Exam

According to Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are

domestic, tributary, and capitalist

All of the following are correct about the Maasai's use of land EXCEPT

each herder tries to take more than their share, leaving less for others, and leading to the destruction of the local environment

Destruction of an environment, especially when done intentionally by humans is known as BLANK

ecocide

In non-state societies,

economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated.

Characteristics of domestic production include (choose all that apply)

egalitarianism labor organized based on kinship relations food collection

The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry within a cultural group is called

endogamy

The research that examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares ethnographies from different societies is called BLANK

ethnology

A household with three more generations is refered to as a(n) [extended] family.

extended

The types of societies most likely to recognize women's economic and reproductive contributions, as well as be more egalitarian in terms of gender relations, are

foraging and horticultural societies

The set of ideas about the categories of gender, and the beliefs, behaviors, and meanings associated with each gender, is referred to as a

gender ideology

A set of culturally invented expectations leading to a role that a person assumes, learns, and performs, describes

gender roles

The Halloween practice of trick or treat is best characterized by...reciprocity

generalized

Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned, demonstrates

generalized reciprocity

In Globalization studies, the fact that McDonalds offers local favorites in its branches across the world, such as a McAloo Tikki potato patty in India, is an example of

glocalization

Sharing of food and other resources among members of foraging groups

is a survival strategy that reinforces social equality and helps the group get through times of scarcity

The Wampanoag project, led by Jessie Little Doe, is creating new native speakers of the Wampanoag language. This type of project is called

language revitalization

The abandonment of a language in favor of a new one is called

language shift

The perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership is called

legitimacy

The creative, reflexive, and sometimes even ironic ways that people perform their various social identities can be referred to as their

lifestyle

A social contract between (most often) two individuals and potentially their families that specifies rights and obligations of their union and their offspring is how anthropologists think of

marriage

A social contract between, most often, two individuals and potentially their families that specifies rights and obligations of their union and their offspring is how anthropologists think of

marriage

A person's attempt to take advantage of another person economically is called

negative reciprocity

The idea of the "ethnoscape" focuses on __________ that flow across borders.

people

Paul Farmer, working as both a BLANK and an BLANK anthropologist demonstrates the applied potential of anthropology.

physician medical

The ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or use or threat of physical force is called

power

Anthropologists focus on three phases of economic production, which are

production, exchange, and consumption

A person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate supernatural messages to others is called a

prophet

In his book, The Golden Bough (1890), Sir James Frazer

relied on the accounts of others, such as missionaries and government officials, to formulate his ideas

The field of linguistics that focuses on the study of the meanings of words and other morphemes, as well as how the meanings of phrases derive from them is called

semantics

Which is/are NOT culturally constructed?

sex

Examples of a short-term physical adaptation to our environment would be: (choose as many as apply)

shivering when it is cold perspiring when it is hot increased heart rate and hyperventilation in high altitudes

Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on

slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance

A child born into a traditional Croatian family will use different terms to refer to their mother's brother and father's brother as a reflection of

the different roles that these uncles play in a child's life based on an earlier agricultural lifestyle

Contemporary globalization is said to have begun, at least in terms of economics, as coinciding with

the end of WWII and Bretton Woods Conference, which led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank

The reason that the human species exhibits a very low level of genetic variation is due to

the fact that Homo sapiens is a relatively recent species

Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to

the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups

The title of the ethnography, Chopsticks Work Only In Pairs (1999), reflects the Lahu society's emphasis on

the importance of the male-female dyad, or partnership, in domestic life, work, and leadership

Julian Steward's work among the Shoshone of the North American Great Basin illustrated

the multiple evolutionary pathways of different societies, and variety of ways that local communities could adapt to ecological conditions

The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that cultural traditions developed as a result of

the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood

In Buddhism, the form of a human's reincarnation depends on

the quality of the karma that a person has developed over their life

A subsistence system is

the set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food

In many cases, a person's consumption patterns (otherwise known as "taste") are actually a reflection of

the social class in which they were raised

Margaret Mead's book Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) provided an example of cultural determinism in that

the stress and anxiety of American adolescence were not experienced by Samoan youth, who grew up in a different cultural environment

A gender identity that exists in non-binary systems offering one or more gender roles separate from male and female is referred to as a BLANK gender

third

Before colonialism, the Tiv people of Nigeria had a unique economic system characterized by

three distinct spheres of exchange, each with their own form of money

Societies that are characterized by groups of people linked by age, gift exchanges, or marriage, a lack of central government, leadership roles that are open to everyone, and an egalitarian set of values are chiefdoms

tribes

What did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he stated that the goal of an ethnographer is "to grasp the native's point of view"? What ethnographic research technique did he develop and how does it help to reach that goal?

your answer: Malinowski studied emic and etic approaches of anthropology. An emic approach is when it is the anthropologists view of the culture, whereas an etic approach is where it is the observed people's point of view. When he states "to grasp the native's point of view" he meant that he wanted to understand the culture from the perspective of the native. He wanted to help people understand the perspective that they had of the world. He developed the emic and etic approach because of this and it helped him reach his goal because this method helps one see the natives perceptions, views and beliefs, while also seeing explanations and interpretations of their culture. He also developed functionalism and his goal was met in regards to functionality because he fought that cultures were developed because of basic human needs. By using the technique of emic and etic approaches he was able to understand how their basic human needs were met and how it was different from other peoples. Answer should include at least two of the following points: Goal was to record an accurate account of a different way of life in a scientific and objective manner that included knowledge from the native point of view. The ethnographer should to understand the native's relation to life and his vision of the world. Research involved the direct, first-hand observation of behavior known as participant-observation. Ethnographers complete fieldwork that involves taking part in the events that are being observed, described, and analyzed. Ethnographers live among and participate in the lives of the people they are studying. Malinowski is known for his emphasis that research involved the direct, first-hand observation of behavior known as participant-observation.

In the 1950s, anthropologists Kroeber and Kluckholm identifed _____ different definitions of culture.

164

Explain difference between binary and non-binary models of gender.

A binary model of gender assumes that there are only two genders which are distinct opposite forms of masculinity and femininity. Non-binary models of gender are when people don't feel comfortable conforming to gender roles or ideologies that are normally associated with their sex. With the binary model, a person's gender is assigned to them at birth based on their sex, whereas the non-binary model is more open to how people feel over their physical self. An example of a binary model would be a girl who wears dresses and does not play with barbie dolls. An example of a non-binary model of gender would be a girl who does not feel comfortable playing dress-up but enjoys playing with monster trucks.

What do the authors argue is "natural" (that is, not culturally determined) about the family?

A biological mother and biological father

In the Trobriand Islands, which of the following best represents the relationship between people and their yams?

A large yam pile in a man's house demonstrates he is well-liked and maintains his relationships in the community Yams are believed to be living beings with minds of their own who may wander away at night if they are not charmed into place with magic Women own the yams, and men share what they grow with women All of the answer choices are correct YES

What is a rite of passage? List the three stages of a rite of passage and give an example from the text or personal experience.

A rite of passage is when children become adults through a series of tasks, procedures, or events. It is usually when people transition from one life stage to another. The stages of a rite of passage are the separation stage, the liminal stage, and the incorporation stage. Usually it happens when children hit puberty, turn a certain age, or get their first mensural cycle. An example from the textbook was how if boys were to become men in a certain culture, then they had to be separated from everyone, undergo a procedure in which their foreskin is cut off (they were not allowed to flinch or show signs of pain) and then they were put in isolation to heal. If the boys succeeded in this test then are re-invited back into the community and can then know the secrets of the town that all the older men know. Another example from the lecture states how girls had to become women through a long three-four day festival in which minimal sleeping and eating were allowed. If the women did not show signs of weakness and were energetic and dancing the whole time then they were granted women hood and were brushed with clay masks that they get to wipe off symbolizing their transition.

What is status? Explain the difference between ascribed and achieved status. Give an example of each.

A status is something that describes where a person stands socially amongst others in their group. A person can have a status assigned to them or they can grow into a status, or be born in to one. One that is assigned to a person is known as ascribed status, and example would be if one decided to have a child, they would then be known as a mother. This was ascribed because it was something that the person grew into. The other kind is achieved status. One can achieve status through being talented, sociable, or wealthy. To have achieved status one would have to work towards it, and to have ascribed status one would have to grow into a role or be born into it. Status can change in some societies, meaning someone can work towards having a higher status, and in other societies status can not change. In some societies people do not have status, and this is known as an egalitarian society.

Describe a rite of passage that you have personally undergone. It should be a ritual that has signified your transition from one stage of life or social identity to another. Break it down into three states: separation, liminality, and incorporation.

A time where I personally underwent a rite of passage is when I grew older and was able to walk to the store with my friends. As a child I was never able to, because it is dangerous for a young girl to walk anywhere and I had to look out for traffic and did not own a cell phone at the time. The stages that I went through to be able to walk to the store alone or with friends were separation, liminality, and incorporation. I obviously protested my mom when she said I was not allowed to go to the store, so the first stage I went through was separation. I walked to the store anyways and rebelled against what my mother wanted, this would include the separation from mom and child. Then comes liminality, in which I did not talk to any of my friends because my mom punished me for doing something wrong. And finally comes incorporation, or when I was able to walk to the store after my punishment only if I was with friends and my mom gave me a cell phone to call someone if something happened to me. At this time I was probably fourteen years old, and now I can walk to the store whenever I want, symbolizing how before I was a child, and now I am a woman.

What are some of the disadvantages of the development of agriculture?

Agriculture is a delayed return system, so it takes a while to get food since it grows from a seed. The major problem with agriculture is that it does not sustain growing populations. Since the soil can experience exhaustion, the fields can yield less produce, and it requires more work since it is not in accordance with rainy seasons all the time. Agriculture crops are susceptible to droughts, floods, and natural disasters. People end up having to heavily manipulate their lands in order to keep up with the changing seasons and mother nature. People usually run into a lack of water resources and have to use irrigation, it is not the most timely answer to obtaining food, fertilizers gets rid of natural nutrients in the soil, and yields less food than horticulture would. Answer should include at least two of the following disadvantages: -Labor intensive with less yield; work harder to produce less -Unequal distribution of wealth and social inequality -Beginning of slavery and indenture labor -Decreased dietary diversity leading to a risk of malnutrition

Which of the statements about cultural symbols is NOT true?

All individuals in a cultural group always interpret the same symbol in the same way.

Explain the concept of armchair anthropology.

Armchair anthropology is an earlier method of anthropology that did not involve direct contact with the people that were studied. It was more of a discussion between cultures rather than an observation of cultures. This was ruled out because from a distance one could draw false conclusions and anthropologists can weigh in their own culture and compare it to be superior which is not the purpose of studying other cultures. Ethnocentrism is a major reason why armchair anthropology is not still in effect today. Many were unaware that studying from afar could have their effect on their research. It was important because it helped raise the right questions about anthropology, however, the answers were found through going into the field and observing cultures. Anthropology needs participant-observation so they can get a feel for what it's like to experience other cultures rather than talk about them. The answer should address: experiencing other cultures through the travels and experiences of others, and; leads to an ethnocentric viewpoint.

Aside from the nuclear family, name at least three different types of households and define them.

Aside from the nuclear family, the other households include the expanded family, the extended family, and the collateral family. The expanded family is where non-nuclear family members live within the household, this would maybe include some cousins and aunts maybe a grandma and grandpa. An extended family is a household that holds three or more generations of the same family in one home. Finally the collateral family holds siblings and their spouses along with all of their children.

Patterns of acculturation include

Assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization

Explain balanced reciprocity and give an example.

Balanced reciprocity is a kind of gift giving within a culture in which the person giving the gift will receive a gift with the same value in return. An example is if my grandma knitted me a sweater for a special occasion, and maybe a week later (after a specific period of time) I give her a gift back a hat knitted in the same material. The idea of reciprocity is that the gifts are of equal value, where one gift is not better than the other. The other thing is that this is expected of someone. If the gift is not given in enough time then the social relationship may end. It is uncommon for strangers walking down the street to give each other gifts, however if you know someone, or have a distant relative, then balanced reciprocity is expected of you.

What is biological determinism? What are some cultural examples that do not support this theory?

Biological determinism is a theory that shows the differences (biologically) between male and female and how they lead to specific genders and and preferences. An example would be how men are taller, stronger, and louder than women, and women are smaller, more fragile, and quieter than men. A cultural example that does not support this theory would be feminists because they understand that cultures create genders and nature does not. In some cultures woman do more work than men, and in others men do more work than women, and in some men and women do the same amount of work. Another cultural example could be American citizens. Some families have stay at home dads while the mom goes to work and vice versa. It really depends on the situation and the culture to determine what characteristics belong to which sex, or if traits even should be assigned to a certain sex.

Reasons that foraging societies typically have an egalitarion social structure include

Both statements are valid reasons

Which statement about non-human primate calls is not true?

Calls demonstrate linguistic productivity.

Which anthropologist argued that religious beliefs are "a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations?"

Clifford Geertz

What is communitas and how is it related to rites of intensification? Give an example.

Communitas is when a community is together and engaging in unity and wholeness, or an "intense community spirit." It is related to rites of intensification because the rites of intensification involves creating a sense of solidarity among its members, which is basically having communitas. An example is how some people practice land diving as a sacrifice to their Gods. It is usually done after the yam festival to yield good harvests for the rest of the year. To land dive, people tie ropes to their feet and dive head first about fifty feet (or higher) above the ground. The rope could snap and the person could die, which is why it is called a sacrifice. In doing this however, people are brought together and experience each other in a positive way. The diving can also be seen as a rite of passage since it takes lots of brave people to dive into the ground and possibly die. One could say that a person is never truly a man until they have land dived.

Match the school of thought with the appropriate statement.

Cultural Ecology Cultures in similar environments develop similar features as a result of responding to environmental challenges. Symbolic Anthropology Culture is a system of symbols and meanings that are created by humans to direct, organize, and give coherence to their lives. Cultural Materialism The primary task of cultural anthropology is to give scientific causal explanations for the diffferences and simlarities in thought and behavior found among human groups.

All of the following statements are correct about subsistence types, EXCEPT

Each society practices only one of the four subsistence types.

What is the difference between endogamy and exogamy? What are reasons a culture may choose one over the other?

Endogamy is when people have to marry within a particular group, whereas exogamy is when people are expected to marry outside of a particular group. An example of endogamy is marrying within the same religion. In some religions it is forbidden to marry outside of your own faith. An example of exogamy in the United States is how people are not supposed to marry within one's family. It is extremely frowned upon and can cause problems in children's genes. A reason that a culture may prefer one over the other is so that they can remain pure, in a sense of religion or in a sense of health. Another reason could be because of social views, you may do something if it is normal to you, you may not do something if it is strange to you.

BLANK is the gradual emergence of a new ethnicities in response to changing social circumstances.

Ethnogenesis

What kind of researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations?

Ethnographer

Which is the most common form of family structure cross-culturally?

Extended family

A descent group consists of a married couple and their children.

False

Anthropologists need to get permission from the community they are studying only when they intend to take photographs or make recordings.

False

Contemporary theories on acculturation state that acculturation always leads to assimilation.

False

Cross-culturally, there are only two specific genders.

False

The key cultural consultant provides the etic view of a culture.

False

Define gender roles and provide examples of how they have changed in the United States over time.

Gender roles are tasks or activities that cultures assign to a sex. Back in the day women used to stay at home and watch the children and make dinner for the whole family at night, while the dad sat on the couch watching football. The women would then proceed to clean everything up, do the dishes, and probably make dessert! In todays times, this would not go over nicely in many households. Men and women both cook and clean up dishes today in America, and it is not expected of women to make sure children are clean and ready for dinner when the father steps in the door. The father should not be the only person to mow the lawn and clean the gutters as well. Today you may see women doing both of those jobs, which goes to show how much times have changed since the 1950s.

BLANK BLANK refers to an unequal distribution of socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women.

Gender stratification

What is gender stratification and how is it related to the domestic-public dichotomy?

Gender stratification basically is an unequal distribution of rewards meaning goods, power, or prestige between men and women, thus showing the differences between their social statuses in society. Gender stratification increases when the contribution of subsistence by women is greater or less than men's contribution. It is related to the domestic-public dichotomy because one influences the other. The differences between home and the outside world would affect the differences between male and female roles within society due to their societal differences. Greater stratification occurs in patrifocal societies because men are more valued than women and there is typically more warfare in these societies than in matrifocal societies.

Explain the concept of general purpose money.

General purpose money is a type of currency that is used in all economic transactions. It is more emotionless than gift-giving, and it can make buying things more easy, to the point where someone doesn't have to even think about it. It is something that can be exchanged for goods and services, and it symbolizes wealth and power. Money's problem is that it creates a medium for unequal exchange. If a product costs only $4.99 to make, how do people get paid to work in the store to sell it, work in the factories, and work in the mining fields for metals, plastics, and chemicals? With money, things can cost less than it takes to pay everyone for everything that went into creating it, so it creates economical disadvantages for the working poor.

What are the advantages of globalization? Provide an example.

Globalization advantages include activism to rectify social, economic, or environmental injustices such as spreading awareness about topics that need to be discussed. Some topics may include environmental safety, racism, or sexism. This is prominent in ideoscape, or when ideas are transferred to others worldwide. Another example is how there can be solidarity movements and humanitarian efforts which would mean that globalization allows people to stand up for what is right and allows people to communicate across the globe with one another. One example of this is through mediascape, or communicating via social media. One more advantage is micro-loans and crowd-source funding, which would be like funding of a project by raising money, for example a go fund me where people donate money to help others who are in need. This would go along the lines of financescape because it shows how people can help others by sending money to each other across the world or country.

Define the term glocalization. Give an example of a food or item that has been "glocalized" in your region.

Glocalization is like globalization but it specializes in the consumption of food across the world and how people make foods their own locally. An example of a glocalized food in my region is how tacos are a Mexican food, but Americans have taken the food and made it their own. Typically Americans put cheese on tacos, season the meat differently, and have different tortilla shells or wraps. If an American goes to Mexico and eats a taco the chances that they will like it are low since own food has been "Americanized" or processed with too much fat and sugar. Another example is Italian food, and how we made that our own too. Pizza is a good example because in some places the sauce is too sweet or crust is not too great or is soggy. In Italy the pizza is usually always the same and it is eaten with a fork and knife, whereas in America people eat it with their hands. This is an example of how foods can be changed in accordance to where a person lives. Another example could be how in India, their McDonalds has no beef option (or less beef options) since they find the cow to be sacred.

How are disputes typically resolved in band level societies? Give an example.

In band level societies, disputes are not solved by a government corporation, but rather by informal leaders. Informal leaders tend to be elders, shamans (a spiritual person), or people who have proven themselves as good at hunting. An example could be if two people got into an argument they would find an elder, shaman, or someone who is good at hunting to sort out their problems instead of going to court or having a legal argument.

A "big man" acquires his status through all of the methods below EXCEPT

Inheriting the position from his family.

Which of the following statements about polyandry is true?

It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare.

Which of the following statements describe culture? (Choose as many as apply.)

It is a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are shared It is learned from other members of a society or subgroup It can change in response to both internal and external factors

Define the world culture and list its defining characteristics.

My Answer: Culture is a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are learned and shared. (From PowerPoint). In other words people develop culture after seeing how their loved ones act, and they develop similar values and follow in their footsteps. Culture is something that can be learned and it is always amongst a group of people, meaning it is shared. The characteristics of culture are that it is learned, shared, based on symbols, holistic and integrated, and can be used as an adaption mechanism. Symbols are a large part of what a culture is, similar to how an American flag resembles freedom. The feeling of freedom united America and brings them close together as a culture. People can switch to other cultures similar to how people can switch religions. Culture can change based off of external things as well, however they will always have resilience above all. Answer should include: A set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are learned and shared. Together, they form an all-encompassing, integrated whole that binds people together and shapes their worldview and lifeways. Culture is learned, symbolic, shared, dynamic and constantly changing, holistic and integrated, an adaptive mechanism, interrelated with biology.

Explain why cultural relativism is an important concept in anthropology.

My answer: Cultural relativism is very important in anthropology because people should forget everything they know about their own norms and customs so they can accurately find out what it is like for others to live. If people put themselves into the shoes of who they are studying then they can make a lot of connections as to why people are different from one another. Doing this removes any judgement and allows people to have more understanding. Answer should address at least two of the following points: It is important in order to understand beliefs and behaviors in the context of the culture in which they are practiced. It is important in order to not judge cultures as inferior. It is important in order to gain an objective view of cultural practices.

Explain negative reciprocity and give an example.

Negative Reciprocity is when a culture is only taking gifts from another culture without giving gifts back, these people want to get something and give nothing. This is seen as negative because people are taking advantage of others. An example could be if I gave someone a fresh baked pie to welcome them into the neighborhood, and maybe a week later they ask for some baking soda so they can make cake, and then never giving me a slice of the cake that they made. And then they keep asking me for more kitchen ingredients, and when I ask if they have salt they say no, even though they do have salt. This would be seen as cutting social ties in a gift-giving culture because it is very selfish. Gambling is probably a better example of negative reciprocity, because your neighbor may not be your close friend or distant relative. With gambling, one is giving money constantly to a machine or another person, and never getting anything in return.

Of the following, which is the LEAST likely position for an applied anthropologist to hold?

Professor at a research university

Explain the concepts of public (male) and domestic (female) spheres.

Public and domestic spheres are basically spaces for people. They can either be more masculine (public) or feminine (domestic). For example the living room could be seen more masculine since it is where men watch their football together on Saturdays. Whereas the kitchen may be seen as more feminine, since women have to clean up after the men. A more anthropological standpoint would be how men should round up the sheep and cut their fur to prepare them for dinner (in the barn), while women should pick berries and weave baskets (in the garden area). In some cultures there are "over-the-roof paths" that women go through just so they do not walk through the masculine living spaces. The textbook also states that it is impossible to stay out of gendered spaces entirely, as people may need to pass through these spaces to get to another location several times in one day.

Which of the following anthropologists wrote about how culture shapes a region's personality traits in Patterns of Culture (1934)?

Ruth Benedict

What are the disadvantages of globalization? Provide an example.

Some disadvantages of globalization are how public health is at risk due to epidemics and pandemics. An example is covid-19, and how everyone traveled everywhere by planes, trains, and taxis, and the disease spread fast and killed lots of people within only a month. Another disadvantage can be intensified racism, prejudice, and scapegoating, because people can get to together and blame all of their problems on one specific thing and not have to take responsibility for it. Another situation is how bystanders never step in if there are a lot of people around, the more globalized something is the more difficult it will be to reverse it since no one will speak up about it if no one cares enough. One more example could be the effects of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism makes healthcare very expensive and creates inequality.

Please match the following statements with the correct term.

Subcultures Symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society. The nuclear family An example of a cultural generality Cultural particulars Features unique to a given culture and not shared with other cultures Some type of family group An example of a cultural universal Symbol A sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing for which it stands or signifies

What is symbolic ethnicity? Give an example.

Symbolic ethnicity is when a person publicly expresses pride of their culture/ heritage. Usually the expression is symbolic meaning and it could be like a necklace of a cross to symbolize that a person is Christian. An example is when people in the United States are proud to live where they live, so they hang an American flag in their front lawn to show their pride for their country. Another example could be a LGBTQ+ flag hung in their yard, to symbolize their pride of their freedom of expression and sexuality. The text book had an example of how someone knew that someone else was Mexican (not Puerto Rican or Italian) because of his Virgin of Guadalupe figurine by his register.

What is the AAA Statement on Ethics: Principles of Professional Responsibility? And, what obligations does an anthropologist have according to the American Anthropological Association?

The AAA statement on ethics is to do no harm, be open and honest regarding a ones own work, get consent and permission form a key consultant and every participant, weigh competing ethical obligations do collaborators and effected parties, make sure results are accessible, protest and preserve records, and maintain respectful and ethical professional relationships. Anthropologists have the obligations of following all of these rules in order to protect every cultures physical, social, and psychological well being and to keep the privacy of the people they study. The anthropologist has an obligation to their scholarly field, the wider society and culture, the human species, other species, and the environment. Anthropologists should also ensure that they give back to the communities that they study, ask everyone for permission to be included in the study, be honest, and be aware of the impact their study has on the culture. Answer should include: The code of ethics or principles that anthropologists are expected to adhere to when conducting research. Ethical responsibilities outlined in the code, doing no harm, obtaining informed consent, maintaining subjects' anonymity, and making the results of the research accessible are especially important responsibilities Anthropologists have an obligation to:their scholarly field;the wider society and culture;the human species;other species, and;the environment.

Based on evidence from anthropological studies, which of the following results is most likely to come from the introduction of modern goods into traditional communities?

The community incorporates new things into their pre-existing practices without completely trading old ideas for new ones

Describe the difference between biological sex and gender. How is gender a socially constructed concept?

The difference between biological sex and gender is that biological sex is the sexual organs a person is born with and a person's gender is more of a set of beliefs. A person's sex does not have to match their gender and does not determine their gender. The person's personality and beliefs would determine what gender they are. Gender is a socially constructed concept because it has evolved over the decades and is becoming more socially acceptable to have a different sexual orientation or gender. Gender is based more on roles and how people are expected to act in society.

Explain the four different patterns of acculturation.

The four different patterns of acculturation are assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization. Assimilation happens when someone dives into another culture entirely meaning their beliefs, values, and behaviors change, and they move on from their own culture's customs and believes. Integration is when a person chooses to adopt the new behaviors from their new culture, but choose to keep some practices from their own culture to find some middle ground. Separation is when a person choses to keep their own heritage and reject the new heritage practices. And finally, marginalization is when a person rejects both their old culture and new culture, which could be symbolic for failed assimilation attempts. This would happen because if they forgot their old culture and their new culture ended up not working out, then they would have rejected both.

What are the four modes of subsistence recognized by anthropologists? Explain each and identify whether it is an immediate return or delayed return system.

The four modes of subsidence recognized by anthropologists is foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture. Foraging is an immediate return system in which people go into the wilderness to collect berries and nuts and hunt animals. This is an immediate return system because they go looking for food and bring it back the same day they will eat it. Pastoralism is when people domesticate animals like horses or llamas, to either move their entire group to find good pastures for their herds (nomadic), or only the men and boys leave to find good pastures and the women stay home to grow their own fruits and vegetables (transhumance). Pastoralism is based off of the seasons and they get food from their immediate environment so they sometimes use an immediate return system, but since they grow their own foods and raise livestock it is mostly delayed. Horticulture, is when people slash and burn, or they use land and when the soil becomes infertile they up and leave to find more fertile soil. Horticulture workers do not work harder to keep their plants growing, they move when it is convenient, such as moving when it is no longer in the raining season. Since they grow their food they have a delayed return system. Finally, there is agriculture. This is when people use intense labor to keep their lands working and manipulate their land by using irrigation, terraces, and things of the like. Agriculture yields less produce than horticulture and it is a delayed return system. Agriculture never leaves the land, and the continue to use the same land forever. Agriculture only has a larger long-term yield of plants.

Explain what is meant by the statement "race is socially constructed"?

The statement "race is socially constructed" means that race is based on physical and biological characteristics that set people apart from others, or observable physical differences. Race and ethnicity are both social constructs and they have been used, unfortunately, for prejudice, discrimination, racism, exclusion, and stereotypes. Race consists more of biological parts of a person, meaning their genes, and ethnicity is more cultural, meaning they can have different cultures and even change their cultures. Overall, "race is socially constructed" means that it does not exist as a scientific classification, like how there are different species of a deer or birds. Race instead exists as "a perception in society" meaning where people came from (geography rather than biology).

Explain the three characteristics that distinguish human language from primate call systems?

The three characteristics that distinguish human language from primate language are displacement, productivity, and group-specifics. Humans have more of an "open system" of communication, meaning that we can actively lie, or say things that are not there, or create imaginary scenarios (we can also imitate a sad person without being sad). Primates have more of a "closed system" in which they can not give new meanings to things or create new concepts or calls. Displacement means that humans can speak of things that are not present, such as the past, present, or future. Primates are not capable of this because their calls are only based on stimuli such as food or danger, in order to help others out. Productivity means that humans can create new expressions or combine expressions. Primates are not able to do this as they only have a set number of calls and none of them can be combined to create new ones. Finally, group specific means that humans can have the ability to speak multiple languages, whereas primates are limited to one language that varies a little amount.

What are the two types of plural marriage and what are some reasons a cultural group may practice them?

The two types of plural marriages are polygyny and polyandry. Polygyny is where one man would take multiple wives. A reason why a man would do this because men marry later than women, another is if their brother dies then they inherit their wife, they may want to increase their status, or their wife could be infertile. Polyandry is when a wife has multiple husbands. This would happen if men had to travel a lot or go into the military, it would ensure that the wife has enough help with labor, and in the case of a woman marrying brothers, it would help when food becomes scarce and it would help with land inheritance.

What are Max Weber's Three Dimensions of Social Stratification? Explain each.

Weber's Three Dimensions of Social Stratification are wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth is an economic status that people acquire through how much material items they have, or how much money they have. Power is a political status which measures the ability to have more will than someone else, or having having the ability to control people with fear. Prestige is a social status where one is esteemed and respected amongst others. A status can be achieved or ascribed, meaning one can earn status, or be born into it, or grow into a position of status. A class system allows for social mobility, where one can work on their social status if they wish to have a different one.

Explain the term arbitrariness as it relates to language and give an example.

Your Answer: Arbitrariness means that a symbol has a completely different meaning from what it literally is, or in other words a relationship between an object and a meaning in which there is no natural connections between them. An example would be a how a red octagon is a symbol for stopping in many regions. No matter the language that "stop" is printed in, people will always stop when they see it. However, the red octagon really is just a shape and a color with no significant meaning to non-humans or people who do not know what it means. Some signs have symbols that actually correlate with what it means such as how a yawn means that someone is tired, this is not arbitrariness. An example in the book is how Americans wear white to weddings as a symbol of purity, whereas people in China wear red to their wedding as a symbol of luck. This is one reason why it is so difficult to learn some languages because so many things have weird meanings that are not what they actually mean. Answer must address: The feature of human language that assigns meaning that cannot be guessed because there is no obvious connection between the symbol and its meaning. Examples such as:Colors meaning different things to different culturesBlack is a symbol for death in US, but white is the symbol for death in China. The words key in English, qui in French, and ki in Japanese sound the same but mean different things.

Summarize the Cognitive Anthropology theoretical school of thought.

Your Answer: Cognitive Anthropology was originally called ethnoscience. This theory, similar to Cultural Ecology, also attempts to show how cultures have a relationship with their environment and are affected by it as a result. It is different, however, because it studied how members of a group "classified objects and events" in accordance to their environment, rather than how weather and climate affected them (PowerPoint). Cognitive Anthropology used descriptive linguistics to identify how the objects were related to their environment and therefore their culture. They wanted to capture things that were meaningful to the culture, rather than things that were meaningful to the people who were observing the culture. The theory tries to show the Native's point of view and in a way avoids ethnocentric ideas. This approach to anthropology lead to a lot of written research that contained the prefix ethno-, as in ethnobotany or ethnozoology, which is a way to study the natives relationship with their environment. Answer should include two of the three following points: Seeks to identify the relevant domains of meaning. Studies how the members of a particular group classify objects and events in their environments. The goal was to capture the categories and concepts of a culture in terms that were meaningful for the natives of society.

Summarize the Cultural Ecology school of thought.

Your Answer: Cultural ecology was developed by Julian Steward and was a theory about how cultures are affected by environmental factors. He believes that some cultural similarities are due to environmental factors, and that many cultures used to be similar until the environment changed and forced cultures to differ. This theory has a lot to do with the relationship between the ecosystem and cultural belief. Leslie White was another person who contributed to the thought of Cultural Ecology, however she thought more about how cultures "harvest energy" from the environment, and how much of that harvested energy they used. Basically, groups of people adapt to their ecosystem and develop different strengths and weaknesses that develop into different cultures with different ways on how to solve problems. Answer should include at least two of the following points: Cultures that are located in similar environments will follow similar developmental sequences. Cultures that are located in similar environments will develop similar features as a result of responding to the challenges within their environment. The cultural core is comprised of technology, knowledge, labor, and family organization. Attempts to explain cultural similarities and differences in relation to the environment and subsistence.

Summarize the theoretical school of thought referred to as Cultural Materialism.

Your Answer: Cultural materialism, a theory created by Marvin Harris, is when anthropologists study similarities and differences of behavior and thought in cultures. Harris believed that cultural customs existed to make sure that cultures could live through generations to follow, and that they are essential for survival in the human species. He explains that people in many cultures may not understand why they believe in what they believe, and for this reason he explains that people believe in certain things as a survival instinct. Answer should include at least two of the following points: Emphasizes the ways in which human social and cultural practices are influenced by basic subsistence needs. Environment sets constraints on human behavior. The primary task of anthropology is to give scientific causal explanations for the differences and similarities found among human groups. Cultural customs were invented to ensure survival within the society's environment.

Summarize Franz Boas's contribution to anthropology as a result of his work on Baffin Island.

Your Answer: Franz Boas's work steered away from armchair anthropology because it was only based off of facts and story telling that was gathered from other people. In Baffin Island he studies Inuit people, or central Eskimo people, and after his work was finished he concluded that research can only be done through extensive fieldwork. His work focused more on Cultural relativism, or where cultures show respect for other cultures and forget about their own when studying others, because it came up with more accurate and unbiased results. Ruth Benedict was actually the person to introduce Boas to cultural relativism. Fieldwork now is the most important aspect of anthropology today, and it helps people to understand the culture as a whole, including their customs, beliefs, where they live, what they eat and wear, ect.. Answer must address at least two of the three following concepts: extensive fieldwork is necessary to understand a culture, ideas and practices are shaped through interaction with the environment, cultural relativism, cultural traditions are suited for the environment in which the people live.

Explain the concept of independent invention and give an example.

Your Answer: Independent invention is the process by which humans innovate, finding creative solutions to problems (Lecture). When finding different solutions to problems it can implement cultural change, and create new customs that people follow. Those who are geographically close will have similar solutions, thus have similarities in their cultures. This is a type of cultural generality, it is under the particularities group, which is a rare trait or characteristic to have. An example could be technology. Humans have created many technologies that help with everyday life, however some cultures do not use technology, and have adapted to problems in different way (found different solutions, thus have different cultures). This is why particularities are rare. Answer should address at least two of the three items below: the process by which humans innovate and find creative solutions to problems societies encounter similar problems and implement similar solutions is one reason we find cultural generalities Examples could include: Development of agriculture in both the Middle East and Central America Development of pyramid-like structures in both Old and New Worlds.

What is reflexive ethnography?

Your Answer: Reflexive ethnography is a type of contemporary ethnography in which the recorder shows their own thoughts and reactions in their written work. This is important because anthropologists found out that ethnographers own believes an thoughts influence their work, so it helps improve the researchers understanding as well as other's. It proves that people have self-awareness about how a person's views could affect a study. The other part is interoperating results. Adding your own thoughts and beliefs can help people make obvious connections they did not see before talking about it and sharing their own views. The answer should include at least three of the following points: The anthropologist acknowledges that their presence in the field influences the research and puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation in the textual ethnography. The anthropologist acknowledges that they are part of the world they study and can never be totally objective. The anthropologist recognizes that there are multiple ways to interpret any given cultural scenario. The anthropologist recognizes that their own background affects their interpretations. The anthropologist acknowledges that they are not the authority and empowers the voice of the native.

Explain language relativity and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Give examples.

Your Answer: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is a hypothesis about how language can shape how a person thinks. The video in the lecture covered a little bit about this topic, and one example that I found interesting was how different languages explain the same thing. For example if two people of different languages were to explain a bridge, one may say it is beautiful if it is a feminine word in their language, whereas the other may say it is strong if it is a masculine word in their language. An example from the book was how someone set a whole building on fire by tossing a cigarette butt into a flammable container that was labeled as "empty" although it still had flammable gasses lingering inside of it. People of different languages interpret words differently, and therefore think differently. People even organize chronological things differently according to where north, east, south, and west are or by what direction they read in left to right, or right to left.

Armchair anthropology is a term used to refer to

a type of early anthropology based on the tales of others who had traveled to foreign lands

Cultural change that is the result of an ongoing exchange of cultural features that result from continuous first-hand contact between cultural groups is known as BLANK

acculturation

When an anthropologist does research on a particular group in order to lend their expertise to help fight for justice and equality for that group it is referred to as BLANK Anthropology

activist

How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious syncretism?

all of the answer choices are correct

The 2014 AAA Global Climate Change Task Force report highlighted

all of the answer choices are correct YES how the impacts of climate change will disproportionately affect groups who have contributed least to the accumulation of greenhouse gases how global solutions focus on top-down management strategies that do not take into account existing social issues of inequity the drivers of climate change

Undertaking a period of fieldwork in cultural anthropology typically requires

all of the answer choices are correct YES the anthropologist to go to where the people of the research study are interacting on a daily basis with a group of people to learn about them spending a few months to a few years living among the research participants

The beleif in an impersonal supernatural that can be controlled is referred to as...

animatism

The beleif that plants, animals, inanimate objects, or natural phenomena have a spiritual element is referred to as...

animism

Anthropologist Bob Myers argues that

anthropology does not seek to exoticize those who live differently from us anthropology seeks to illustrate the potential for human life anthropology seeks to demonstrate that the way of doing things we know best is neither normal nor necessarily right

Cultural Resource Management (CRM) is an example of

applied anthropology

Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as

arbitrary and subjective

One of the most common characteristics of ancestor spirits across religious belief systems is that they

are needy, and must be cared for properly or they can negatively affect the lives of the living

When an individual abandons the cultural behaviors of their native country and replaces them with those of the host country it is called...

assimilation

One consequence of early anti-miscegenation laws during the period of slavery in the United States was that

children of slave women inherited their mother's racial and slave status, adding to the slave "property" of the father

In Taiwan in the 1950s, anthropologist Margery Wolf described an unusual form of adoption, in which

mothers gave up their daughters as infants, only to take in an adopted daughter from someone else in order to cultivate them as daughters-in-law for their sons

Ethnography that examines how other species make decisions and exercise a degree of agency that can influence history is referred to as BLANK ethnography

multispecies

The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is

polyandry

A type of extreme gift giving is called...

potlatch

A __________ derives their authority from the scripture and occupational position in a formally organized religious institution, while a __________ derives their authority from their direct connection to the divine and ability to convince others through charisma.

priest, prophet

Sahlins' critique of agriculture is meant to

question whether civilization and industrialization are necessarily improvements for the sustainability of human societies

Societies that have greater differentiation between individuals and their kin groups, resulting in sumptuary rules that permit higher-status individuals to wear distinctive clothing or other decorations, are called

ranked societies

The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as __________ by social scientists.

re-entrenchment

The collection of taxes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, with the objective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best be seen as a form of

redistribution

A...is a style of speech that varies depending on who is speaking to whom and in what contest.

register

Explain what is meant by the statement "Culture is an adaptive mechanism and interrelated with biology". Give an example.

Answer should include: Humans use both biological and cultural means to adapt to new environments. Culture can have an impact on our environment. Examples could include: Biologically shivering when it is cold, culturally building a fire. Biologically sweating when it is hot, culturally inventing an air conditioner. Cultural practice impacts on the environment Deforestation Global warming Pollution

The period (epoch) in geological time in which the effects of human activities have altered the fundamental geochemical cycles of the earth is referred to the

Anthropocene

To which of the following groups can anthropology contribute important forms of knowledge?

Feminist movements LGBTQ movements Indigenous movements

Biological anthropologists study which of the following? (Choose as many as apply.)

Human biological plasticity. Primates Human evolution Human genetics

Chapter author Linda Light uses the analogy of a fish in water to make which of the following points about human language?

Humans are so deeply immersed in our culture and language that we do not usually think about its importance.

In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?

Immersive fieldwork

What term refers to the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems?

Independent invention

All of the following are true about the Na people, who live in the foothills of the Himalayas, EXCEPT

fathers are absent from their children's lives

what is the main form of subsistence in a pastoralist society? Explain the difference between nomadic pastoralists and transhumance pastoralists?

your Answer: Pastoralism is when people domesticate animals like horses or llamas. There is a nomadic form in which people move their entire group to find good pastures for their herds, or there is a transhumance in which only the men and boys leave to find good pastures and the women stay home to grow their own fruits and vegetables. Nomadic people gets food, clothing, and shelter from their herds, but may have to rely heavily on trading since they do not have vegetables readily available and need a varied diet. Transhumance does not need to trade as much since they grow their veggies and fruits at home. I would say the main form of pastoralism is nomadic because droughts happen frequently in areas where there is pastoralism, which would make planting vegetables difficult, so they must rely on trading livestock, clothing, or food for vegetables. Both, however, move their herds to find good grazing grass and water.

When the individual prefers to maintain heritage behaviors and rejects the cultural practices of the host country, it is known as

Separation

All humans were foragers until approximately

10,000 years ago.

During the height of the European colonial period, European nations ruled more than ________ of the world.

85%

Prominent anthropologist(s) associated with structural functionalism are:

A. R. Radcliff-Brown E. Evans-Pritchard

Sometimes an anthropologist does research on a particular group in order to lend their expertise to help fight for justice and equality for that group. In your text, this approach to research is called

Activist Anthropology

How does horticulture differ from agriculture?

Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces and irrigation, while horticulture does not.

Which of the following statements best describes the use of language by primates?

Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement, although there is still a gap between human and other ape language capabilities.

What do the authors say have been the results for women's positions with the development of "civilization" compared with traditional (or "primitive") societies?

Development has brought "mixed blessings" for women

How do anthropologists understand the concept of The Other?

It is a term that describes people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own; an outsider or stranger

What term is used to refer to the immersive, long-term research that cultural anthropologists undertake?

Participant-observation fieldwork

What is the name of the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husband's community?

Patrilocality

What is the role of the peasant in the formation of state societies?

Peasant farmers were circumscribed geographically (unable to move elsewhere) when an elite minority arose to control their labor and means of subsistence

A style of speech that varies depending on who is speaking to whom and in what contest is called

Register

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue?

The languages people speak influence the way they think.

What have recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrated?

The relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy.

All of the following is a feature of commodoties EXCEPT

They retain the same value and meaning for their owners from production to consumption

Which of the following is NOT a feature of commodities?

They retain the same value and meaning for their owners from production to consumption

What was the primary motivation for warfare in early agricultural states?

To increase surpluses of food and other agricultural products

Traditionally, sociologists worked in large, industrial Western nations, while anthropologists focused on smaller, nonindustrial societies.

True

Which type of a situation is most likely to result in a matrilineal-matrilocal society?

Warfare is infrequent.

Which of the following statements about gender differences among tropical and semi-tropical foragers is true?

Women's work usually contributes more to the diet than does men's work; consequently, there is less gender stratification.

Communitas is

a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness.

Law in tribal societies may include which of the following aspects?

a court system

When a country accepts a loan from the IMF or World Bank, the loan also comes with a number of mandatory conditions that the country must meet. Often, these conditions include

all of the answer choices are correct YES cutting spending to health care and education privatizing state enterprises, like the water system policies to encourage foreign investment and encourage free trade

Which of the following is NOT a pattern of acculturation?

amalgamation

The smallest unit of political organization is called a....

band

All the mental aspects of culture including values, norms, philosophies, worldview, and knowledge are referred to as

beliefs

The mode of production in which the workers have no control over the goods that are produced is... production

captialist

Management of cultural resources supports conservation of the human-environment interaction through

cataloguing and preserving archaeological sites and historic places threatened by development

A society characterized by a permanent political office that belongs to the leader, a redistributive economy, social and political bonds made through marriages and secret societies is most likely a

chiefdom

Durkheim's term to describe the passion or energy produced when groups of people experience the same thoughts and emotions is

collective effervescence

Marvin Harris argues that religious beliefs developed in India to prohibit killing cows because

cows were more valuable alive than as meat, due to their role in farming and subsistence

Anthropology includes the four academic subfields of

cultural anthropology archaeology Biological Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology

The social-cultural process that creates kinship-based relationships of rights and obligations between members of a family is referred to as

descent

Horace Miner's essay Body Rituals of the Nacirema (1956) was written as a satire to

have readers examine the way that early anthropological descriptions made other people seem exotic and strange

American anthropologists emphasized the need for BLANK , which includes approaches to research that consider the entire context of a society and its history.

holism

A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called

hypodescent

Ideas designed to reinforce the right of the powerholders to rule are known as...

ideologies

In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are characterized by all of the following except

inheritance of land and prestige through female lines.

Means of production include

land, labor, and technology.

Pastorilists who move the entire community and their herds throughout the year to seek out good pastures and water sources are...

nomadic

The family in which a person is raised is their family of __________, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of __________.

orientation, procreation

"Going native" means that an anthropologist

participates more fully in local life than an observer, becoming romantically or sexually involved with Native people and/or taking on leadership roles in society

A...society is one in which groups of related males and their male offspring form the core of the family and constitute the family's most central, enduring social and emotional ties.

patrifocal

Scholars who create localized, regional racial classification schemes which attempt to be more "precise" are known as

splitters

Anything that serves to refer to something else, but has an arbitrary meaning, is best referred to as a...

symbol

Combining different beliefs, sometimes those that seem contradictory, into a new and harmonious whole is called

syncretism

Clifford Geertz' term, "thick description," refers to the ethnographer's focus on

the context and meanings of any cultural practice

In subsistence studies, the term domestic economy refers to

the work associated with obtaining food for a family or household

The ideal of the ecologically noble savage puts the success of Indigenous conservation projects in jeopardy because

there is a potential for backlash by the Western media if Indigenous communities lose their symbolic purity

All of the following are true about matrilineages, EXCEPT

they are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than men

In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through either the male or the female line (not both).

true

The common English phrases "I won the argument" and "I had a fightwith my boyfriend last night" are examples of the conceptual metaphor in American culture that argument is

war

In calling religion "the opium of the people," Karl Marx meant that religion

was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience

Sustainable development can be defined as

ways that environmental resources can be preserved while utilizing those resources for industry

The theoretical school of thought that believes that objective research is not possible and is infuenced by the ethnographers cultural bias is:

Postmodernism

When comparing humans and chimpanzees, which of the following traits is unique to humans?

Preserved kinship ties

Which theorist proposed that religious beliefs provide rules or restrictions that suppress humans' worst instincts? Dame Mary Douglas

Sigmund Freud

What causes language variation?

Social class All of the answer choices YES Migration routes Settlement patterns

Which of the following statements about agriculturalists is true?

They use their land intensively and continuously.

A feeling of ease in one's own body in familiar social settings (based on social class) is described by the term

habitus