository

caring for visually impaired patients

-identify yourself verbally when entering/exiting their room -clearly communicate the reason for being in their room -orient them to where their belongings are -always warn and completely explain when touching patient -have patients use vision aids when ambulating

Dry-form Macular Degeneration

-most common -people may have yellow deposits (drusen) in macula -as drusen get bigger and more numerous, they dim or distory vision, especially when reading -as it gets worse: cells in the macula thin & break down, leaving waste deposits in the back of the eye

other risk factors for UTIs

-sexual activity -menopause (change in estrogen) -birth control -kidney stones or enlarged prostate -immunocompromised -catheter

financial abuse

Exploitation of funds for personal gain or profit

Cataract treatment

Lens replacement

Cystitis definition

Medical term for inflammation of the bladder -usually caused by a bacterial infection, maybe a reaction to certain drugs/radiation/irritants or complication of another illness -Also considered a UTI

isotonic enema

Normal saline, distends the colon, stimulates peristalsis, and softens feces

large intestine

Part of alimentary canal that absorbs water and forms feces -6 feet long

Bowel retraining program

Program that helps people who have chronic constipation or frequent loss of bowel control -Involves trying to go to the bathroom at same time every day to train body to have regular bowel movements -When setting a time for bowel movements consider: elimination habits, diet, lifestyle, work schedule, etc.

Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD)

Slow loss of kidney function over months or years as a result of irreparable damage to the kidneys, can progress to end-stage renal disease

promoting regular bowel habits

Timing Positioning Privacy Nutrition Exercise -Abdominal settings -Thigh strengthening

Indirect Visualization Studies

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) Small bowel series Barium enema Abdominal ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Abdominal CT scan

Stereogenesis

a sense that allows a person to recognize the size, shape, and texture of an object

sensory deprivation

a state in which there is little or no sensory stimulation

oral solution

Polyethyl glycol solution (PEG), such as GoLYTELY or Colyte-can be used to cleanse the intestine of feces

Bowel Perforation: s/s

abdomen is distended, round, hard, patient is having a lot of pain

tertiary health prevention

activities directed at maintaining the best possible state of health once a disease or illness has already developed in order to prevent worsening (exercise for pt with heart disease)

where to report abuse in Arizona

adult protective services

bowel diagnostic test order

fecal occult blood test barium studies endoscopic exam

carminative enema

help expel flatus from the rectum

sensory overload is caused by

increased internal stimuli (pain or disease), invasive treatments, excessive noise, presence of strangers, medications that stimulate the CNS

glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure

advantages to antidiarrheals

no drowsiness

stroke effects on urination

stroke reduces muscular control leading to increased frequency of urination

cleansing enema

tap water, normal saline, soapsuds, hypertonic solution

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

test to detect occult blood in feces

sigmoidoscopy

visual examination of the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal

self neglect

"failure to thrive" where people have given up on living

who is covered by Arizona's elder abuse laws?

-65+ -18-64 with a disability -any adult who is admitted as an inpatient to a 24 hour health facility

Common Characteristics of Victims of Elder Abuse

-80+ years -Cognitively impaired -Female -Often widowed or socially isolated -Usually lives with abuser -Physically or psychologically aggressive

who are abusers?

-90% is relatives, 50% are adult children -50% are men

how to measure urine output

-Ask patient to void into bedpan, urinal, or specimen container in bed or bathroom. -Pour urine into appropriate measuring device. -Place calibrated container on flat surface and read at eye level. -Note amount of urine voided and record on appropriate form. -Discard urine in toilet unless specimen is needed.

Recommended colostomy diet (first 6-8 weeks)

-Avoid food high in fiber, ie: foods with skins, seeds, shells -Foods that cause diarrhea or excessive flatus, ie: beans, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, simple carbs -Drink 2 quarts of fluids per day, preferably water

biological theory for anger-aggression

-Brain abnormalities: Alzheimer's or epilepsy -Decreased levels of serotonin

Medications that predispose to constipation

-Calcium channel blockers -Narcotic pain medication -Antacids containing calcium or aluminum -Iron -Antidepressant -Overuse/abrupt stoppage of laxatives

Behavioral Theories for Anger-Aggression

-Children learn aggression and they imitate it -If repeat aggressive behavior is rewarded then that behavior will be repeat

Sterile technique to retrieve urine sample from indwelling catheter

-Clamp tube below port if necessary -Clean access port with antiseptic swab -Attach syringe to port -Aspirate urine into syrine -Remove syringe and release clamp if necessary -Transfer specimen to container

sterile urine specimen

-Collect urine by having patient void into a clean receptacle, avoiding contamination with feces and toilet tissue (note if woman is menstruating as RBCs can be found) -Use aseptic technique to pour urine into appropriate container, label pt. name, date, time of collection -package appropriately and send to lab for examination

urinary tract infection (UTI)

-Common infections that happen when bacteria, from skin or rectum, enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract -most common type is bladder infection (cystitis)

Aging influence on bowel elimination

-Constipation due to lack of muscle tone in bowels and abdomen, slowed peristalsis, lack of exercise/immobility, inadequate fluid intake, lack of dietary fiber, and many medications

environmental factors that increase risk of assault by patients to nurses

-Disproportionate staff:patient ratios -Being alone with patients -Invasion of patients personal space -Use of seclusion/restraints -Lack of education -Long wait times for staff to respond to patients -Weapons brought to facilities

Fecal impaction treatment

-Doctor may insert one or two fingers to break up stool in rectum -a warm mineral enema -laxative, purgative, or aperients to loosen stools and increase BMs

bowel prep for surgery

-Evacuation of feces within 1 hour of first glass of oral solution and is completed within 4-6 hr

Pilocarpine hydrochloride

-Isopto Carpine -miotic drug -treats glaucoma -causes contraction of iris sphincter muscles

stool collection

-Medical aseptic technique is imperative .-Wear disposable gloves. -Wash hands before and after glove use. -Do not contaminate outside of container with stool .-Obtain stool and package, label, and transport according to agency policy.

fecal impaction

-Most often cause by constipation -Prevents the passage of normal stools -Small amounts of fluid may pass around the impacted mass -Liquid fecal seepage with no passage of normal feces is a sign of impaction

Colostomy care following surgery

-Most patients wear an open-ended appliance that allows for drainage of fecal material without removing the appliance -empty drainage system frequently and keep appliance free of odor -encourage patient to participate in care and look at ostomy

UTI Symptoms

-Pain/burning while urinating -Frequent urination -Feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder -Bloody urine -Pressure/cramping in the groin or lower abdomen

Increasing the risk for constipation

-Patients on bedrest taking constipating medicines -Patients with reduced fluids or bulk in their diet -Patients who are depressed -Patients with CNS diseases or local lesions that cause pain while defecating -Patients taking opioids -Patients aged 65+

Risks for fecal impaction

-Patients who use frequent stimulant laxatives -Those who are immobile -Patients with spinal cord injuries -Parkinson's disease -Diabetes mellitus -Malignancies `-Chronic kidney disease

Cycle of Abuse--Phase 3: Honeymoon Stage

-Phase is characterized as calm with the batterer exhibiting kind and loving behavior towards victim -Batterer knows they overreacted, is very sorry, and wishes to redeem themself

Cycle of Abuse--Phase 2: Violent Incident

-Phase is characterized by explosive and uncontrollable rage -Lack of control and the element of overkill distinguish phase two from incidents occurring in phase 1 -phase 2 is a brief period, impossible to detect what type of violence and the severity

Manual removal of fecal matter

-Procedure is very uncomfortable -May cause irritation to rectal mucosa and bleeding

Reasons for Catheterization

-Relieving urinary retention -Obtaining a urine specimen when usual methods can't be used -Obtaining a sterile urine specimen -Emptying bladder before, during, or after surgery -Monitoring critically ill patients

Collecting a urine specimen from an indwelling catheter

-Should be obtained from the special port in the catheter for specimen collection -Do not collect from drainage bag; may not be fresh-Always use sterile technique -If urine is not present in tube, clamp the tube below the access port briefly (no longer than 30 min) to allow urine to accumulate

Cystitis signs and symptoms

-Strong, persistent urge to urinate -burning sensation when urinating -passing frequent, small amounts of urine -hematuria -cloudy or strong-smelling urine -pelvic discomfort -feeling of pressure in lower abdomen -low grade fever

UTI Prevention

-Urinate after sexual activity -Stay well hydrated -Take showers instead of baths -Minimize douching, sprays, or powders in genital area -Teach girls when potty training to wipe front to back

suprapubic catheter

-Used for long-term continuous drainage in patients with no other alternative possible-Inserted surgically through a small incision above the pubic area-Diverts urine from urethra

Patient Guidelines for Stool Collection

-Void first so that urine is not in stool sample.-Defecate into the container rather than toilet bowl.-Do not place toilet tissue in the bedpan or specimen container.-Avoid contact with soaps, detergents, and disinfectants as this may affect test results-Notify nurse when specimen is available.

Cognitive Theories for Anger-Aggression

-When a person perceives a threat (emotional or physical), it provokes a response with arousal to take action -Anger may arise in a form of self-protection

absorbance products

-absorb or contain urine leakage -when used improperly can lead to dermatitis or skin breakdown, can lead to UTI

Stabilizing Patient to minimize risk of assault

-administer first aid to patient -use verbal de-escalation -request psych consult or transfer -facility protocols

cataracts risk factors

-age -heavy alcohol use -smoking -obesity -htn -eye injuries -family history -sun exposure -diabetes

Oral intake with diarrhea

-avoid cold fluids -avoid foods high in sugar, rich foods -eat bland foods in small portions

how can nurses reduce risk for assault?

-avoid wearing anything that can be grabbed -Advocate for staff training -advocate for emergency alarms, metal detectors, panic buttons, video surveillance, better patient:staff ratios, remove items that can be easily thrown -develop debriefing teams for victims of assault.

Kidneys

-bean shaped organs located on back of abdominal wall

what happens to bladder tone with age?

-bladder muscle tone reduces which reduces the capacity of urine it can hold, increasing the frequency of urination

Cataracts symptoms

-blurry vision -trouble seeing at night -seeing colors as faded -increased sensitivity to glare -halos surrounding lights -double vision in the affected eye -a need for frequent changes in prescription glasses

laxative considerations

-can be irritating to rectum -bleeding from rectum -avoid in dehydrated patients or sodium retention

red flags for elder abuse

-caregivers with inadequately treated mental health or substance abuse problems -caregivers who are burdened/resentful

mental clues of abuse

-confused -depressed -anxious -fearful

benefits of suprapubic catheter

-decreases risk of contamination with organisms from fecal material -elimination of damage to the urethra -higher client satisfaction -lower risk of CAUTI

causes for colostomy

-diverticulitis -fistulas -trauma -cancer

Ileostomy Dietary recommendations:

-ensure adequate daily fluid intake to avoid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (additional 500-750 mL per day) -Ileostomy output is high in potassium and sodium, thus if patient has an increased output electrolytes should be monitored closely

Urinary Nursing Physical Assessment

-examine genital area -presence of excoriated skin due to moisture -presence of incontinence pads or briefs -palpation of bladder -bladder scan to look at urinary retention -catheterization -examine urine output (color, clarity, odor, amount)

Kidney Infection Symptoms

-fever- chills -lower back pain or pain in the sides of the back -nausea or vomiting

effects of age on urination

-infants/children and elderly adults urinate more than adults

Nurses are?

-mandated reports -legally obligated to report any suspected or actual abuse

steps for changing ostomy pouch

-measure stoma, trim wafer opening to fit 1/8" larger than stoma -remove old wafer, clean and dry skin -apply skin prep/ adhesives -apply new wafer -attach drain pouch to flange -attach the clamp -document

Loperamide nursing considerations

-monitor cardiac activity -ensure fluid and electrolyte balance -stop meds if no improvement in 48 hours -encourage fluids

patient goals for normal elimination

-patient has a soft formed BM every 1-3 days without discomfort

types of abuse

-physical abuse -self neglect -neglect -sexual abuse -emotional abuse -financial abuse

physical cues of abuse

-pressure sores -poor hygiene -bruising -dehydration -burns/restraint marks -over/under medicated -broken bones

patients with hearing impairment

-provide hearing devices -noise free environment -written communication or sign language

clean-catch specimen

-pt. voids and discards a small amount, continues voiding into sterile container, stops voiding and removes container, then continues voiding and discards the last amount of urine in bladder -First small void is to flush away any organisms near the meatus which can interfere with results -Urine voided midstream is most characteristic of urine body is producing

ascending colostomy

-relatively rare opening in the ascending portion of the colon -Located on the right side of the abdomen

Pilocarpine hydrochloride patient teaching

-remove contacts before use -caution driving at night -brow pain may be present

Caring for patients who are confused

-reorient patients to help with their anxiety -check patients more frequently -move patient closer to the nurses station

antidiarrheal considerations

-requires frequent dosing -do not give to children under 12 -contraindicated for pregnant women -turns stool black

RN considerations for miralax

-rule out bowel obstruction before administering -can take 2-3 days for bowel movement to occur -may decrease serum digoxin -monitor for electrolyte imbalances

social clues of abuse

-screened telephone calls -isolation -patient reports someone is accessing their accounts/finances -changing medical doctors frequently

relationship clues of abuse

-stories are inconsistent -caregiver doesn't let you talk to patient alone -delay in seeking care -body language of patient

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (acute renal failure)

-sudden decline in kidney function (could be caused by severe dehydration, anaphylactic shock, sepsis, etc.)

ileostomy

-surgically created opening in the small intestine, usually at the end of the ileum. -intestine is brought to the abdominal wall to form a stoma -may be temporary or permanent-may involve partial or complete removal of the colon -Feces produced in an ileostomy is liquid and continuously eliminated

what to do if abuse is suspected?

-try to talk to victim alone and get the whole story -normalize the situation as much as possible -maintain objective demeanor

causes for ileostomy

-ulcerative colitis -crohn's disease -trauma -cancer

caregiver clues of abuse

-untreated medical issues -indicates burden, resentment, frustration -drug or alcohol abuse

Patient who are visually impaired

-use corrective lenses, larger print for reading, braille -carry conversations at patient's eye level

bismuth subsalicylate effect on stool

-used to treat diarrhea -can cause black stools

senses that interact with external environment

-vision -hearing -smell -taste -touch

Pilocarpine hydrochloride nursing considerations

-watch for excessive salivation -watch for hypotension

urethra difference between males and females

-women's urethra is shorter -male urethra can expel urine and semen -no portion of the urethra is external to the body

Ileocecal valve function

Prevents contents from entering the large intestine prematurely, and prevents waste products from returning to the small intestine

fluid intake for regular defecation

2000-3000mL

neglect

A form of physical abuse where there is failure to provide physical support, shelter, medical, dental, or psychiatric care

straight catheter

A straight tube inserted to drain urine then immediately removed

Environment health promotion

Access to healthy food, walking trails, bike racks

Anesthesia/pain medication influences on bowel elimination

Anesthesia/pain medications can slow peristalsis and cause constipation-Can lead to bowel obstructions and post-operative paralytic ileus where bowel peristalsis stops

Anti-diarrheals

Anti-diarrheals any medication that provides symptomatic relief for diarrhea

Antibiotics influence on bowel elimination

Antibiotics can upset the normal flora of the intestines and can lead to intractable diarrhea that can cause dehydration

Loperamide (Imodium)

Antidiarrheal med -inhibits peristalsis, slows down movement -allows more fluid to be absorbed into the body -less diarrhea, more formed stools

elder abuse

Any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult

cancer screening tests

BRCA1/2 blood test

Communicating with Unconscious Patient

Be careful of what you say in the person's presence. Hearing is believed to be the last sense lost; therefore, the person is often likely to hear what is being said, even if there does not appear to be a response. Assume the person can hear you. Talk with the person in a normal tone of voice about things you would ordinarily discuss. Speak to the person before touching. Remember that touch can be an effective means of communicating with the unconscious person. Keep environmental noises at as low a level as possible.

Colonscopy and sigmoidoscopy

Both require a bowel prep to be finished prior to performing the exam-Bowels must be completely clear so the physician can visualize the intestine

Digital removal of fecal mass

Can stimulate vagus nerve and result in slowed heart rate -If this occurs, stop procedure immediately, monitor HR and BP, notify PCP

rectal suppository

Conical or oval solid substance shaped for easy insertion into body cavity and designed to melt at body temperature -Can be used to stimulate the bowel in constipated patients

stoma complications

Detachment Recession Stenosis Prolapse Ulceration Parastomal herniation Fistula formation Necrosis

ostomy appliance

Device to gather and contain ostomy output, controls odor

CKD causes

Diabetic nephropathy Hypertension Glomerulonephritis

Endoscopy

Direct visual examination of body organs or cavities -Done using a fiberoptic endoscope (long, flexible tube containing glass fibers that transmit light into the organ and return an image that can be viewed)

Indwelling rectal tube (Sazzi tube)

Fecal management system is used for patients with uncontrollable diarrhea along with non-healing wounds in the perineal area

when is fecal matter removed manually

If patient with fecal impaction cannot expel fecal mass voluntarily and oil or cleansing enemas fail to break up mass

Abdominal Physical Assessment

Inspection, auscultation, palpation-looking for abnormality in appearance, obvious masses, scars, distension

enema

Introduction of a solution into the large intestine, usually to remove feces-Instilled solution distends the intestine and irritates the intestinal mucosa, increasing peristalsis

how to promote normal urination

Maintaining normal voiding habits Promoting fluid intake Strengthening muscle tone Assisting with toileting

post-op stoma inspection

Note size, coloration, drainage -Watch skin around the stoma to maintain integrity -Stoma should be dark pink to red and moist

diarrhea in adults

Passage of 3 or more loose stool a day -Large amount of fluid and electrolyte lost relatively quickly -Associated with intestinal cramps -N/V may occur, blood also may be noted -can be a protective response when the cause is an irritant in the intestinal tract

Cycle of Abuse--Phase 1: Tension Building

Phase is composed of many minor incidents of abuse (ie: jealousy, tantrums, controlling behaviors, etc) that gradually increase in severity

Fever and diaphoresis and the kidneys

Result in body fluid conservation by the kidneys, decreasing urine production and the urine that is produced is highly concentrated

hearing screening exams

Rinne and Webster tests- bone and air conduction

peristalsis of intestines

Series of muscle contractions that moves food through digestive system-mass sweeps occur 1-4x every 24 hr period

Why are women more prone to UTIs?

Shorter urethra than males and higher chance to be exposed to microorganisms in external environment

uterine prolapse and urination

The muscles relax and sometimes protrude through the vagina, reducing the bladder's ability to hold urine thus increasing frequency-Common in elderly women and women with multiple births

ileocecal valve

Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines

24 hour urine specimen

a urine specimen consisting of all urine voided in a 24-hour period

uti treatment

antibiotics

sexual abuse

any sexual act without consent

transient urinary incontinence

appears suddenly and lasts 6 months or less -caused by treatable factors

Kinesthesia

awareness of positioning of body parts and body movement

tertiary health promotion

begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning

how cataracts forms

begins when proteins in the eye form clumps that prevent the lens from sending clear images to the retina

iron salts effect on stool

black stool

Overactive bladder

bladder contracts more often than normal, causing increased urinary frequency

hematuria

blood in the urine

Levodopa (L-dopa) affect on urine color

brown to black -antiparkinson's drug

what types of beverages increase urination?

caffeine and alcohol

Absent bowel sounds with zero elimination

call doctor for possible bowel care

Heart failure and the kidneys

can lead to increased fluid retention and decreased urine output

4 parts of large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum, anus

constipating foods

cheese, lean meat, eggs, pasta

Cataracts

clouding of the lens

environmental clues of abuse

clutter, dirt, filth

individual health promotion

coaching, counseling, medical, nutrition

glaucoma diagnostic test

comprehensive dilated eye exam

if a patient has hypoactive bowel sounds

continue frequent focused assessments until bowel sounds or elimination occurs

total incontinence

continuous and unpredictable loss of urine, complete loss of control over urinary bladder

wet macular degeneration

damage to the macula when blood vessels leak blood and fluid into retina -vision is distorted, spots of blindness and loss of central vision

Anthelmintic enema

destroy intestinal parasites

muscle of the bladder wall

detrusor muscle -can be extended to store urine and then empty the bladder

retinopathy

disease of the retina

what medications increase urine output?

diuretics- high blood pressure medications

glaucoma laster treatment

doctors can use lasers to help the fluid drain out of the eye

treatment of diarrhea

doctors prefer IV fluids and to let diarrhea continue to flush out whatever is causing it

hypertonic enema

draws water into colon -small volume -contraindicated in patients where sodium retention or renal impairment is a problem

Somnolence

drowsiness, sleepiness

how to re-orient a patient with sensory alteration

engaging the patient in a conversation about the current news, weather, or asking them about their hobbies or experiences -should be frequently monitored, avoid excessive noise or stimuli

polyuria

excessive urination

vision screening exams

eye tests, pressure tests

function of kidneys

filter blood supplied by the renal arteries and remove unwanted substances, secreting waste into urine

secondary health promotion

focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found

colostomy of ascending colon

frequent liquid stools -odor is a problem

Foods with laxative effect

fruits and vegetables, bran, chocolate, alcohol, coffee

antibiotics effect on stool

green-gray color

symptoms of glaucoma

headache eye pain blurred vision halos around lights eye redness

when is it necessary to divert urine flow

if there is an obstruction or tumor in the urinary tract

when is fluid intake contraindicated for elimination?

in older adults with cardiac and renal problems

effects of diabetes on urination

increased urine frequency

visceral senses

information about conditions within internal organs

physical abuse

intentionally causing physical harm to another person

primary health prevention

intervening before health effects occur -ex. altering risky behaviors such as diet or tobacco use

urge incontinence

involuntary leakage of urine with a sudden, strong desire to urinate

overflow incontinence

involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder, difficulty emptying the bladder

what happens to bladder contractility with age?

it decreases which causes increased urine retention and stasis, leading to increased risk for UTI

enema

last resort treatment for people suffering from constipation

bisacodyl

laxative -promotes colon peristalsis -increases fluid accumulation in both intestines

glycerin

laxative hypertonic solution -draws fluid into the colon, stimulates peristalsis

high blood glucose and kidneys

leads to increased urine output

anticoagulants effect on urine color

light pink -dark red should be reported to physician

colostomy of transverse colon

liquid to semi-formed stool

ureter

long tubes made of smooth muscle that push urine into bladder

renal failure

loss of kidney function resulting in its inability to remove waste products from the body and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

where is an ostomy typically located for sigmoid or descending colostomy?

lower left quadrant of abdomen

oil retention enema

lubricate the stool and intestinal mucosa, easing defecation

oil enema

lubricates stool and intestinal mucosa -often used as retention enema, patient needs to hold solution for 30-60 mins

blue or green urine

may be caused by methylene blue, component in medications

secondary health prevention

measures that detect and diagnose disease early to allow for prompt treatment -ex. screening, mammography

glaucoma treatment

medications, laser, surgery-will not undo any damage to vision, but treatment can stop it from getting worse

Urinary internal sphincter

middle layer of muscle tissue that guards the opening between the urinary bladder and urethra

functional unit of the kidneys

nephron (each kidney has about 1 million)

what controls urination

nerve centers in the brain and spinal cord

memory impairment

occur in the aged as a result of pathology -not due to aging

gas producing foods

onions, cabbage, beans, cauliflower

Pyridium effect on urine color

orange to orange-red urine

polyethylene glycol (Miralax)

osmotic laxative -causes water to be retained in stool -comes in powdered form, dissolved in water

dysuria

painful urination

diuretics effect on urine color

pale yellow

distention/flatulence

passing gas from the digestive system out of the back passage

bismuth subsalicylate

pesto bismol, antidiarrheal

aspirin, anticoagulants effect on stool

pink to red to black stool

Organizational health promotion

policies such as tobacco-free worksites, nutrition guidelines

glaucoma meds

prescription eye drops: lower the pressure in the eye and prevent damage to optic nerve

primary health promotion

preventing disease from developing through promoting healthy lifestyle

Primordial Prevention

prevention of the development of risk factors for disease

urination

process of emptying bladder

sensory reeption

process of receiving data about the external or internal environment through the senses

Medicated enema

provide medications absorbed through the rectal mucosa

stoma normal appearance

red, moist, healthy skin around stoma

stress incontinence

related to pressure on urinary bladder -can be caused by weight, pregnancy, sneezing, lifting heavy objects, exercise

magnesium citrate (Citroma)

saline laxative -pulls water into the lumen -patient education: stay hydrated and warn about dependence, fiber intake

activity influences on bowel elimination

sedentary lifestyle can cause decreased motility and leads to constipation

colostomy of descending colon

semi formed soft solid stool

what can happen if you increase fiber without increasing fluids?

severe GI problems including fecal impaction

cholinergic (antihistamines) medication effect on urination

side effect of antihistamines is loss of bladder control, may have overflow incontinence

interpersonal health promotion

social support systems, social networks, education, activity clubs

fleet enema

sodium phosphate enema -introducing fluid into the intestines through the rectum -liquid softens impacted stool -stimulates large bowel movement

ions regulated by the kidneys

sodium, phosphorus, and potassium -kidneys measure out what is needed by the body and puts them back into blood, excess is excreted in urine

colostomy of sigmoid colon

solid stools

sensory overload

state of excessive and sustained multi-sensory stimulation manifested by behavior change (anxiety, irritability) and perceptual distortion

fecal diversion

surgical creation of an opening of part of the colon or small intestine to the surface of the skin to allow for stool to exit the body

transverse ostomy

surgical opening created in transverse colon with one or two openings

post void residual

the amount of urine left in the bladder after urination -if patient is not completely voiding, an indwelling catheter is necessary

analgesics/sedatives interfering with bladder function

they may cause sedation or drowsiness, leading to diminished awareness of need to void

when are stool specimens used

to check for organisms (most common is C.diff)

barium studies

to visualize gastrointestinal structures and reveal any inflammation, ulcers, tumors, strictures, or other lesions

anti-angiogenic drugs

treatment for macular degeneration -injects medication into eye that stops new blood vessels from forming

Nasogastric tube

tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used to decompress the stomach

urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

where is a transverse ostomy located

upper right or middle abdomen

ileal conduit

urinary diversion in which the ureters are connected to the ileum with a stoma created on the abdominal wall

nocturia

urination during the night

functional incontinence

urine loss caused by the inability to reach the toilet because of environmental barriers, physical limitations, loss of memory, or disorientation

colonoscopy

visual examination of the colon

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

what happens if waste is not removed from the body by the kidneys?

waste builds up to harmful levels in the blood and can cause damage

effects of bladder capacity on urination

when bladder capacity is exceeded, urge to urinate increases. -with age, bladder muscles become weak and capacity reduces

bladder

where urine is stored

Antacids effect on stool

white discoloration or speckling