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"This infamous decision of the Slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court maintains that slaves are within the contemplation of the Constitution of the United States, property...The Constitution, as well as the Declaration of Independence, and the sentiments of the founders of the Republic, give us a platform broad enough to support the most comprehensive plans for the freedom and elevation of all the people of this country." Frederick Douglass, May 1857 During this same time period, All of the other groups below faced similar discrimination as blacks EXCEPT... a. Chinese b. Irish c. Women d. Protestants

SEE IMAGE #2 Washington Crossing the Delaware, Emanuel Leutze, 1851 Which of the following best explains the impact of the character of the French Revolution, as described here, in the newly-formed United States? a. It shook American confidence in the ideas of the Enlightenment. b. It pushed the United States into exclusive ties with Great Britain. c. It led to rising support for international involvement. d. It fueled the debate over the character of democratic politics.

SEE IMAGE #4 The most significant job of a "republican mother" was to a. preserve the nation's memory of the brutality of war. b. support her family economically through her labor. c. bear children to strengthen the United States' population. d. teach her children the values of liberty and equality.

SEE IMAGE #4 The nation's response to the wartime efforts of Revolutionary-era women would be most closely paralleled by the experiences of a. the Progressive women. b. female participants of the Civil Rights movement. c. working women in the late 20th century. d. women laborers in World War II.

SEE IMAGE #8 Work in the cotton mills of New England a. allowed women to broaden their search for husbands . b. gave women a trade they could take with them when they moved. c. paid less than doing piecework at home. d. provided many women with financial independence for the first time.

SEE IMAGE ONE Colonial protests were generally organized by a. loyalists. b. women. c. religious leaders. d. colonial elites.

SEE IMAGE ONE ON GOOGLE DOC (LOL) Acts of protest like the one pictured above occurred in response to a. popular frustrations over the persistence of elitism in colonial governments. b. citizens' fears that the government could not protect the borders from Native American attacks. c. anger over the use of protest in what many considered a political debate between the colonists and the British government. d. colonists' perception of British policies designed to re-assert political and economic control over the colonies.

"There are a few focal points upon which Jackson's modern reputation has turned for better or for worse. One is his attack on corporate privilege and on the concentrated political influence of wealth. In his famous Bank Veto of 1832, Jackson juxtaposed "the rich and powerful" against "the humble members of society—the farmers, mechanics, and laborers," and lamented that the former "too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes." No president before and few since have spoken so bluntly of economic antagonisms between Americans. Jackson went on, in his Farewell Address in 1837, to warn of an insidious "money power," made up of banks and corporations, that would steal ordinary citizens' liberties away from them. (It said something of Jackson's sense of his own importance that he presumed to deliver a Farewell Address, an example set by Washington that no previous successor had dared to follow.)" Daniel Feller, Professor of History at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008 "Jackson's ideological conviction about the flexible nature of the law and Constitution in the face of dangers confronting the still-fledgling nation can be seen in many subsequent Jacksonian battles. When President Jackson confronted the Bank of the United States in 1832, he did so with the belief that it was a corrupt fiscal monster threatening the nation's economic security. He not only vetoed the Bank's re charter, which was within his right as chief executive, but went a step further by removing federal deposits even after Congress had deemed them safe. Jackson transferred one secretary of the treasury and fired another in order to secure the deposit removals. His actions were questionable, if not completely illegal, and the Senate censured him by making a notation in their journal. They didn't attempt impeachment for lack of support." Matthew Warshauer, Professor of History at Central Connecticut State University, 2008 According to Daniel Feller, Andrew Jackson's main criticism of the Bank of the United States was that a. the Bank did not operate in the interest of the "common man". b. he wanted to prove that he was a stronger president than Washington had been, so he used the veto power more. c. it did not have enough money to pay off the nation's debts. d. the Bank was making the United States vulnerable to an economic take over by foreign powers.

SEE IMAGE #10 The insurrection depicted above occurred as a result of a. the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court. b. Lincoln's election to the presidency. c. the beginning of the Civil War. d. the secession of the Southern states from the Union.

SEE IMAGE #9 The artistic movement of the era was founded by artists from a. the South. b. the Appalachian Mountains. c. upstate New York. d. California.

"There are a few focal points upon which Jackson's modern reputation has turned for better or for worse. One is his attack on corporate privilege and on the concentrated political influence of wealth. In his famous Bank Veto of 1832, Jackson juxtaposed "the rich and powerful" against "the humble members of society—the farmers, mechanics, and laborers," and lamented that the former "too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes." No president before and few since have spoken so bluntly of economic antagonisms between Americans. Jackson went on, in his Farewell Address in 1837, to warn of an insidious "money power," made up of banks and corporations, that would steal ordinary citizens' liberties away from them. (It said something of Jackson's sense of his own importance that he presumed to deliver a Farewell Address, an example set by Washington that no previous successor had dared to follow.)" Daniel Feller, Professor of History at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008 "Jackson's ideological conviction about the flexible nature of the law and Constitution in the face of dangers confronting the still-fledgling nation can be seen in many subsequent Jacksonian battles. When President Jackson confronted the Bank of the United States in 1832, he did so with the belief that it was a corrupt fiscal monster threatening the nation's economic security. He not only vetoed the Bank's re charter, which was within his right as chief executive, but went a step further by removing federal deposits even after Congress had deemed them safe. Jackson transferred one secretary of the treasury and fired another in order to secure the deposit removals. His actions were questionable, if not completely illegal, and the Senate censured him by making a notation in their journal. They didn't attempt impeachment for lack of support." Matthew Warshauer, Professor of History at Central Connecticut State University, 2008 Daniel Feller and Matthew Warshauer both conclude that a. Jackson was the first president to be censured formally by Congress. b. Jackson felt threatened by the farmers, laborers and mechanics. c. Jackson felt himself superior even to George Washington. d. Jackson abused presidential power in overthrowing the BUS.

"There are a few focal points upon which Jackson's modern reputation has turned for better or for worse. One is his attack on corporate privilege and on the concentrated political influence of wealth. In his famous Bank Veto of 1832, Jackson juxtaposed "the rich and powerful" against "the humble members of society—the farmers, mechanics, and laborers," and lamented that the former "too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes." No president before and few since have spoken so bluntly of economic antagonisms between Americans. Jackson went on, in his Farewell Address in 1837, to warn of an insidious "money power," made up of banks and corporations, that would steal ordinary citizens' liberties away from them. (It said something of Jackson's sense of his own importance that he presumed to deliver a Farewell Address, an example set by Washington that no previous successor had dared to follow.)" Daniel Feller, Professor of History at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008 "Jackson's ideological conviction about the flexible nature of the law and Constitution in the face of dangers confronting the still-fledgling nation can be seen in many subsequent Jacksonian battles. When President Jackson confronted the Bank of the United States in 1832, he did so with the belief that it was a corrupt fiscal monster threatening the nation's economic security. He not only vetoed the Bank's re charter, which was within his right as chief executive, but went a step further by removing federal deposits even after Congress had deemed them safe. Jackson transferred one secretary of the treasury and fired another in order to secure the deposit removals. His actions were questionable, if not completely illegal, and the Senate censured him by making a notation in their journal. They didn't attempt impeachment for lack of support." Matthew Warshauer, Professor of History at Central Connecticut State University, 2008 Over the years the interpretation of Jackson has changed a. to a more positive one, as his views on the plight of the common man's economic problems have continued to be applicable throughout history. b. very little, as he is still seen as a president who took too much power. c. to being more negative concerning his over-stepping of the Constitution. d. from that of a war monger to an astute politician.

By 1844, most of the workers in the mills a. were young teenage males. b. were Irish immigrant women. c. were young children under the age of 10. d. were African-American slaves.

"...Is there one person of understanding & reflection among you who will not admit that every consideration of justice, humanity, and safety, forbids that any more Negroes should be brought into your state, and yet it is well known that the avarice of your citizens, and the rage for acquiring that property has broke through all legal restrictions,... Trust not on your Eastern friends for aid, if you do not enforce righteous measures for your own safety;... Already they begin to resist that principle in the Constitution which admits the Negroes of the Southern States to increase the number of Representatives in the Congress of the United States." William Few, Letter to Georgia Governor Edward Telfair, 1804 Which of the following best explains the impact of the United States' Constitution on the issue addressed in the letter above? a. By postponing a definite solution to the question of slavery, the Constitution established the grounds for conflict that would continue until resolved by the Civil War. b. By severely limiting the rights of slaveholders, the Constitution attempted to abide by Revolutionary ideals of freedom without dividing the infant nation. c. By addressing the needs of the slave-based Southern economies, the Constitution preserved the regional differences that had defined the colonial era. d. By allowing the slave states to dominate the United States government, the Constitution encouraged the growth of the slave trade.

"...Is there one person of understanding & reflection among you who will not admit that every consideration of justice, humanity, and safety, forbids that any more Negroes should be brought into your state, and yet it is well known that the avarice of your citizens, and the rage for acquiring that property has broke through all legal restrictions,... Trust not on your Eastern friends for aid, if you do not enforce righteous measures for your own safety;... Already they begin to resist that principle in the Constitution which admits the Negroes of the Southern States to increase the number of Representatives in the Congress of the United States." William Few, Letter to Georgia Governor Edward Telfair, 1804 Which of the following debates reveals the continuation of the conflict addressed in the letter above? a. The debate over the expansion of slavery into the territories b. The debate over the role of women in American society c. The debate over the rights of the Native Americans on the frontier d. The debate over the ratification of the Constitution

"...It follows, from what has been stated, that it is a great and dangerous error to suppose that all people are equally entitled to liberty. It is a reward to be earned, not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike—a reward reserved for the intelligent, the patriotic, the virtuous and deserving, and not a boon to be bestowed on a people too ignorant, degraded and vicious to be capable either of appreciating or of enjoying it." John C. Calhoun, "A Disquisition on Government," 1849 Which of the following is true according to Calhoun? a. Freedom is a reward to be earned, not just given. b. Slavery is unconstitutional. c. All people are entitled to freedom. d. Government is the greatest threat to liberty.

"And yet again, in his message of December 7, 1847, that "the Mexican Government refused even to hear the terms of adjustment which he [our minister of peace] was authorized to propose, and finally, under wholly unjustifiable pretexts, involved the two countries in war, by invading the territory of the State of Texas, striking the first blow, and shedding the blood of our citizens on our own soil." And whereas this House is desirous to obtain a full knowledge of all the facts which go to establish whether the particular spot on which the blood of our citizens was so shed was or was not at that time our own soil:" Abraham Lincoln, 1848 By 1848, the United States a. had boundaries stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. b. had settled the issue of slavery expanding into the west. c. had become a formidable world power on par with Great Britain. d. had been involved in wars with Britain, Mexico, and Spain to gain territories.

"And yet again, in his message of December 7, 1847, that "the Mexican Government refused even to hear the terms of adjustment which he [our minister of peace] was authorized to propose, and finally, under wholly unjustifiable pretexts, involved the two countries in war, by invading the territory of the State of Texas, striking the first blow, and shedding the blood of our citizens on our own soil." And whereas this House is desirous to obtain a full knowledge of all the facts which go to establish whether the particular spot on which the blood of our citizens was so shed was or was not at that time our own soil:" Abraham Lincoln, 1848 In the excerpt, Lincoln was demanding to know a. if American troops were attacked by the Mexican army in territory that was truly a U.S. possession.. b. if the South had the right to secede. c. if the United States and Mexico should join together to fight Britain. d. if the United States should aid Mexico in fighting its revolution for independence against Spain.

"Be it enacted...That from and after [December 25, 1733] there shall be raised, levied, collected and paid, unto and for the use of his Majesty...upon all rum or spirits of the produce or manufacture of any of the colonies or plantations in America...the sum of nine pence, money of Great Britain...for every gallon thereof, and after that for any greater or lesser quantity: and upon all molasses or syrups of such foreign produce or manufacture..." The Molasses Act, May 17, 1733 The excerpt could best be used as evidence to support which of the following claims? a. The British government attempted to regulate colonial economics in the 17th century. b. British colonists resisted the government's attempt to regulate trade in this period. c. Salutary neglect led to the desire for American independence. d. Mercantilism was an effective economic system in the 17th century.

"British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating the American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing and carrying off persons sailing under it, not in the exercise of a belligerent right founded on the law of nations against an enemy, but of a municipal [internal] prerogative over British subjects. British jurisdiction is thus extended to neutral vessels... " James Madison, 1812 The War of 1812 ended a. as antebellum status quo. b. with the Great Lakes under the control of Canada. c. with the United States losing Canada. d. with the boundary of the United States extended to the Pacific.

"For the increase of shipping and encouragement of the navigation of this nation wherein, under the good providence and protection of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of this kingdom is so much concerned; (2) be it enacted by the king's most excellent Majesty, and by the Lords and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority thereof, that from and after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred and sixty, and from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging or in his possession, or which may hereafter belong unto or be in the possession of his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, in Asia, Africa, or America, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England or Ireland, dominion of Wales or town of Berwick upon Tweed, or are of the built of and belonging to any the said lands, islands, plantations, or territories, as the proprietors and right owners thereof, and whereof the master and three fourths of the mariners at least are English." The Navigation Act of September 13, 1660 All of the following were true of the period when this legislation was passed, except: a. The colonies had not developed any local forms of governance whatsoever. b. The colonies had developed their own local systems of governance within the British system. c. The British had largely disregarded the colonies because of internal challenges in England during the 17th century. d. The British government was attempting to integrate its colonies into a hierarchical structure.

"For the increase of shipping and encouragement of the navigation of this nation wherein, under the good providence and protection of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of this kingdom is so much concerned; (2) be it enacted by the king's most excellent Majesty, and by the Lords and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority thereof, that from and after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred and sixty, and from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging or in his possession, or which may hereafter belong unto or be in the possession of his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, in Asia, Africa, or America, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England or Ireland, dominion of Wales or town of Berwick upon Tweed, or are of the built of and belonging to any the said lands, islands, plantations, or territories, as the proprietors and right owners thereof, and whereof the master and three fourths of the mariners at least are English." The Navigation Act of September 13, 1660 Which of the following was an immediate result of the kind of legislation seen in the excerpt? a. Colonists expressed open dissatisfaction with British policies. b. The British ruthlessly enforced punitive legislation. c. Colonists shifted their economic systems from agriculture to industry. d. Colonists acquiesced to British demands for compliance.

"From decades of debate on the colonists' right to self-government, popular sovereignty had emerged as the basic principle of legitimate government. But how was this principle to be realized in practice? ...Whig social contract theory specified that sovereignty resided in the will of the majority of the participants in the contract, limited only by the individual member's right to life, liberty, and property. Applied to the colonies, the question was, who were the legitimate participants in the new polity based on contract?" Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions, 1980 Which of the following political features of American government is best explained by the description of founding principles in the passage above? a. The concentration of power in the hands of the legislatures b. The limitations placed on the power of the executive c. The decision not to include a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution d. The abolition of the slave trade

"I am not a Know Nothing. That is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we began declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal, except negroes." When the Know Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty—to Russia, for instance..." Abraham Lincoln, letter to Joshua Street, August 1855 According to Lincoln, the Know Nothings' ideology and that of slavery... a. contradict the Declaration of Independence and the line.. "that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ... life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". b. have nothing in common. c. support the later American ideal of "give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses". d. support the cause of freedom of religion.

"I told him I thought that every man, when he was free, could have his rights and protect [himself]. He said, "The colored people could never protect themselves among the white people. So you had all better stay with the white people who raised you and make contracts with them to work by the year for one-fifth of all you make. And next year you can get one-third, and the next you maybe work for one-half you make. We have contracts for you all to sign, to work for one-twentieth you make from now until the crop is ended, and then next year you all can make another crop and get more of it."" Senate Report 693, 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880 According to the excerpt above, many freed blacks became a. sharecroppers. b. crop lien farmers. c. tenant farmers. d. plantation farmers.

"Let us now glance at a few of the popular objections to liberal divorce laws... To open the doors of escape to those who dwell in continual antagonism, to the unhappy wives of drunkards, libertines, knaves, lunatics, and tyrants, need not necessarily embitter the relations of those who are contented and happy, but on the contrary the very fact of freedom strengthens and purifies the bond of union. When husbands and wives...are bound together only by affection, marriage will be a life long friendship and not a heavy yoke, from which both may sometimes long for deliverance..." Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Home Life", 1875 As depicted in the excerpt, by liberalizing divorce laws for women, a. an escape from a miserable marriage will become possible. b. women will lose political and economic power. c. the structure of family life will be undermined. d. the moral fabric of society will be weakened.

"Let us now glance at a few of the popular objections to liberal divorce laws... To open the doors of escape to those who dwell in continual antagonism, to the unhappy wives of drunkards, libertines, knaves, lunatics, and tyrants, need not necessarily embitter the relations of those who are contented and happy, but on the contrary the very fact of freedom strengthens and purifies the bond of union. When husbands and wives...are bound together only by affection, marriage will be a life long friendship and not a heavy yoke, from which both may sometimes long for deliverance..." Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Home Life", 1875 Which of the following is correct according to Stanton? a. A husband and wife should share equally in their relationship. b. There should be no divorce. c. Only husbands should have the right to seek divorce. d. Family life will suffer if women have the right to seek divorce.

"This infamous decision of the Slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court maintains that slaves are within the contemplation of the Constitution of the United States, property...The Constitution, as well as the Declaration of Independence, and the sentiments of the founders of the Republic, give us a platform broad enough to support the most comprehensive plans for the freedom and elevation of all the people of this country." Frederick Douglass, May 1857 This excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following? a. The 1857 Dred Scott decision b. The Emancipation Proclamation c. The trial of John Brown d. The Missouri Compromise

"Wee must be knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion... wee must delight in eache other, make others Condicions our owne rejoyce together, mourne together, labour, and suffer together... soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome power goodnes and truthe then formerly wee have beene acquainted with, wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when tenn of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when hee shall make us a prayse and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake." John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity, 1630 The passage reinforces the idea that the New England colonies were largely a. homogenous, tightly-knit colonies. b. aided by favorable environmental conditions. c. based on a single, labor-intensive crop. d. heterogeneous, loosely connected colonies.

"Wee must be knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion... wee must delight in eache other, make others Condicions our owne rejoyce together, mourne together, labour, and suffer together... soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome power goodnes and truthe then formerly wee have beene acquainted with, wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when tenn of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when hee shall make us a prayse and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake." John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity, 1630 Winthrop's ideas on Puritan settlement were largely based on which of the following? a. The idea that the Massachusetts Bay Colony was a colony of religious believers b. The ethnic diversity of colonists in New England c. The prohibition of slavery in New England in this period d. Fears of Spanish territorial settlement in New England

"Whereas it is... essential to our Interest, and the Security of our Colonies, that the several Nations or Tribes of Indians ...who live under our Protection, should not be molested or disturbed ...--We do therefore,...declare it to be our Royal Will and Pleasure... for the use of the said Indians, [to be reserved] all the Lands and Territories ...lying to the Westward of the Sources of the Rivers [along the Appalachian Mountains] which fall into the Sea....And We do hereby strictly forbid... all our loving Subjects from... taking Possession of any of the Lands above reserved..." The Royal Proclamation, King George III, October 1763 British Proclamations like this one directly led to a. a growing sense of American identity in the face of perceived injustices. b. an increase in the economic profitability of the British colonies in North America. c. the development of a series of alliances between the British colonists and neighboring Native American tribes. d. open warfare between the British colonists and their French counterparts.

"With a good deal of surprise I have observed that little notice has been taken of an act of Parliament...If the Parliament may lawfully deprive New York of any of her rights, it may deprive any or all the other colonies of their rights; and nothing can possibly so much encourage such attempts as a mutual inattention to the interest of each other. To divide and thus to destroy is the first political maxim in attacking those who are powerful by their union. He certainly is not a wise man who folds his arms and reposes himself at home, seeing with unconcern the flames that have invaded his neighbor's house without using any endeavors to extinguish them." Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer, The Boston Chronicle, 1767 Which of the following best explains the colonists' eventual decision to declare independence from the British in the wake of publications like this one? a. By 1776, colonists perceived the British government as being abusive of the colonists' rights as English citizens. b. Following the Seven Years' War, the colonists perceived themselves as a vital part of the British Empire. c. By the time of the publication of this work, the colonies nearly unanimously supported the notion of independence. d. In the late eighteenth century, the colonists felt secure in their economic well-being.

Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754 Which of the following represents a later example of the ideas highlighted in the drawing? a. Thomas Paine's ideas as expressed in Common Sense b. George Washington's Farewell Address c. The Second Great Awakening d. The Missouri Compromise

I told him I thought that every man, when he was free, could have his rights and protect [himself]. He said, "The colored people could never protect themselves among the white people. So you had all better stay with the white people who raised you and make contracts with them to work by the year for one-fifth of all you make. And next year you can get one-third, and the next you maybe work for one-half you make. We have contracts for you all to sign, to work for one-twentieth you make from now until the crop is ended, and then next year you all can make another crop and get more of it."" Senate Report 693, 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880 The farming conditions, as described in the excerpt, a. created an indebtedness of the farmer to the landlord that lasted for several years.. b. gave the farmer choices as to whom to work for. c. returned Southern cotton to "king" again. d. provided the need for workers to pick an abundant crop of cotton.

SEE IMAGE #2 Washington Crossing the Delaware, Emanuel Leutze, 1851 America's reaction to the French Revolution marks the beginning of a period characterized by a. the United States' attempts at maintaining neutrality. b. the United States' military superiority. c. the United States' alliance with France. d. the United States' role as a global leader.

SEE IMAGE #7 As a result of the situation depicted in the cartoon, a. President Van Buren brought about the creation of the Independent Treasury System to restore confidence in banks. b. Van Buren created state or pet banks to hold the United States government's money. c. Van Buren was reelected President. d. the United States government allowed for settlers to purchase western lands easily and without bank interference.

Unjust laws exist; shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once? Men generally, under such government as this, think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them. They think that, if they should resist, the remedy would be worse than the evil. But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil. It makes it worse. ..Why does it not cherish its wise majority? Why does it cry and resist before it is hurt? ..." Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience," 1848 Thoreau's beliefs, as expressed in the excerpt, were influenced by a belief in which of the following ideas? a. Human beings were divine since they were part of nature b. A radical overthrow of the government c. Shared property by husbands and wives ensured social and economic harmony d. Shared common property, but men and women should be kept apart from each other

". . . Your letter alludes to many topics of interest. First of all this 'Woman's Rights Convention,' held at Worcester, Mass. I have read through all the proceedings carefully. They show great energy, much right feeling, but not, to my judgment, a great amount of strong, clear thought. This last, of course, one ought not to expect in the beginning; but in my own mind I have settled it as a society to respect, to feel sympathy for, to help incidentally, but not—for me—to work with body and soul. I cannot sympathize fully with an anti-man movement. I have had too much kindness, aid, and just recognition from men to make such attitude of women otherwise than painful; and I think the true end of freedom may be gained better in another way... But I feel a little perplexed by the main object of the Convention -- Woman's Rights. The great object of education has nothing to do with a woman's rights, or man's rights, but with the development of the human soul and body. But let me know how you mean to treat the subject, and I will render you what aid I can . . . . My head is full of the idea of organisation, but not the organisation of women in opposition to men. I have been lately meditating constantly on this idea, and seeking some principle of organisation which should be a constantly growing one, until it became adequate to meet the wants of the time . . ." Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, December 24, 1850 Which of the following historical events contributed most directly to the excerpt? a. Dorothea Dix's work during this time period. b. Seneca Falls Women's Convention c. The growing strength of the abolitionist movement d. Horace Mann's educational reform for schools

"...It follows, from what has been stated, that it is a great and dangerous error to suppose that all people are equally entitled to liberty. It is a reward to be earned, not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike—a reward reserved for the intelligent, the patriotic, the virtuous and deserving, and not a boon to be bestowed on a people too ignorant, degraded and vicious to be capable either of appreciating or of enjoying it." John C. Calhoun, "A Disquisition on Government," 1849 From the excerpt one can conclude that Calhoun was a proponent of a. emancipation for blacks. b. the legality of slavery. c. sending blacks back to Africa. d. territories determining if they wanted to have slaves or not.

"...It follows, from what has been stated, that it is a great and dangerous error to suppose that all people are equally entitled to liberty. It is a reward to be earned, not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike—a reward reserved for the intelligent, the patriotic, the virtuous and deserving, and not a boon to be bestowed on a people too ignorant, degraded and vicious to be capable either of appreciating or of enjoying it." John C. Calhoun, "A Disquisition on Government," 1849 Which of the following contributed most directly to Calhoun's view as expressed in the excerpt? a. California's admission to the union as a free state b. The debate over popular sovereignty c. Opposition to immigrants from China and Mexico being brought into the newly acquired territories d. Fear of Native Americans going to war against white settlers

"And yet again, in his message of December 7, 1847, that "the Mexican Government refused even to hear the terms of adjustment which he [our minister of peace] was authorized to propose, and finally, under wholly unjustifiable pretexts, involved the two countries in war, by invading the territory of the State of Texas, striking the first blow, and shedding the blood of our citizens on our own soil." And whereas this House is desirous to obtain a full knowledge of all the facts which go to establish whether the particular spot on which the blood of our citizens was so shed was or was not at that time our own soil:" Abraham Lincoln, 1848 The spot Lincoln is referring to in the above excerpt was a. the site where American forces invaded Canada. b. where fighting between Mexican and United States forces occurred on the Rio Grande boundary. c. the Alamo, where the Texans fought for their independence from Mexico. d. Ft. Sumter, where the Civil War began.

"Be it enacted...That from and after [December 25, 1733] there shall be raised, levied, collected and paid, unto and for the use of his Majesty...upon all rum or spirits of the produce or manufacture of any of the colonies or plantations in America...the sum of nine pence, money of Great Britain...for every gallon thereof, and after that for any greater or lesser quantity: and upon all molasses or syrups of such foreign produce or manufacture..." The Molasses Act, May 17, 1733 Which of the following historical trends is not reflected in the passage? a. British attempts to consolidate mercantilist policies and colonial control b. The growth of autonomous political communities in the British colonies c. Economic interactions between Europe, Africa, and the British colonies d. The growth of an Atlantic economy in the 17th century

"From decades of debate on the colonists' right to self-government, popular sovereignty had emerged as the basic principle of legitimate government. But how was this principle to be realized in practice? ...Whig social contract theory specified that sovereignty resided in the will of the majority of the participants in the contract, limited only by the individual member's right to life, liberty, and property. Applied to the colonies, the question was, who were the legitimate participants in the new polity based on contract?" Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions, 1980 Which of the following most directly contradicts the founding principles described in the passage? a. The Constitution's failure to resolve conflicts between American Indian tribes and the government b. The growth of slavery in the lower South c. The development of the idea of "republican motherhood" d. The formation of political parties in response to controversy in the early republic

"I must confine myself to few examples, but am ready to furnish other and more complete details, if required. If my pictures are displeasing, coarse, and severe, my subjects must be recollected, offer no tranquil, refined, or composing features. The condition of human beings, reduced to the extremest states of degradation and misery, cannot be exhibited in softened language, or adorn a polished page. I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons, confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience." Dorothea Dix, 1843 Dorothea Dix a. worked in support of the "cult of domesticity". b. worked for better treatment for the mentally ill. c. fought to improve conditions for American factory workers. d. encouraged church membership for everyone.

"It is thus that our political system, resting on the great principle involved in the recognized diversity of geographical interests in the community, has, in theory, with admiral sagacity, provided the most efficient check against their dangers. Looking to the facts, the Constitution has formed the States into a community only to the extent of their common interests; leaving them distinct and independent communities as to all other interests, and drawing the line of separation with consummate skill, as before stated." John C. Calhoun, 1828 Calhoun was the political enemy of a. those who advocated states' rights. b. those who believed in a strong national government. c. slaveholders. d. abolitionists.

"It is thus that our political system, resting on the great principle involved in the recognized diversity of geographical interests in the community, has, in theory, with admiral sagacity, provided the most efficient check against their dangers. Looking to the facts, the Constitution has formed the States into a community only to the extent of their common interests; leaving them distinct and independent communities as to all other interests, and drawing the line of separation with consummate skill, as before stated." John C. Calhoun, 1828 Which political concept is Calhoun speaking of? a. Judicial review b. Theory of nullification c. Separation of powers d. Checks and balances

"Let us now glance at a few of the popular objections to liberal divorce laws... To open the doors of escape to those who dwell in continual antagonism, to the unhappy wives of drunkards, libertines, knaves, lunatics, and tyrants, need not necessarily embitter the relations of those who are contented and happy, but on the contrary the very fact of freedom strengthens and purifies the bond of union. When husbands and wives...are bound together only by affection, marriage will be a life long friendship and not a heavy yoke, from which both may sometimes long for deliverance..." Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Home Life", 1875 Which of the following statements is supported by Stanton's argument? a. Women should be encouraged to marry any man in order to have political and economic rights. b. Marriage can be wonderful if the right partner is found. c. All marriages should be permanent. d. Men and women should never get married and not have children unless they are married.

"No Negro shall leave the place at any time without my permission...No Negro shall be allowed to marry out of the plantation...No rule I have stated is of more importance than that relating to negroes marrying out of the plantation...It creates a feeling of independence, from being, of right, out of the control of the masters for a time. Never allow any man to talk to your Negroes, nothing more injurious." Rules of Highland Plantation, 1838 Which of the following best supports the excerpt? a. Many slave revolts resulted in freedom for thousands of slaves before the Civil War. b. Slave owners had a special status of privilege. c. Many slaves were able to buy their freedom. d. Slavery was the sole cause for a single crop agricultural system.

"Run away from the Subscriber, the First of January, twelve Months past, a Negro Man, named Cato, who has since his Elopement changed his Name several times: Had on when he went away, a Pair of Buckskin Breeches, fine brown Linen Shirt...Underneath his right shoulder Blade he was branded in Jamaica when a Boy with the letters BC, which are plain to be seen...It is supposed he has a forged Pass." Runaway slave notice, Pennsylvania Gazette, August 11, 1757 One reason for the development of the labor system described above was a. violent confrontations between colonists and the British government. b. the abundance of land resources in the British colonies. c. the declining interest in using African slaves for industrial work. d. the abundance of indentured servants in the British colonies.

"Run away from the Subscriber, the First of January, twelve Months past, a Negro Man, named Cato, who has since his Elopement changed his Name several times: Had on when he went away, a Pair of Buckskin Breeches, fine brown Linen Shirt...Underneath his right shoulder Blade he was branded in Jamaica when a Boy with the letters BC, which are plain to be seen...It is supposed he has a forged Pass." Runaway slave notice, Pennsylvania Gazette, August 11, 1757 The runaway slave notice in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments of the 18th century? a. The development of a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce in the north b. The development of varied ways for slaves to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery c. The development of intensified competition for resources in the West Indies d. The development of indentured servitude as a viable labor system

"The question, whether an act, repugnant to the constitution, can become the law of the land, is a question deeply interesting to the United States, but, happily, not of an intimacy proportioned to its interest. It seems only necessary to recognize certain principles, supposed to have been long and well established to decide it... Thus, the particular phraseology of the constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the constitution is void; and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument..." Chief Justice John Marshall, 1803 According to the Constitution, a. the legislative branch has more power than the other two branches. b. any act contrary to the Constitution should not be allowed. c. states have the ability to nullify laws made by the federal government. d. ultimate power rests with the courts.

"There is I think great danger that [the new United States government] will be [a failure] unless the tottering system shall be supported by arms... What is the cause of this commotion [in Western Massachusetts]? [The farmers] just complained of commutation, of the weight of the public taxes, of the insupportable debt of the union, of the scarcity of money, and of the cruelty of suffering the private creditors to call for their just dues. ...The proportion of debtors run high in this State. Too many of them are against the government. The men of property, and the holders of the public securities are generally abettors of our present constitution." Benjamin Lincoln, letter to George Washington, 1786 The internal unrest described in this passage would most directly lead to a. violent conflict between the Americans and the Native Americans. b. calls for the development of a stronger central government. c. the American Revolution and the political separation of the colonies and Great Britain. d. the development of distinct political parties.

"Unjust laws exist; shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once? Men generally, under such government as this, think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them. They think that, if they should resist, the remedy would be worse than the evil. But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil. It makes it worse. ..Why does it not cherish its wise majority? Why does it cry and resist before it is hurt? ..." Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience," 1848 Reformers of the 1830s-1840s who agreed to some extent with Thoreau's beliefs as expressed in the excerpt a. chose to run for political office in hopes of changing the government. b. were disillusioned with the U.S. and formed utopian societies. c. left the U.S. disillusioned and went to Europe. d. were radicals and thrown in jail for their demonstrations.

"We thought it our duty . . . to set forth in this our Declaration, the true state and condition of this country in general and our particular . . . disabilit[y] to . . . [engage in] war at the time of this invasion [by the Dutch]. . .. [We] therefore do most humbly beseech your majesty and your most honorable council to consider that Virginia is intersected by so many vast rivers as makes more miles to defend than we have men of trust to defend them. For by our nearest computation we leave at our backs as many servants (besides Negroes) .as there are freemen to defend the shores and all our frontiers [against the Indians]. . .. This gives men fearful apprehensions of the danger they leave their estates and families in, while they are drawn from their houses to defend the borders. Also at least one third [of the freemen available for defense] are single freemen (whose labor will hardly maintain them) or men in such debt, . . . [Whom] we may reasonably expect upon any small advantage the enemy may gain upon us, . . .[to defect] to them in hopes of bettering their condition by sharing the plunder of the country with them." Governor Berkeley and His Council, Report on their Inability to Defend Virginia Against a Dutch Attack, December 1673 The passage reflects which of the following historical trends? a. Growing concern among colonists over the morality of slavery b. Growing dissatisfaction over territorial defense against Native Americans on the colonial frontier c. Growing indifference among British colonists about threats from European nations in the new world d. Increasing reliance on indentured servitude in the Chesapeake region

"Whereas it is... essential to our Interest, and the Security of our Colonies, that the several Nations or Tribes of Indians ...who live under our Protection, should not be molested or disturbed ...--We do therefore,...declare it to be our Royal Will and Pleasure... for the use of the said Indians, [to be reserved] all the Lands and Territories ...lying to the Westward of the Sources of the Rivers [along the Appalachian Mountains] which fall into the Sea....And We do hereby strictly forbid... all our loving Subjects from... taking Possession of any of the Lands above reserved..." The Royal Proclamation, King George III, October 1763 The intent of the Proclamation above was to a. reduce the impact of French settlers in New England. b. limit colonial encroachment on traditional tribal lands. c. create a political alliance with Native American confederacies. d. expand British trade networks into French territories.

"With a good deal of surprise I have observed that little notice has been taken of an act of Parliament...If the Parliament may lawfully deprive New York of any of her rights, it may deprive any or all the other colonies of their rights; and nothing can possibly so much encourage such attempts as a mutual inattention to the interest of each other. To divide and thus to destroy is the first political maxim in attacking those who are powerful by their union. He certainly is not a wise man who folds his arms and reposes himself at home, seeing with unconcern the flames that have invaded his neighbor's house without using any endeavors to extinguish them." Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer, The Boston Chronicle, 1767 The Pennsylvania Farmer's complaint about the actions of the British can best be explained by the American belief in a. the necessity of union among the British North American colonists. b. the inviolability of natural rights. c. hereditary privilege of the self-governing colonists. d. the religious justification for British supremacy.

Join or die Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754 The picture was intended to a. advocate for violent revolution. b. unify the American colonies. c. suggest that Native Americans were an immediate threat to the colonists. d. convince the British government to stop taxing the colonies.

SEE IMAGE #3 Western Land Cessions to the United States, 1782-1802 Which of the following is true of the territories ceded by the various states? a. The territories were strongly influenced by the French colonies in the area. b. The territories were effectively organized by the national government. c. The territories were threatened by Spanish colonial expansion. d. The territories had a very small white population and were primarily occupied by Native Americans.

SEE IMAGE #3 Western Land Cessions to the United States, 1782-1802 The expansion of American influence into the territories ceded by the states led to a. the expansion of slavery. b. conflict with Native American tribes over land use. c. a balance of power with European competitors in North America. d. a crisis in the nation's system of republican government.

SEE IMAGE #3 Which of the following policies was adopted with the specific intention of incorporating these territories into the United States? a. the Articles of Confederation b. the Northwest Ordinance c. the Bill of Rights d. the Louisiana Purchase

SEE IMAGE #4 Molly Pitcher, i.e. Molly McCauley, loading cannon at the Battle of Monmouth, 1778 The actions of women like the one pictured above contributed to a. the low status women were afforded in the newly-created United States. b. the expansion of the ideological role of women in American political culture. c. the success of the American Revolution in the face of British tyranny. d. the rapid population growth of the United States.

SEE IMAGE #5 Napoleon's sale of Louisiana to the United States was prompted by a. Jefferson's support for the French Revolution. b. the slave revolt in Saint Domingue.. c. Mississippi River issues with Spain. d. war between the United States and France.

SEE IMAGE #5 The immediate impact of the Louisiana Territory was that it a. brought about conflicts with Spain, Britain, and France. b. doubled the size of the United States. c. led to war between the United States and the Iroquois. d. allowed for slavery to enter the territory.

SEE IMAGE #6 The cartoon was probably drawn by a. an opponent of the trend toward more democracy in the United States. b. an artist using a log cabin to symbolize the "common man". c. a critic of the United States military. d. a Democratic Party newspaperman.

SEE IMAGE #6 The purpose of the cartoon was to a. urge American men to join the United States army. b. urge support for the Whig candidate for President. c. appeal to consumers to purchase more hard cider. d. illustrate that log cabins were a unique style of house in the United States.

SEE IMAGE #6 The reference to Harrison and Tyler in the cartoon refers to a. recruiters for the United States army. b. candidates for President and Vice-President. c. the owners of the log cabin. d. manufacturers of hard cider.

SEE IMAGE #7 Similar circumstances to those depicted in the cartoon existed during the presidential administration of a. President William Henry Harrison. b. President Herbert Hoover. c. President James K. Polk. d. President Calvin Coolidge.

SEE IMAGE #7 The cartoon refers to a. the British invasion of the United States in the War of 1812. b. an economic panic that gripped the country. c. a campaign poster arguing against prohibition. d. a campaign poster urging the reelection of President Van Buren.

SEE IMAGE #8 Hiring young women to work in the factories in the early 1800s was called a. the Monroe Doctrine. b. the Lowell System. c. "the Era of Good Feelings". d. the American System.

SEE IMAGE #9 The painting represents an idea similar to that of a. opponents of the temperance movement. b. American romantic authors. c. American realist authors. d. critics of growing democracy.

"From decades of debate on the colonists' right to self-government, popular sovereignty had emerged as the basic principle of legitimate government. But how was this principle to be realized in practice? ...Whig social contract theory specified that sovereignty resided in the will of the majority of the participants in the contract, limited only by the individual member's right to life, liberty, and property. Applied to the colonies, the question was, who were the legitimate participants in the new polity based on contract?" Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions, 1980 Which of the following would have argued most energetically in support of a limited definition of the legitimate participants in government? a. Enlightenment philosophers b. Thomas Paine c. The Federalists d. Frontiersmen

"I am not a Know Nothing. That is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we began declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal, except negroes." When the Know Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty—to Russia, for instance..." Abraham Lincoln, letter to Joshua Street, August 1855 Which of the following most accurately describes the Know-Nothings of whom Lincoln speaks? a. They believed the Declaration of Independence needed to be rewritten to include negroes. b. They argued for the emancipation of slavery. c. They were nativists. d. Many resided in the North and were abolitionists.

"I must confine myself to few examples, but am ready to furnish other and more complete details, if required. If my pictures are displeasing, coarse, and severe, my subjects must be recollected, offer no tranquil, refined, or composing features. The condition of human beings, reduced to the extremest states of degradation and misery, cannot be exhibited in softened language, or adorn a polished page. I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons, confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience." Dorothea Dix, 1843 Many reforms of the antebellum period were caused by a. a fear of too much power of the national government. b. a demand for federal government reform programs. c. both the industrial and democratic growth of the country. d. a fear of growing democracy.

"I must confine myself to few examples, but am ready to furnish other and more complete details, if required. If my pictures are displeasing, coarse, and severe, my subjects must be recollected, offer no tranquil, refined, or composing features. The condition of human beings, reduced to the extremest states of degradation and misery, cannot be exhibited in softened language, or adorn a polished page. I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons, confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience." Dorothea Dix, 1843 The revivals of the Second Great Awakening inspired a. a series of slave revolts. b. anti-democratic sentiments among most American leaders. c. numerous humanitarian crusades. d. new religious revivalism which emphasized Roman Catholicism.

"I told him I thought that every man, when he was free, could have his rights and protect [himself]. He said, "The colored people could never protect themselves among the white people. So you had all better stay with the white people who raised you and make contracts with them to work by the year for one-fifth of all you make. And next year you can get one-third, and the next you maybe work for one-half you make. We have contracts for you all to sign, to work for one-twentieth you make from now until the crop is ended, and then next year you all can make another crop and get more of it."" Senate Report 693, 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880 To ensure that African Americans in the South would adhere to rules and laws of work, a. schools were established to teach these freedmen about the rules and laws. b. assembly meetings were held in each of the local towns informing the freedmen of the rules and laws. c. each Southern state adopted their own black codes of work. d. a letter was sent to each worker notifying them of the rules and laws.

"It is an important and consoling FACT, that it is already ascertained from the returns of the electoral votes, that JOHN ADAMS has been reelected President of the United States., by a MAJORITY OF ALL THE FREE PEOPLE THEREOF. This fact ought to be proclaimed to the world, that the reputation of our country may not sink in the estimation of the wise and good of other countries: - who will regret that any policy shall impose on the United States a Chief Magistrate elected by the influence of Negro slaves..." Columbian Centinel , December 24, 1800 In this election a. the opponent was favorable toward slaves. b. slaves were able to vote for the first time. c. slave owners were the majority of voters. d. new laws concerning slavery were going to be implemented.

SEE IMAGE #5 Which of the following was the main reason for the Louisiana Purchase? a. The extension of slavery b. The U.S. wanted to dominate the North American continent c. The acquisition of new lands for farming and markets d. To build canals and roads

"It is an important and consoling FACT, that it is already ascertained from the returns of the electoral votes, that JOHN ADAMS has been reelected President of the United States., by a MAJORITY OF ALL THE FREE PEOPLE THEREOF. This fact ought to be proclaimed to the world, that the reputation of our country may not sink in the estimation of the wise and good of other countries: - who will regret that any policy shall impose on the United States a Chief Magistrate elected by the influence of Negro slaves..." Columbian Centinel , December 24, 1800 The revolution which occurred as a result of this election was a. the overthrow of the King of England and the United States becoming independent. b. removing the French from the Louisiana Territory. c. the first time the presidency changed from one political party to another. d. the election of a president for the first time under the Constitution.

"It is an important and consoling FACT, that it is already ascertained from the returns of the electoral votes, that JOHN ADAMS has been reelected President of the United States., by a MAJORITY OF ALL THE FREE PEOPLE THEREOF. This fact ought to be proclaimed to the world, that the reputation of our country may not sink in the estimation of the wise and good of other countries: - who will regret that any policy shall impose on the United States a Chief Magistrate elected by the influence of Negro slaves..." Columbian Centinel , December 24, 1800 Which of the following is true about the article? a. It has a non-biased view in proclaiming a winner b. One can see support for the Anti-Federalists c. It is biased toward the Federalist party d. It favors the Democratic -Republican party

"Run away from the Subscriber, the First of January, twelve Months past, a Negro Man, named Cato, who has since his Elopement changed his Name several times: Had on when he went away, a Pair of Buckskin Breeches, fine brown Linen Shirt...Underneath his right shoulder Blade he was branded in Jamaica when a Boy with the letters BC, which are plain to be seen...It is supposed he has a forged Pass." Runaway slave notice, Pennsylvania Gazette, August 11, 1757 The use of slaves in the American colonies, as depicted in the excerpt, reflects which of the following historical trends? a. The decline of interest in colonial goods b. English acceptance of cross-racial sexual unions and intermarriage c. The inability of Europeans to enslave Native Americans. d. British belief in the inherent equality of all people

"There is I think great danger that [the new United States government] will be [a failure] unless the tottering system shall be supported by arms... What is the cause of this commotion [in Western Massachusetts]? [The farmers] just complained of commutation, of the weight of the public taxes, of the insupportable debt of the union, of the scarcity of money, and of the cruelty of suffering the private creditors to call for their just dues. ...The proportion of debtors run high in this State. Too many of them are against the government. The men of property, and the holders of the public securities are generally abettors of our present constitution." Benjamin Lincoln, letter to George Washington, 1786 The political and economic ideas of the farmers described in this passage were most likely developed because of a. the region's reliance upon the credit from Great Britain. b. the farmers' successful experience with utopian societies. c. the cultural distinctiveness of the backcountry as compared to the urbanizing areas. d. the farmer's good relations with the Native Americans.

"This infamous decision of the Slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court maintains that slaves are within the contemplation of the Constitution of the United States, property...The Constitution, as well as the Declaration of Independence, and the sentiments of the founders of the Republic, give us a platform broad enough to support the most comprehensive plans for the freedom and elevation of all the people of this country." Frederick Douglass, May 1857 Which of the following later historical developments aided blacks in gaining their freedom and liberty? a. The rewriting of the Declaration of Independence b. The adoption "black codes" in the South c. The approval of key amendments to the Constitution d. The successful defense of black rights by the Supreme Court

"We thought it our duty . . . to set forth in this our Declaration, the true state and condition of this country in general and our particular . . . disabilit[y] to . . . [engage in] war at the time of this invasion [by the Dutch]. . .. [We] therefore do most humbly beseech your majesty and your most honorable council to consider that Virginia is intersected by so many vast rivers as makes more miles to defend than we have men of trust to defend them. For by our nearest computation we leave at our backs as many servants (besides Negroes) .as there are freemen to defend the shores and all our frontiers [against the Indians]. . .. This gives men fearful apprehensions of the danger they leave their estates and families in, while they are drawn from their houses to defend the borders. Also at least one third [of the freemen available for defense] are single freemen (whose labor will hardly maintain them) or men in such debt, . . . [Whom] we may reasonably expect upon any small advantage the enemy may gain upon us, . . .[to defect] to them in hopes of bettering their condition by sharing the plunder of the country with them." Governor Berkeley and His Council, Report on their Inability to Defend Virginia Against a Dutch Attack, December 1673 Which of the following represents a later example of the ideas highlighted in the passage? a. The African slave trade was largely ended by the time of the French and Indian War. b. The intensity and frequency of Native American warfare decreased in the period before the French and Indian War.This answer is incorrect. c. The intensity and frequency of Native American warfare increased in the period before the French and Indian War. d. Large numbers of colonists refused to defend their land from Indian attacks.

SEE IMAGE #13 The insurrection depicted above occurred as a result of a. Lincoln's election to the presidency. b. the beginning of the Civil War. c. the secession of the Southern states from the Union. d. the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court.

"Wee must be knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion... wee must delight in eache other, make others Condicions our owne rejoyce together, mourne together, labour, and suffer together... soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome power goodnes and truthe then formerly wee have beene acquainted with, wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when tenn of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when hee shall make us a prayse and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake." John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity, 1630 John Winthrop's speech reflects which of the following trends? a. Enlightenment notions of the importance of science and reason b. Competition between European nations over natural resources in the new world c. The Puritans who settled Massachusetts Bay Colony were mostly like-minded d. Increasing hostility with Native Americans in New England

"Wee must be knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion... wee must delight in eache other, make others Condicions our owne rejoyce together, mourne together, labour, and suffer together... soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome power goodnes and truthe then formerly wee have beene acquainted with, wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when tenn of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when hee shall make us a prayse and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake." John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity, 1630 Which of the following represents a later example of the ideas highlighted in the passage? a. The opening of the Louisiana Territory after it was purchased from France b. Support of farmers during the Industrial Revolution c. The religious revivals of the 18th and 19th centuries d. The Populist movement of the 19th century

"Whereas it is... essential to our Interest, and the Security of our Colonies, that the several Nations or Tribes of Indians ...who live under our Protection, should not be molested or disturbed ...--We do therefore,...declare it to be our Royal Will and Pleasure... for the use of the said Indians, [to be reserved] all the Lands and Territories ...lying to the Westward of the Sources of the Rivers [along the Appalachian Mountains] which fall into the Sea....And We do hereby strictly forbid... all our loving Subjects from... taking Possession of any of the Lands above reserved..." The Royal Proclamation, King George III, October 1763 Which of the following best explains why British colonists would have been frustrated by the Proclamation above? a. Increased attempts to regulate the colonial economy led many colonists to protest British rule. b. Repeated Native American raids of colonial outposts led to significant hostility among British colonists towards the Native Americans. c. Population growth in the British colonies led many to seek land along the frontier between British territory and traditional tribal lands. d. Nationalist desires to compete with the French drove many colonists to attempt to expand Northward.

"With a good deal of surprise I have observed that little notice has been taken of an act of Parliament...If the Parliament may lawfully deprive New York of any of her rights, it may deprive any or all the other colonies of their rights; and nothing can possibly so much encourage such attempts as a mutual inattention to the interest of each other. To divide and thus to destroy is the first political maxim in attacking those who are powerful by their union. He certainly is not a wise man who folds his arms and reposes himself at home, seeing with unconcern the flames that have invaded his neighbor's house without using any endeavors to extinguish them." Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer, The Boston Chronicle, 1767 The Pennsylvania Farmer's reference to the acts of Parliament concerning the colony of New York reveal a. the shared economic interests of New York merchants and Pennsylvania farmers. b. the influence of radical colonial elites on the consciousness of the American colonies. c. the development of a sense of common identity among the American colonists. d. the extent of British military dominance over the American colonies.

SEE IMAGE #10 Which of the following is true of the event depicted in the image? a. It led to numerous slave insurrections throughout the United States. b. Southerners immediately invaded the North to defend slavery. c. The leader of the insurrection (John Brown) became a martyr upon his execution. d. The event led to an invasion of the South by the Union army seeking to end slavery.

SEE IMAGE #12 The poster is calling for support from a. slaves seeking their freedom. b. abolitionists. c. defenders of the Confederate States of America. d. the United States army.

SEE IMAGE #13 Which of the following historical events was a direct result of the 1859 event depicted above? a. Southern "Fire-eaters" took control of both houses of the U.S. Congress b. James Buchanan was elected president c. The Democratic Party split into northern and southern factions d. The Republican Party was created and ran its first candidate for national office, Abraham Lincoln

SEE IMAGE #13 Which of the following is true of this 1859 event depicted in the above image? a. It led to numerous slave insurrections throughout the United States. b. The event led to an invasion of the South by the Union army seeking to end slavery. c. The leader of the insurrection became a martyr upon his execution. d. Southerners immediately invaded the North to defend slavery.

SEE IMAGE #3 The national government's policies concerning the lands ceded by the states would most directly feed into a. the debate over the relative power of the states and national government. b. the sectional division in the United States over the issue of slavery. c. the ideology of manifest destiny. d. the nation's conflict with the Spanish.

SEE IMAGE #4 Works of art such as this one emphasized a. enduring hostilities toward the British, even after the end of the war. b. the impact of inequality on the war effort. c. the idealization of women's role in the American political society. d. the commitment of the new nation to providing equal citizenship rights for all Americans.

". . . Your letter alludes to many topics of interest. First of all this 'Woman's Rights Convention,' held at Worcester, Mass. I have read through all the proceedings carefully. They show great energy, much right feeling, but not, to my judgment, a great amount of strong, clear thought. This last, of course, one ought not to expect in the beginning; but in my own mind I have settled it as a society to respect, to feel sympathy for, to help incidentally, but not—for me—to work with body and soul. I cannot sympathize fully with an anti-man movement. I have had too much kindness, aid, and just recognition from men to make such attitude of women otherwise than painful; and I think the true end of freedom may be gained better in another way... But I feel a little perplexed by the main object of the Convention -- Woman's Rights. The great object of education has nothing to do with a woman's rights, or man's rights, but with the development of the human soul and body. But let me know how you mean to treat the subject, and I will render you what aid I can . . . . My head is full of the idea of organisation, but not the organisation of women in opposition to men. I have been lately meditating constantly on this idea, and seeking some principle of organisation which should be a constantly growing one, until it became adequate to meet the wants of the time . . ." Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, December 24, 1850 Which of the following ideas provides the best evidence in support of Blackwell's argument? a. Women should not have held the Seneca Falls Convention (1848). b. Men should be the controllers of all of society, including women. c. Women are right to have a convention to express their views. d. Education is not anti-man or anti-woman; it is for the development of all people.

". . . Your letter alludes to many topics of interest. First of all this 'Woman's Rights Convention,' held at Worcester, Mass. I have read through all the proceedings carefully. They show great energy, much right feeling, but not, to my judgment, a great amount of strong, clear thought. This last, of course, one ought not to expect in the beginning; but in my own mind I have settled it as a society to respect, to feel sympathy for, to help incidentally, but not—for me—to work with body and soul. I cannot sympathize fully with an anti-man movement. I have had too much kindness, aid, and just recognition from men to make such attitude of women otherwise than painful; and I think the true end of freedom may be gained better in another way... But I feel a little perplexed by the main object of the Convention -- Woman's Rights. The great object of education has nothing to do with a woman's rights, or man's rights, but with the development of the human soul and body. But let me know how you mean to treat the subject, and I will render you what aid I can . . . . My head is full of the idea of organisation, but not the organisation of women in opposition to men. I have been lately meditating constantly on this idea, and seeking some principle of organisation which should be a constantly growing one, until it became adequate to meet the wants of the time . . ." Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, December 24, 1850 Which one of the following ideas describes Blackwell's beliefs? a. She believes meditation is the best way to get ideas for organization of mind and soul. b. She thinks that women's conventions are not the right path to gaining equality for women. c. Blackwell feels sympathetic to women and their cause but chooses not to be part of it. d. Men have provided Blackwell with caring and support throughout her life and she will not speak against them.

"...Is there one person of understanding & reflection among you who will not admit that every consideration of justice, humanity, and safety, forbids that any more Negroes should be brought into your state, and yet it is well known that the avarice of your citizens, and the rage for acquiring that property has broke through all legal restrictions,... Trust not on your Eastern friends for aid, if you do not enforce righteous measures for your own safety;... Already they begin to resist that principle in the Constitution which admits the Negroes of the Southern States to increase the number of Representatives in the Congress of the United States." William Few, Letter to Georgia Governor Edward Telfair, 1804 The content of this letter reflects the conflict between a. proponents of local government and those that advocated for a stronger national government. b. the emotional tone of the Protestant revival of the 1730s and the reason-based Enlightenment. c. Native Americans and the ever growing tide of white settlers on the frontier. d. the varying regional attitudes over economic, social, and moral policy decisions.

"Be it enacted...That from and after [December 25, 1733] there shall be raised, levied, collected and paid, unto and for the use of his Majesty...upon all rum or spirits of the produce or manufacture of any of the colonies or plantations in America...the sum of nine pence, money of Great Britain...for every gallon thereof, and after that for any greater or lesser quantity: and upon all molasses or syrups of such foreign produce or manufacture..." The Molasses Act, May 17, 1733 The excerpt reflects which of the following historical trends from the period 1607-1754? a. Evolving ideas of local governance in the British colonies b. Colonial resistance to British attempts to organize and manage colonial trade c. British colonists' indifference to British attempts to organize and manage colonial trade d. 17th century British mercantilist attempts to organize and manage colonial trade

"British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating the American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing and carrying off persons sailing under it, not in the exercise of a belligerent right founded on the law of nations against an enemy, but of a municipal [internal] prerogative over British subjects. British jurisdiction is thus extended to neutral vessels... " James Madison, 1812 As a result of the War of 1812, a. British sympathizers were forced to leave the United States. b. British soldiers left the forts in the Northwest Territory that they had occupied since colonial times. c. the United States lost a devastating war, which took years to recover from. d. there was a great surge of nationalism in the United States.

"British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating the American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing and carrying off persons sailing under it, not in the exercise of a belligerent right founded on the law of nations against an enemy, but of a municipal [internal] prerogative over British subjects. British jurisdiction is thus extended to neutral vessels... " James Madison, 1812 Which of the following is James Madison speaking of? a. The British still believing the citizens of the U.S. are British citizens b. The British not trading fairly c. The taking of the American flag by the British d. Impressment of American sailors

"For the increase of shipping and encouragement of the navigation of this nation wherein, under the good providence and protection of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of this kingdom is so much concerned; (2) be it enacted by the king's most excellent Majesty, and by the Lords and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority thereof, that from and after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred and sixty, and from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging or in his possession, or which may hereafter belong unto or be in the possession of his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, in Asia, Africa, or America, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England or Ireland, dominion of Wales or town of Berwick upon Tweed, or are of the built of and belonging to any the said lands, islands, plantations, or territories, as the proprietors and right owners thereof, and whereof the master and three fourths of the mariners at least are English." The Navigation Act of September 13, 1660 The legislation excerpted above reflects which of the following trends? a. Colonial attempts to bypass British legislation b. British attempts to appease colonists after numerous civil insurrections c. British attempts to develop regional differences in the colonies d. Limited British attempts to regulate colonial economics

"From decades of debate on the colonists' right to self-government, popular sovereignty had emerged as the basic principle of legitimate government. But how was this principle to be realized in practice? ...Whig social contract theory specified that sovereignty resided in the will of the majority of the participants in the contract, limited only by the individual member's right to life, liberty, and property. Applied to the colonies, the question was, who were the legitimate participants in the new polity based on contract?" Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions, 1980 What was generally accepted as a necessary qualification for the rights of citizenship in the first few decades of United States' government? a. Having been born in territories of the United States b. Participation in the American Revolution c. Membership in the Federalist Party d. Ownership of property

"I am not a Know Nothing. That is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we began declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal, except negroes." When the Know Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty—to Russia, for instance..." Abraham Lincoln, letter to Joshua Street, August 1855 Which of the following reflects Lincoln's beliefs as stated in his letter? a. He is ready to emigrate to Russia. b. The Declaration of Independence needs to be changed to include "negroes, foreigners, and catholics." c. He is in favor of "degrading white classes of people." d. He is against the political ideologies of the Know-Nothings.

SEE IMAGE #2 Washington Crossing the Delaware, Emanuel Leutze, 1851 The character of the American Revolution and earliest American government, as described here, can most closely be attributed to a. the colonies' strong political ties to the British system of hereditary privilege. b. Americans' commitment to establishing a centralized government. c. America's rejection of the writings of radical philosophers. d. America's belief in the Enlightenment principles of limited government and individual liberty.

"It is thus that our political system, resting on the great principle involved in the recognized diversity of geographical interests in the community, has, in theory, with admiral sagacity, provided the most efficient check against their dangers. Looking to the facts, the Constitution has formed the States into a community only to the extent of their common interests; leaving them distinct and independent communities as to all other interests, and drawing the line of separation with consummate skill, as before stated." John C. Calhoun, 1828 The above passage was written in response to the a. creation of the 36° 30¢ line of Missouri. b. treaty establishing the United States-Canada boundary. c. economic panic after the War of 1812. d. passage of the protective tariff of 1828.

"No Negro shall leave the place at any time without my permission...No Negro shall be allowed to marry out of the plantation...No rule I have stated is of more importance than that relating to negroes marrying out of the plantation...It creates a feeling of independence, from being, of right, out of the control of the masters for a time. Never allow any man to talk to your Negroes, nothing more injurious." Rules of Highland Plantation, 1838 Criticisms of the attitudes expressed in the excerpt led to a. more and more southerners forming organizations to help free the slaves. b. slaves rebelling for freedom more often and with more success. c. more and more owners selling off their slaves. d. churches beginning to divide due to a dispute over whether or not slavery was justified in the Bible.

"No Negro shall leave the place at any time without my permission...No Negro shall be allowed to marry out of the plantation...No rule I have stated is of more importance than that relating to negroes marrying out of the plantation...It creates a feeling of independence, from being, of right, out of the control of the masters for a time. Never allow any man to talk to your Negroes, nothing more injurious." Rules of Highland Plantation, 1838 In the decades before the Civil War, slave owners a. provided separate villages for the slaves to come together for worship and marriage. b. formed a union to prevent the abolitionists from gaining power. c. empowered by the slave revolts became less harsh toward their slaves. d. created a set of proslavery arguments justifying slavery as a positive good.

"Run away from the Subscriber, the First of January, twelve Months past, a Negro Man, named Cato, who has since his Elopement changed his Name several times: Had on when he went away, a Pair of Buckskin Breeches, fine brown Linen Shirt...Underneath his right shoulder Blade he was branded in Jamaica when a Boy with the letters BC, which are plain to be seen...It is supposed he has a forged Pass." Runaway slave notice, Pennsylvania Gazette, August 11, 1757 The excerpt most directly undermines which of the following assertions? a. Slavery resulted in altered kinship relationships in the colonies. b. Colonists used slavery to exploit long growing seasons and favorable climates. c. The British relied on slavery because of strongly held ideas of racial and cultural superiority. d. Slaves were largely complacent and happy in their social status.

"The question, whether an act, repugnant to the constitution, can become the law of the land, is a question deeply interesting to the United States, but, happily, not of an intimacy proportioned to its interest. It seems only necessary to recognize certain principles, supposed to have been long and well established to decide it... Thus, the particular phraseology of the constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the constitution is void; and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument..." Chief Justice John Marshall, 1803 In this excerpt, "the law of the land" a. must go through several phases before it becomes law. b. is void if it only recognizes certain principles. c. is a real concern as no one in the United States knows what it is. d. has to abide by the Constitution.

"The question, whether an act, repugnant to the constitution, can become the law of the land, is a question deeply interesting to the United States, but, happily, not of an intimacy proportioned to its interest. It seems only necessary to recognize certain principles, supposed to have been long and well established to decide it... Thus, the particular phraseology of the constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the constitution is void; and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument..." Chief Justice John Marshall, 1803 Which of the following judicial concepts is the above passage referring to? a. The three branches of government b. The necessary and proper clause c. Separation of powers d. Judicial review

"There is I think great danger that [the new United States government] will be [a failure] unless the tottering system shall be supported by arms... What is the cause of this commotion [in Western Massachusetts]? [The farmers] just complained of commutation, of the weight of the public taxes, of the insupportable debt of the union, of the scarcity of money, and of the cruelty of suffering the private creditors to call for their just dues. ...The proportion of debtors run high in this State. Too many of them are against the government. The men of property, and the holders of the public securities are generally abettors of our present constitution." Benjamin Lincoln, letter to George Washington, 1786 The conflict described in the passage most nearly reflects similar debates during a. the Civil War, over the powers of the national government. b. the Great Depression, over the nature of federal work relief programs. c. the 1950s, over the rise of consumerism. d. the Gilded Age, over the state of the nation's currency policies.

"There is I think great danger that [the new United States government] will be [a failure] unless the tottering system shall be supported by arms... What is the cause of this commotion [in Western Massachusetts]? [The farmers] just complained of commutation, of the weight of the public taxes, of the insupportable debt of the union, of the scarcity of money, and of the cruelty of suffering the private creditors to call for their just dues. ...The proportion of debtors run high in this State. Too many of them are against the government. The men of property, and the holders of the public securities are generally abettors of our present constitution." Benjamin Lincoln, letter to George Washington, 1786 This conflict described in this letter reveals the tension between a. Northern and Southern colonists over the nation's economic policies. b. British Loyalists and American revolutionaries over the legacy of the Revolution. c. white settlers and the Native Americans over trade agreements. d. frontiersmen and the elites over the role of government.

"Unjust laws exist; shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once? Men generally, under such government as this, think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them. They think that, if they should resist, the remedy would be worse than the evil. But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil. It makes it worse. ..Why does it not cherish its wise majority? Why does it cry and resist before it is hurt? ..." Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience," 1848 Which of the following is correct according to Thoreau? a. People should obey all laws until government sees fit to change the laws. b. The majority is always correct in government. c. Those that disobey the law should be punished. d. People should resist unjust laws.

Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754 The ideas suggested by the drawing were largely the product of a. the Pueblo Revolt. b. Spanish and French acceptance of racial intermarriage. c. territorial expansion in the American west. d. half a century of salutary neglect by the British government.

Commandancy of the Alamo Bejar, Feby. 24, 1836 To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World Fellow citizens & compatriots I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the walls I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country VICTORY OR DEATH. William Barret Travis, Lt. Col. comdt. P.S. The Lord is on our side. When the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of corn. We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels and got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves. Travis After the Alamo, a. war between the United States and Mexico began. b. the border between the United States and Mexico was established at the Rio Grande River. c. Texas was again part of Mexico. d. Texas became an independent republic.

Commandancy of the Alamo Bejar, Feby. 24, 1836 To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World Fellow citizens & compatriots I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the walls I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country VICTORY OR DEATH. William Barret Travis, Lt. Col. comdt. P.S. The Lord is on our side. When the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of corn. We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels and got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves. Travis Santa Anna was besieging the Alamo because a. of the American cry " Remember the Alamo". b. he wanted to show the American government he would bring power to Mexico. c. the Americans had no right to be on Mexican land. d. he wanted to crush the uprising against his becoming dictator.

Commandancy of the Alamo Bejar, Feby. 24, 1836 To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World Fellow citizens & compatriots I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the walls I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism & everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid, with all dispatch The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of his country VICTORY OR DEATH. William Barret Travis, Lt. Col. comdt. P.S. The Lord is on our side. When the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of corn. We have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels and got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves. Travis The settlers who came to the Texas territory a. embraced the terms and conditions set by the Mexican government. b. renounced any allegiance to the United States and became Mexican citizens. c. refused to intermarry with the Mexican population. d. brought slaves and cotton production with them.

SEE IMAGE The British response to events like the one pictured here a. helped consolidate European support for the British crown. b. were based on the British commitment to the Enlightenment. c. attempted to counteract the colonists financial advantages. d. strengthened the resolve of more colonists to resist British policies.

SEE IMAGE #10 Which of the following historical events was a direct result of the 1859 event depicted? a. The Civil War began in a matter of days. b. Southern "Fire-eaters" took control of both houses of the U.S. Congress c. The Republican Party was created and ran its first candidate for national office, Abraham Lincoln d. The Democratic Party split into northern and southern factions

SEE IMAGE #11 According to the map depicted above what provided the greatest obstacle for the rider? a. Squatters living on their unclaimed land b. The fencing in of ranch land for cattle and sheep c. American Indian reservations d. The geographic terrain of mountains and deserts

SEE IMAGE #12 According to this poster, the men who went off to war a. had their pay sent back home to their families to assist with family expenses. b. would receive their military commissions at Staunton. c. were paid a bounty for their service. d. were volunteering to fight as a sense of Southern pride and duty.

SEE IMAGE #12 As depicted in this poster, a. the war was a call to arms to stop slave insurrections. b. men were needed to fight the Loyalists. c. men, women, and children were needed to fight. d. the war had already started.

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