excm exam 2

What is the IRB?

-is an administrative body established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities conducted under the auspices of the institution with which it is affiliated. -has the authority to approve, disapprove, monitor, and require modifications in all research activities that fall within its jurisdiction as specified by both the federal regulations and institutional policy

Causes of scientific misconduct

-pressure to publish -need to complete graduate work -desire to continue funding -desire for academic rewards

3 types of coefficients of reliability

1. Stability 2. Alternate forms 3. Internal consistency

Working With Faculty

Faculty advisors or mentors should treat graduate students as colleagues. Selecting an advisor or mentor: - Read what she or he has written. - Talk to other students. Changing your advisor or mentor.

Effect size

Meaningfulness—The importance or practical significance of an effect or relationship.

How Computers Are Used in Statistics

Offer less error than hand calculations in statistical analysis and are so much faster

type 1 error

Rejection of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.

Protecting Human Participants

Right to privacy or nonparticipation Right to remain anonymous Right to confidentiality Right to experimenter responsibility

Ethical Issues Regarding Copyright

What is "fair use" of materials? - Purpose: commercial or educational? - Nature: is copying expected? - Amount: how much is copied? - Effect: what is the influence on the market? For teaching: Articles, chapters, overheads, slides, PowerPoint presentations For research: Figures and tables, previously published scholarly work If you are unsure, ask permission! WHO?

Comparing test items with the course objectives (course topics) checks which type of validity? a. content b. predictive c. concurrent d. construct

a

The determining factor in the order of authorship of a research publication is that the first author is the person who a. develops the idea and plans the research b. gathers the data c. analyzes and interprets the data d. is alphabetically first by surname

a

When an experimenter states that the level of significance is the .05 level, he is setting the probability of committing which type of error? a. type I error b. type II error

a

Observed score

an obtained score that comprises a person's true score and error score [Observed score = True score + error score]

After a population of 1,000 high school seniors is divided by sex and size of school attended, the random selection of a sample to represent these proportions of the population is called a. systematic sampling b. matched-pair sampling c. stratified random sampling d. cluster sampling

c

If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between a large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is a. statistically significant and has a high degree of meaningfulness b. not statistically significant but has a high degree of meaningfulness c. statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness d. neither statistically significant nor meaningful

c

2 types of probability

equally likely events relative frequency

Elements of Informed Consent

fair explanation discomforts and risks alternative procedures free to withdraw at any time

alpha

level of chance occurrence (type 1 error)

4 Basic Types of Measurement Validity

logical validity - valid by definition content validity- writing a test for a course criterion validity- construct validity-

3 characteristics of normal curve

mean, median, and mode being at the same point

Intraclass

method of computing correlation between 2 variables called ANOVA correlation

Interclass

method of computing correlation between two variables; also called Pearson r or Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation.

Unit of analysis

most basic unit from which data can be produced

7 areas of scientific dishonesty

plagiarism fabrication & falsification nonpublication of data faulty data-gathering procedures poor data storage & retention misleading authorship unacceptable publication practices

power

probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false

ways to select a sample

random sampling: tables of random numbers stratified random sampling systematic sampling: new sports facility random assignment post hoc justification

Central tendency scores

single score that best represents all the scores

Variability scores

the degree of difference between each individual score and the central tendency score

error score

the part of an observed score that is attributed to measurement error.

True score

the part of the observed score that represents the person's real score and does not contain measurement error.

probability

used to describe the confidence that you place in the statistical findings aka the 'odds that something will happen'

IRB process

1) research proposal 2) sent back with suggested changes a) revised and resubmitted for review 3) approved 4) denied

Parametric

A test based on data assumptions

Item response theory (IRT)

A theory that focuses on the characteristics of the test item and the examinee's response to the item as a means of determining the examinee's ability; also called latent trait theory.

nonparametric

Any of a number of statistical techniques used when the data assumptions need NOT be met

model for considering scientific misconduct

Scientific misconduct -> Sanctions Scientific mistakes -> Remedial activities

statistical techniques

Statistical techniques allow the description of data characteristics, the testing of relationships, and the testing of differences Statistics IN NOT inference (generalization) - Whether inference is allowed is determined by the method used for selecting the sample, procedures, and context. The allowance of inference is not affected by the statistic.

Why We Need Statistics

Statistics is an objective way of interpreting a collection of observations.

purpose of random sampling

The purpose of random sampling is to infer that the findings apply to the larger population.

If a thermometer measured the temperature in an oven as 400° five days in a row when the temperature was actually 337°, this measuring instrument would be considered a. reliable and valid b. valid but not reliable c. reliable but not valid d. unreliable and invalid

c

Types of Statistics

- Descriptive techniques: status - Correlational techniques: relationship (not cause and effect) - Differences among groups: comparison

Post Hoc Justification

1. When the researcher does NOT use random sampling 2. Used to compare intact groups, or groups within the sample that are not randomly formed (i.e men, children and women) • Average age, racial balance, SES 3. Used when the sample represents some larger group (i.e. IL women to represent U.S. women) A good sample leads to a generalization statement that states that it is plausible that the findings apply to a broader population.

type 2 error

Acceptance of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. (+/-)

Ethical Issues in Human and Animal Research

Institutional review boards Humans - Informed consent - Human participants committee Animals - Justification - Value of animal models

Context

The interrelationships found in the real-world setting.

The term that denotes using ideas, writings, or drawings of others as your own is a. proselytizing b. misrepresentation c. confutation d. plagiarism

d

To plan a study you need to understand 4 concepts and their interrelationships

1. alpha/beta, 2. power, 3. sample size, and 4. effect size.

Sample

A group of participants, treatments, or situations selected from a larger population.

three categories of statistics

descriptive correlational differences

True or False: Power decreases the odds of rejecting a false null hypothesis.

false- it increases the odds