excm exam 2
What is the IRB?
-is an administrative body established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities conducted under the auspices of the institution with which it is affiliated. -has the authority to approve, disapprove, monitor, and require modifications in all research activities that fall within its jurisdiction as specified by both the federal regulations and institutional policy
Causes of scientific misconduct
-pressure to publish -need to complete graduate work -desire to continue funding -desire for academic rewards
3 types of coefficients of reliability
1. Stability 2. Alternate forms 3. Internal consistency
Working With Faculty
Faculty advisors or mentors should treat graduate students as colleagues. Selecting an advisor or mentor: - Read what she or he has written. - Talk to other students. Changing your advisor or mentor.
Effect size
Meaningfulness—The importance or practical significance of an effect or relationship.
How Computers Are Used in Statistics
Offer less error than hand calculations in statistical analysis and are so much faster
type 1 error
Rejection of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
Protecting Human Participants
Right to privacy or nonparticipation Right to remain anonymous Right to confidentiality Right to experimenter responsibility
Ethical Issues Regarding Copyright
What is "fair use" of materials? - Purpose: commercial or educational? - Nature: is copying expected? - Amount: how much is copied? - Effect: what is the influence on the market? For teaching: Articles, chapters, overheads, slides, PowerPoint presentations For research: Figures and tables, previously published scholarly work If you are unsure, ask permission! WHO?
Comparing test items with the course objectives (course topics) checks which type of validity? a. content b. predictive c. concurrent d. construct
a
The determining factor in the order of authorship of a research publication is that the first author is the person who a. develops the idea and plans the research b. gathers the data c. analyzes and interprets the data d. is alphabetically first by surname
a
When an experimenter states that the level of significance is the .05 level, he is setting the probability of committing which type of error? a. type I error b. type II error
a
Observed score
an obtained score that comprises a person's true score and error score [Observed score = True score + error score]
After a population of 1,000 high school seniors is divided by sex and size of school attended, the random selection of a sample to represent these proportions of the population is called a. systematic sampling b. matched-pair sampling c. stratified random sampling d. cluster sampling
c
If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between a large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is a. statistically significant and has a high degree of meaningfulness b. not statistically significant but has a high degree of meaningfulness c. statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness d. neither statistically significant nor meaningful
c
2 types of probability
equally likely events relative frequency
Elements of Informed Consent
fair explanation discomforts and risks alternative procedures free to withdraw at any time
alpha
level of chance occurrence (type 1 error)
4 Basic Types of Measurement Validity
logical validity - valid by definition content validity- writing a test for a course criterion validity- construct validity-
3 characteristics of normal curve
mean, median, and mode being at the same point
Intraclass
method of computing correlation between 2 variables called ANOVA correlation
Interclass
method of computing correlation between two variables; also called Pearson r or Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation.
Unit of analysis
most basic unit from which data can be produced
7 areas of scientific dishonesty
plagiarism fabrication & falsification nonpublication of data faulty data-gathering procedures poor data storage & retention misleading authorship unacceptable publication practices
power
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
ways to select a sample
random sampling: tables of random numbers stratified random sampling systematic sampling: new sports facility random assignment post hoc justification
Central tendency scores
single score that best represents all the scores
Variability scores
the degree of difference between each individual score and the central tendency score
error score
the part of an observed score that is attributed to measurement error.
True score
the part of the observed score that represents the person's real score and does not contain measurement error.
probability
used to describe the confidence that you place in the statistical findings aka the 'odds that something will happen'
IRB process
1) research proposal 2) sent back with suggested changes a) revised and resubmitted for review 3) approved 4) denied
Parametric
A test based on data assumptions
Item response theory (IRT)
A theory that focuses on the characteristics of the test item and the examinee's response to the item as a means of determining the examinee's ability; also called latent trait theory.
nonparametric
Any of a number of statistical techniques used when the data assumptions need NOT be met
model for considering scientific misconduct
Scientific misconduct -> Sanctions Scientific mistakes -> Remedial activities
statistical techniques
Statistical techniques allow the description of data characteristics, the testing of relationships, and the testing of differences Statistics IN NOT inference (generalization) - Whether inference is allowed is determined by the method used for selecting the sample, procedures, and context. The allowance of inference is not affected by the statistic.
Why We Need Statistics
Statistics is an objective way of interpreting a collection of observations.
purpose of random sampling
The purpose of random sampling is to infer that the findings apply to the larger population.
If a thermometer measured the temperature in an oven as 400° five days in a row when the temperature was actually 337°, this measuring instrument would be considered a. reliable and valid b. valid but not reliable c. reliable but not valid d. unreliable and invalid
c
Types of Statistics
- Descriptive techniques: status - Correlational techniques: relationship (not cause and effect) - Differences among groups: comparison
Post Hoc Justification
1. When the researcher does NOT use random sampling 2. Used to compare intact groups, or groups within the sample that are not randomly formed (i.e men, children and women) • Average age, racial balance, SES 3. Used when the sample represents some larger group (i.e. IL women to represent U.S. women) A good sample leads to a generalization statement that states that it is plausible that the findings apply to a broader population.
type 2 error
Acceptance of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. (+/-)
Ethical Issues in Human and Animal Research
Institutional review boards Humans - Informed consent - Human participants committee Animals - Justification - Value of animal models
Context
The interrelationships found in the real-world setting.
The term that denotes using ideas, writings, or drawings of others as your own is a. proselytizing b. misrepresentation c. confutation d. plagiarism
d
To plan a study you need to understand 4 concepts and their interrelationships
1. alpha/beta, 2. power, 3. sample size, and 4. effect size.
Sample
A group of participants, treatments, or situations selected from a larger population.
three categories of statistics
descriptive correlational differences
True or False: Power decreases the odds of rejecting a false null hypothesis.
false- it increases the odds