Exam Questions - Week 3

Which of the following is TRUE? a. Berkman and Syme found that those who were more integrated in society (i.e., having a more diverse social network) have lower mortality rates. b. People who are more socially integrated tend to be more susceptible to cold because they have more interpersonal contact. c. Higher levels of emotional social support are often psychological burden for people, and do not buffer against negative effects of stress. d. All of the above are TRUE.

a. Berkman and Syme found that those who were more integrated in society (i.e., having a more diverse social network) have lower mortality rates.

Which of the following is TRUE? a. Group polarisation refers to groups' tendency to make a more risky decision. b. When confronted by an outgroup view that is riskier, an ingroup tends to become more risky. c. Group polarisation may occur in part because group members change their opinions in line with other group members' opinions. d. People are more likely to discuss information that is unshared with others in group discussions.

a. Group polarisation refers to groups' tendency to make a more risky decision.

*Which of the following is FALSE about the intergroup contact hypothesis? a. Intergroup contact always reduces stereotypes and prejudice. b. For intergroup contact to reduce stereotypes and prejudice, the situation in which the groups contact each other should emphasize equal status. c. Intergroup contact needs to be sufficiently frequent and long lasting for it to be effective. d. The evidence for the effectiveness of real life intergroup contact in the United States in the 1980s has been somewhat mixed.

a. Intergroup contact always reduces stereotypes and prejudice.

*According to Moreland and Levine, most groups undergo dynamic changes as some people join the group and others leave it. Which of the following is FALSE about this process? a. Their model of group dynamics is applicable to all groups. b. The investigation phase is usually followed by the socialization phase. c. In the maintenance phase, members engage in role negotiation. d. Those group members who were led to believe that the other members of the group have been meeting before (i.e., experimental participants) increased their commitment to the group

a. Their model of group dynamics is applicable to all groups.

Which of the following is TRUE? a. When people perceive racial discrimination, they tend to have poorer mental health. b. There is no evidence for the idea that when people perceive racial discrimination, they tend to have poorer physical health. c. Both a and b are TRUE. d. Neither a nor b is TRUE.

a. When people perceive racial discrimination, they tend to have poorer mental health.

When people were categorised into two groups on the basis of some trivial criterion (e.g., preference of abstract paining) in a minimal group paradigm, a. they gave more resources to their ingroup members than outgroup members. b. they spontaneously derogated their outgroup. c. they felt a stronger sense of belonging, control, and self-esteem. d. they spontaneously came up with their own group names.

a. they gave more resources to their ingroup members than outgroup members.

Which of the following is TRUE about Milgram's experiments about electric shocks? a. Approximately 30% of the participants administered the maximum shock (450 volts) to a learner. b. Reducing the level of legitimacy of the authority can reduce the level of obedience. c. Participants obeyed even more when the authority was not physically present. d. A recent study has shown a significant reduction in obedience since Milgram's original experiment.

b. Reducing the level of legitimacy of the authority can reduce the level of obedience.

*Which of the following is TRUE? a. According to Moscovici, in order to influence others, an opinion minority should use a tactic that differs from those used by an opinion majority. b. The blue-green experiment showed that an opinion minority that expressed their opinion consistently could influence a majority's opinion. c. Consistent minorities can affect privately held opinions especially when they are indirectly related to the minority opinions. d. All of the above are TRUE

b. The blue-green experiment showed that an opinion minority that expressed their opinion consistently could influence a majority's opinion.

*Which of the following statements is TRUE about transactional and transformational leaderships? a. Transactional leadership is not effective. b. Transactional leadership is based on individualized consideration and contingent reward. c. Transactional leadership involves providing one's followers with inspiration, and persuading them to rise above their own self-interests to achieve the leader's vision. d. All of the above are TRUE

b. Transactional leadership is based on individualized consideration and contingent reward.

Which of the following is FALSE? a. When their Australian social identity was salient, Indigenous Australians were more likely to endorse individualist values than when their Aboriginal social identity was salient. b. Indigenous Australians have higher mortality rates than non-Indigenous Australians. c. Indigenous Australians report that the level of racist incidents decreased in the 1990s. d. High levels of self-reported discrimination have been found to be related to high levels of mental illness.

c. Indigenous Australians report that the level of racist incidents decreased in the 1990s.

*Which of the following is FALSE about collective behaviour? a. Le Bon argued that a person in a crowd is "a creature acting by instinct." b. Deindividuation is a weaker sense of, or a decreased focus on, personal identity. c. Research suggests that deindividuation consistently results in aggression. d. Social identity theory suggests that deindividuation strengthens group members' tendency to adhere to their group's situational norms.

c. Research suggests that deindividuation consistently results in aggression.

Which of the following is FALSE about Asch's conformity studies? a. A naïve participant was asked to make a judgment about line lengths after some confederates made judgments in public. b. Approximately 25% of the participants never conformed. c. The rate of conformity kept rising as the number of confederates who made wrong judgments increased up to six. a. Even when a number of confederates gave an erroneous judgment, if there was one person who gave the right judgment, this reduced the rate of conformity.

c. The rate of conformity kept rising as the number of confederates who made wrong judgments increased up to six.

*Which of the following is FALSE about groupthink? a. It is a mode of thinking in which the desire to reach unanimous agreement overrides the motivation to adopt proper rational decision-making procedures. b. There is no evidence that political considerations play a role in faulty decision making. c. There is evidence that a strong leader and a high level of conformity tend to be present when groups exhibit group think. d. Even successful groups showed some indicators of groupthink.

c. There is evidence that a strong leader and a high level of conformity tend to be present when groups exhibit group think.

If someone said, "I don't want to do what she told me, but I have to," which type of social influence would it be? Choose the BEST response. a. majority social influence b. minority social influence c. normative social influence d. informational social influence

c. normative social influence

According to Steiner's model of group performance, which of the following is FALSE? a. Group performance can never exceed the potential set by group members. b. Group may perform worse than its potential due to coordination losses. c. There is an element of social loafing in motivation losses in group settings. d. A group can create synergies among its members, and perform better than the best of its members

d. A group can create synergies among its members, and perform better than the best of its members

Which of the following is TRUE about social networks? a. Social networks are information technologies like Facebook and Twitter. b. Highly centralised networks mean that everyone occupies a central position. c. Centralization and central positions mean the same thing. d. All of the above are FALSE.

d. All of the above are FALSE.

Which of the following is TRUE about strategies to reduce stereotypes and prejudice? a. The decategorisation strategy encourages people to personalise a member of an outgroup. b. The salient categorisaion strategy encourages people to generalise positive experiences with a typical member of a negatively stereotyped outgroup. c. The recategorisation strategy encourages people to categorise their ingroup and outgroup into a more inclusive social category. d. All of the above are TRUE and these strategies have been found to reduce prejudice and stereotypes to some extent under some circumstances; however, there are some potential problems associated with each of them.

d. All of the above are TRUE and these strategies have been found to reduce prejudice and stereotypes to some extent under some circumstances; however, there are some potential problems associated with each of them.

Which of the following is TRUE about the Robbers Cave Experiment? a. The boys who participated in the experiment had no psychological problems before they participated in the experiment. b. Boys were more likely to choose their ingroup members as friends than outgroup members. c. Cooperation between the groups to work towards a goal that cannot be achieved by each group alone reduced intergroup conflict. d. All of the above are TRUE.

d. All of the above are TRUE.

Which of the following is TRUE about prejudice and discrimination? a. Allport argued that extermination is the most extreme form of discrimination. b. Aversive racism is attitudes toward members of a racial group that incorporate both egalitarian social values and negative emotions, causing one to avoid interaction with members of the group. c. People who score high on rightwing authoritarianism tend to show stronger prejudice against outgroups. d. All of the above are true.

d. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is FALSE about the Asch-type conformity situation? a. University students showed a lower level of conformity than non-students. b. Japanese students showed a higher conformity rate when the pressure came from other students in the same sports club. c. Korean advertisements emphasize conformity more than American advertisements. d. The conformity rate is higher in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures.

d. The conformity rate is higher in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures.