Exam II ITR

Match the name of the Roman statesman with an accurate description of him. Cato the Younger Catiline Cicero

Cato the Younger - Conservative politician known for austere morality Catilinie - From a patrician family with ancient origins Cicero - Rose up from humble origins

Because he was a former slave, the wealthy freedman Trimalchio (in Petronius' Satyricon) refused to own slaves himself.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Antoninus Pius was a "restless innovator" like his predecessor, Hadrian.

False

True or false: According to Woolf, organized religion is older than ritual in human history.

False

True or false: Varro calls enslaved individuals "inarticulate instruments."

False

Which of the following statements about the Arian Heresy are TRUE?

- the Arian Heresy resulted in the renewal of persecution of Christians - the Arian Heresy arose in Egypt - Arian argued that Christ was "of different substance" from God - it was named after Arius, a priest who opposed leniency toward Christians who had betrayed their faith during Diocletian's persecution - Arius was excommunicated by Bishop Alexander of Alexandria

Which of the following happened during, or was considered part of, the Third Century Crisis?

- the Balkan region of eastern Europe became overrun with Germanic and Gothic tribes - the empire is divided into three: the Gallic empire, the Roman empire, and the Palmyrene empire - rapid succession of emperors based primarily on their standing in the army - widespread economic decline - the legitimacy of the Roman emperor collapses - the Alamanni invaded the upper Rhine region

Use the pull-down menu to select whether the following statements describe Pertinax or Septimius Severus. 1. Though educated in Latin and Greek, he primarily spoke Punic. Septimius Severus 2. He quickly rose through the ranks to become a Roman senator. Pertinax

1. Septimius Severus 2. Pertinax

True or false: 1. Edicts of Toleration were issued by Galerius in 311, and by Constantine and Licinius at Milan in 313. 2. It was unusual for Roman emperors to construct temples to divinities in Rome.

1. True 2. False

True or false: 1. Empresses played an important role in the empire as the mothers of potential future emperors. 2. The wives of emperors remained secluded in the palace and rarely appeared publicly.

1. True 2. False

True or false: 1. Octavian's war against Antony and Cleopatra resulting in the absorption of Egypt into the Roman empire. 2. Like Sulla, Octavian relied on legislation to fix the problems of the collapsing Republic.

1. True 2. False

True or False: 1. Lucilla, Commodus' sister, was involved in a plot to assassinate Commodus with her two lovers. 2. As emperor, Commodus understood the importance of maintaining the good will of the senatorial elites. 3. Marcus Aurelius had done little to prepare his son Commodus to become the next emperor. 4. Both Lucilla, Commodus' sister, and his wife Bruttia Crispina, were executed after a short period of exile on the island of Capri.

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

True or False: 1. Ancient Roman slavery was not based entirely on the race or ethnicity of the slave. 2. Some Romans organized to abolish the institution of slavery during the late Empire. 3. Rome experienced three major slave uprising during the Republican period. 4. Rome experienced five major slave uprising during the Republican period. 5. There is no evidence that Roman slaves ever attempted to run away from their owners 6. A slave revolt rose up in Italy under the leadership of a former gladiator, named Spartacus.

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. True

True or False: 1. One characteristic of slave society is when the slaves play an important role in production. 2. Classical Athens between 500-323 BCE would be an example of a slave society. 3. The antebellum United States would NOT be an example of a slave society.

1. True 2. True 3. False

True or false: 1. At its greatest extent, the Roman empire extended from Britain in the north to Egypt in the south. 2. A client state was a region controlled by local authorities, but typically would not be allowed to make decisions without the permission of the Roman empire. 3. Imperial provinces were typically controlled by senators who are granted the status of governors.

1. True 2. True 3. False

Who were the four emperors that ruled Rome, within the span of one year, after the death of Nero?

Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian

Match the person on the left with their correct description on the right: Galerius Constantine Maxentius Diocletian

Galerius - issued the Edict of Toleration that granted Christians freedom of worship Constantine - invaded Italy in 312 and defeated Maxentius Maxentius - was defeated at the Battle of Milvian bridge Diocletian - established the Tetrarchy

Match the Roman emperor with a statement that describes him. Marcus Aurelius Vespasian Hadrian

Marcus Aurelius - spent most of his emperorship putting down various revolts and insurrections in the different Roman frontiers Vespasian - constructed a Temple of Peace in Rome displaying spoils from the First Jewish War Hadrian - admired the art and intellectual pursuits evident in the provinces, especially Greece and Egypt

Who were the five "good" emperors of the second century?

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

Match the name of the emperor to a correct description of him. Tiberius Galba Marcus Aurelius

Tiberius - emperor of Rome until 37 CE; lacked the charisma of his predecessor Augustus Galba - the first of the four emperors of 69 CE; failed to win over the Roman people and was murdered Marcus Aurelius - became emperor through adoption by Hadrian; father of Commodus

Match the Roman leader with a correct description of him. Tiberius Gracchus Sulla Crassus

Tiberius Gracchus - First tribune to use this office to oppose the Senate Sulla - First Roman citizen to lead an army against Rome Crassus - Was killed while on campaign against the Parthians

TRUE OR FALSE: Hadrian undertook a massive restructuring of imperial administration during his reign.

True

True or false: According to Woolf, emperors were important symbolic centers, presenting the empire itself.

True

True or false: According to Woolf, the idea that religion is an organized body and that one must choose one religion to belong to is a modern, not ancient, concept.

True

True or false: Roman coinage often depicted images of the emperor.

True

True or false: Slaves from Gaul or Germany, which were considered 'uncivilized' regions, were more likely to work in factory, mine or on a farm.

True

True or false: The Catilinarian conspiracy was emblematic of trends in the Late Republic, including the ability of a charismatic figure to marshall a military force.

True

Which of the following resulted from Cicero's exposure of the Catilinarian conspiracy?

- Cicero is hailed as pater patriae (father of the fatherland) - other conspirators are executed without a trial

What were some of the sources for Roman slave labor?

- war captives - kidnapping

True or false: 1. Roman freedmen could not vote. 2. The son of a freedman was a free citizen

1. False 2. True

Match the member of the Julio-Claudian family with their reign as emperor. Caligula Nero Augustus

Caligula - 37-41 CE Nero - 54-68 CE Augustus - 27 BCE-14 CE

Match the name of the Julio-Claudian emperor with the statement that describes him. Nero Claudius Caligula

Nero - he was the last Julio-Claudian emperor, he was the son of Agrippina Claudius - he annexed Britain and Mauretania in north Africa, he was a marginal figure in the imperial family who had a stutter and a limp Caligula - he was assassinated by his own Praetorian Guard, he named his horse a consul

How was Augustus successful in presenting himself as still part of the Republic, while in reality was acting as the sole ruler of Rome?

he claimed he returned all his power back to the Senate and people of Rome

What was Tiberius' primary failure as emperor of Rome?

he retreats from city life, leaving the empire in the hands of his Praetorian Prefect, Sejanus who purged his political enemies through treason trials

Which of the following was one of the powers bestowed upon Augustus as a result of the Second Constitutional Settlement?

imperium maius (greater imperium)

What were the two Jewish cities defeated by Titus in 70 and 73 CE?

Jerusalem and Masada

Which of the following were problems and trends during the second century which would cause problems for the third century and beyond?

- Defense - Centralization of Political Power - Increasing Militarization

In what ways did Rome maintain control over its provinces?

- providing and maintaining infrastructure - local provincial elites were given benefits for supporting Rome, including citizenship and tax breaks

Which of the following are characteristics of the reigns of the "Five Good Emperors"?

- succession by adoption, rather than by birth - promotion of civilitas ("acting like a good citizen") - good relations with the Senate and People of Rome

Match the name on the left with a correct description of that person. Macrinus Julia Soaemias Severus Alexander Julia Maesa Elagabalus

- Macrinus the ringleader in the assassination of Caracalla - Julia Soaemias mother of Elagabalus; was killed by the Praetorian Guard and thrown into the Tiber - Severus Alexander became emperor in 222 CE when he was only 14 years old - Julia Maesa sister of Julia Domna, who concocted story that Elagabalus was the son of Caracalla - Elagabalus became emperor in 218 CE; assumed the name of a Syrian god

Which of the following statements about the Donatist Schism are TRUE?

- it is named after Donatus, who endured six years of prison and torture under Diocletian's persecutions - Constantine's persecution of the Donatists only heightened their fanaticism - the dispute rose to a crescendo when Constantine denied the Donatists a share in the benefactions that he had granted to the African clergy

Which of the following tried to claim the emperorship after the death of Commodus?

- Septimius Severus - Didius Julianus - Pertinax - Pescennius Niger

Which of the following statements about Tiberius Gracchus are TRUE?

- in an unprecedented move, he sought re-election to the office of the tribune of the plebs - he proposed land reform to increase the number of citizen landholders - he was a tribune of the plebs - he tried to get public lands redistributed to poorer members of Roman society - he proposed land reform to increase the number of citizen landholders - he was assassinated

Which of the following were factors that led to instability and ultimately the collapse of the Republic?

- inability or unwillingness to manage provincial commands - unequal distribution of rewards of empire - increasing demand on military service

Which of the following statements about Caesar are TRUE?

- as dictator for life (perpetuus), he established a new calendar based on the solar year - his campaigns in Gaul were very successful and obtained for him an abundance of plunder and powerful army at his disposal - he married his daughter Julia to Pompeius as part of their political alliance - he marched his army against Rome - he was elected consul in 60 BCE - as dictator for life (perpetuus), he reorganized the courts and the administration of the provinces

According to Shelton, which of the following were sources for enslaved individuals in ancient Rome?

- children of enslaved individuals - children sold by their families - people convicted of capital crimes

What kind of jobs might slaves in wealthy private homes have?

- cooks - nurses - housecleaners

Which of the following were consequences of the Council of Nicaea?

- it declared Christ as "of the same substance with the Father" and proclaimed the Trinity indivisable - it was organized by Constantine and consisted of almost 300 bishops - it defined the doctrine and completed the organization of the Catholic Church. - it resulted in the Nicene Creed, which is still used by many Christian sects today - it set a precedent for emperors dominating the Church and using it for state politics - it split the Church into two hostile camps

Which of the following statements about Augustus' will are TRUE?

- it detailed where Roman soldiers were stationed and how many were in each unit - it included instructions for Augustus' funeral - it contained an account of Augustus' life, including the peoples he conquered and the monuments he built

Which of the following are included in Orlando Patterson's definition of slavery?

- permanence - loss of ties to family - dishonor

How does Septimius Severus emphasize continuity of the empire and the reigns of his predecessors?

- he assumes power under the pretext of avenging Pertinax's assassination - he deifies Commodus - he is posthumously adopted as Marcus Aurelius' son

Which of the following statements about Sulla are TRUE?

- he enlarged the Senate membership to 600 - he was named dictator with supreme power to reorganize the state - he marched against Rome with his soldiers twice - he led a campaign against Mithradates of Pontus - he died of natural causes in 78 BCE - he limited the powers of the tribunate

Which of the following were reforms made by Septimius Severus?

- he increased the size of the army to 33 legions - he greatly downgraded the power of the senate - he abolished the regular standing jury courts - he created a new treasury department (res privata principis) and raised the salary of the soldiers - he appointed many Near Eastern and African senators - he replaced many senatorial army commanders with equites

Which of the following statements about Marcus Aurelius are TRUE?

- he invaded Armenia and Mesopotamia in the Parthian wars - he was defeated by the Germans who subsequently invaded Italy

According to Tacitus, which of the following were actions taken by Tiberius upon becoming emperor?

- he kills Agrippa Postumus, the last surviving son of Augustus' daughter, Julia - he writes to the armies to inform them of Augustus' death - he returns to Rome with the body of Augustus and oversees his funeral (including the reading of his will to the Senate) - he returns to Rome with the body of Augustus and oversees his funeral (including the reading of his will to the Senate) - he debates with Senate about the nature of his power - he writes to the armies to inform them of Augustus' death

Which of the following statements about Marius are TRUE?

- he led the campaigns against Germanic tribes - he enlisted non-landholding volunteers for his campaign against Jugurtha - he had the tribune Sulpicius transfer to him the campaign against Mithradates

Which of the following are ways that Septimius Severus tried to establish his imperial authority and legitimacy in Rome?

- he made the army (as opposed to the senate) as the recognized source of authority - he named his eldest son Caracalla as Caesar to establish him as his successor - he had his army ratify his adoption into the Antonine family - he made his army declare Albinus a public enemy - he claimed divine descent for himself and his family. - he made his army proclaim the deification of his "brother" (by adoption) Commodus

Which of the following statements about Septimius Severus are TRUE?

- he married a Syrian woman name Julia Domna - he spoke Latin with a Punic accent - he was born in Africa

Which of the following were military innovations instituted under Augustus?

- he retained command over all provinces containing military garrisons - he eventually set up a special treasury to pay soldiers - all soldiers swore an oath of loyalty to Augustus and his family - he retained command over all provinces containing military garrisons - initially he paid soldiers out of his own funds - he eventually set up a special treasury to pay soldiers

Which of the following statements about Hadrian are TRUE?

- he tried to create a pan-imperial identity, in part by embracing Greek culture - he established the boundaries of the empire, in part by building fortification walls - he ended imperial expansion of the territories - in his portraiture, he was depicted as a bearded man, in the likeness of Greek figures like Socrates and Perikles

Which of the following statements about Sulla are TRUE?

- he was an aristocratic general and favored optimate politics - he increased the powers of the Senate - he declared himself dictator

Which of the following statements about Tiberius are TRUE?

- he was the son of Augustus' wife, Livia - he was named co-emperor in 13 CE - he was the second emperor of Rome - he was the stepson of Augustus - he was named co-emperor in 13 CE - he was married to Augustus' daughter Julia

Which of the following statements about Catiline are TRUE?

- held a praetorship in 68 BCE - ran for consulship on a platform of debt cancellation - was acquitted on charges for abuse of office while acting as a provincial governor

According to Woolf, which essentials of monarchy were present during the early Empire (or Principate)?

- hereditary principle of succession - palace intrigue - control of resources

Which of the following are TRUE about Orlando Patterson and his research?

- his research compares different slave societies, including in the West Indies, the antebellum US, and classical Greece and Rome - he is a Jamaican-born sociologist - his work entitled Slavery and Social Death is an early comparative analysis of slavery

According to Aulus Gellius, what information had to be included in the bill of sale for a slave?

- if the slave had committed any offence - if the slave had a disease or defect - if the slave was a runaway

Which of the following were reasons for the "crisis" of the 3rd cent. CE?

- the Senate was resentful of equestrian and provincial emperors - the imperial army was too small to effectively defend the empire - failure of the Severan dynasty to produce another powerful leader, like Septimius - the expansion of the imperial borders made control harder to maintain - the Balkan region of eastern Europe became overrun with Germanic and Gothic tribes - the empire is divided into three: the Gallic empire, the Roman empire, and the Palmyrene empire - rapid succession of emperors based primarily on their standing in the army

According to Shelton, which of the following were the two most common methods by which an enslaved individual might be manumitted?

- the enslaved was freed in a will - the enslaved was freed by a magistrate

Which of the following were characteristic of the first generation of Christians?

- they were scattered over the Roman world - they numbered in the low thousands - most were born into the Jewish faith

True or false: 1. Septimius Severus had lost interest in campaigning and spent much of his reign in Rome. 2. Septimius Severus wanted to establish an Augustan style dynasty and named his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, as co-emperors. 3. Geta assassinated his brother Caracalla. 4. Septimius Severus had no real interest in the Rome and the Senate and spent much of his reign outside of Italy. 5. Septimius Severus spent most of his reign campaigning in Parthia, Britain and Scotland. 6. Septimius Severus wanted to establish an Hadrian style dynasty by adopting Caracalla and Geta and naming them co-emperors.

1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False

True or False: 1. Tiberius Gracchus was elected to the tribunate in 123 BCE. 2. The Gracchi brothers used the office of the tribune to pass radical land reforms. 3.Gaius Gracchus assassinated as the result of an SCU (final decree of the Senate).

1. False 2. True 3. True

True or false: 1. Modern approaches to the study of the provinces involved assessing the "Romanization" of the provinces - that is, examining how Roman power and culture spread through the Mediterranean. 2. Traditional approaches to the study of the provinces tend to centralize Rome too much without taking into account provincial cultures and agency. 3. Modern approaches to the study of the provinces make use of identity and hybridity models.

1. False 2. True 3. True

True or false: 1. According to Woolf, Christians were in complete agreement with each other about the relationship of the cosmological with the political and social order of things. 2. After the sack of Rome in 410, Augustine argued that Roman success owed nothing to the cult of the gods because disasters happened even in the period of pagan worship. 3. According to Woolf, Christians disagreed with others about the relationship of the cosmological with the political and social order of things. 4. Orosius, a pupil of Augustine, believed that calamities and disasters occurred because men believed in Christ and neglected the worship of pagan gods.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False

True or False: 1. Gaius Gracchus was tribune of the plebs in 133 BCE. 2. As tribune, Gaius Gracchus appointed equestrians, as opposed to senators, as jurors for the extortion courts. 3. It seems likely that Gaius Gracchus proposed Roman citizenship for Latin allies. 4. As tribune of the plebs, Gaius Gracchus undertook a comprehensive approach to reform by appealing to a variety of interest groups. 5. Gaius Gracchus opposed laws to supply of grain at reasonable prices to the people of the city of Rome. 6. Gaius Gracchus was killed when the consul declared a state of emergency (senatus consultum ultimum) against him and his followers.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. True

True or False: 1. Roman freedmen could never become Roman citizens. 2. Some Roman freedmen became quite wealthy, as evidenced by the Tomb of Eurysaces. 3. Upon manumission from slavery, the new freedmen would adopt the name of his former owner. 4. Upon manumission from slavery, the new freedmen would become a Roman citizen. 5. Some slave owners freed their slaves in their wills. 6. Upon manumission, a former slave abandoned all ties to their former owner.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False

True or false: 1. Caracalla and Geta ruled jointly and harmoniously for many years. false 2. in 212 CE, Caracalla extended citizenship to all free inhabitants in the empire. true 3. Caracalla tried to pay off the soldiers after assassinating Geta, but this caused financial problems and increased taxes. 4. In 203 CE, Septimius Severus dedicated a triumphal arch in Rome to honor his victory over the Parthians.

1. False 2. true 3. True 4. True

Use the pull-down menus to select whether it refers to the reign of Trajan or Hadrian. 1. His main goal as emperor was to provide more efficient administration of the provinces. 2. He strengthened the frontier defenses, which included building fortification walls in Britain and south Germany. 3. He popularized a alimenta program to care for children in the empire.

1. Hadrian 2. Hadrian 3. Trajan

For the following items, indicate whether it is a platform or tactic related to the popular or optimate political faction. 1. Supports maintaining senatorial status quo. 2. Use of tribunate as a mechanism for reform. 3. Appeals to the aristocracy (nobiles) as sovereign authority.

1. Optimate 2. Popular 3. Optimate

Populares vs. Optimates 1. denying citizenship to Italian allies: 2. regulating the distribution and pricing of grain for Roman citizens: 3. increasing membership in the Senate:

1. Optimates 2. Populares 3. Optimates

True or False: 1. As tribune, Marcus Livius Drusus transferred the jury courts to the senators in an attempt to win their support. 2. Marcus Livius Drusus was murdered in 91 BCE. 3. All of the Italian city-states joined forces in their revolt against Rome. 4. Marcus Livius Drusus was elected to consulship in 91 BCE. 5. Marcus Livius Drusus tried to pass legislation granting citizenship to all inhabitants of Italy. 6. The revolt of the Italians was staged primarily by the Oscans, Sabellians, Samnites, Lucanians and a few Campanian cities.

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True

True or false: 1. Commodus was the natural-born son of Marcus Aurelius. 2. Pertinax inaugurates austerity measures to address the lack of funds in the imperial coffers. 3. Pertinax was assassinated by Septimius Severus to avenge the death of Commodus. 4. Pertinax was the mastermind behind Commodus' assassination. 5. Commodus was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. 6. Pertinax was assassinated by Septimius Severus to avenge the death of Commodus.

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True

True or False: 1. Pompeius helped Sulla's second march on Rome with an army that he had illegally raised at this own expense. 2. Pompeius helped to crush the last remnants of slave revolt led by Spartacus. 3. Pompeius was defeated in his campaign against Mithradates of Pontus. 4. Pompeius obtained a triumph for his military victories in Africa. 5. As consul, Pompeius continued the policies of Sulla, including further limiting the right of the tribune of the plebs. 6. Pompeius captured Jerusalem in 63 BCE, annexed Syria and reorganized the east into a system of client kings.

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True

Use the pull-down menus to select whether the statements refer to the reign of Vespasian or Domitian. 1. Prior to becoming emperor, he was a general in the Jewish Wars (66-73 CE). 2. He made a peace treaty with Decebalus, king of the Dacians, which lost him the support of the Roman people.

1. Vespasian 2. Domitian

Use the pull-down menus to select whether the description refers to a general characteristic of a western or eastern province. 1. Usually consisted of smaller, locally governed areas. 2. Considered by Romans to be more learned and culturally sophisticated. 3. Latin became the main administrative language and most commonly spoken language.

1. Western 2. Eastern 3. Western

Match the dates on the left with their description on the right: 180 CE 235 CE 180-235 CE 284/285 CE 235-285 CE the empire was rocked by civil wars, assassinations, and plague

180 CE death of Marcus Aurelius 235 CE assassination of Severus Alexander 180-235 CE empire was relatively stable, with well defended frontiers 284/285 CE accession of Diocletian 235-285 CE the empire was rocked by civil wars, assassinations, and plague

According to Woolf, the first general persecution of Christians was organized by the Emperor Decius in which year?

250 CE

Match the date with the event that occurred on that date. 27 BCE 117-138 CE 96 CE 161-181 CE

27 CE - Octavian obtains the title of Augustus 117-138 CE - reign of Hadrian 96 CE - Assassination of the emperor, Domitian 161-181 CE - reign of Marcus Aurelius

According to Shelton, what percentage of the population of the city of Rome was comprised of enslaved individuals in the early imperial period?

30%

The members of the First Triumvirate were:

Caesar, Pompeius and Crassus

Match the name of the one of the five emperors of 193 CE with an accurate description of him. Pescennius Niger Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Clodius Albinus

Pescennius Niger - a general in the east who unsuccessfully tried to oust Septimius Severus Pertinax - was the son of a freedman Didius Julianus - a senatorial figure who became emperor by offering the highest payout to the praetorian guard Septimius Severus - came from Leptis Magna in north Africa, and was the commander of the Danubian legions in the north Clodius Albinus - a governor in Britain who rallied his forces in Gaul against Septimius Severus

When did the First Triumvirate alliance first begin to fall apart?

after Crassus dies while on campaign in the East

Match the Latin terms associated with Roman slavery with its meaning. otium peculium familia rustica

otium - leisure peculium - an allowance (often give to a slave) familia rustica - Roman household residing in the countryside, that includes immediate relative and slaves