Exemplary Treatment Practice

Lack of mental health parity would be viewed as a _____ related to ______. Optional Answers: 1. prejudice; self-stigma 2. stereotype; public stigma 3. prejudice; structural stigma 4. discriminatory behavior; structural stigma

discriminatory behavior; structural stigma

Stigma has been found to be a barrier to all of the following EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. eligibility for disability benefits 2. employment 3. participation in postsecondary education 4. social isolation

eligibility for disability benefits

In ABA, emphasis is placed on ___ measurement of behavior through direct observation procedures. Optional answers: 1. systemic 2. objective 3. intuitive 4. subjective

objective

Which of the following refers to the field of study that blends behavioral science with neurological, endocrine, and immune processes? Optional Answers: 1. epistemology 2. etiology of occurring disorders 3. pschyoneuroimmunology 4. integrated care

psychoneuroimmunology

All of the following are among the three points in Gordon Allport's mental health continuum EXCEPT the ___ point? optional answers: 1. healthy 2. disorder 3. problem 4. prevention

prevention

Which evidence-based trauma treatment was designed for children exposed to family violence and consists of weekly sessions for 20 to 32 weeks (or more) provided in-home? Optional Answers: 1. applied behavioral analysis 2. child-parent psychotherapy 3. trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy 4. positive behavior support

Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)

After her initial hearing, Sara was referred to an arbitration program, making it possible for her to avoid conviction for a minor charge. Which intercept level is this? Optional Answers: 1. Intercept 0 or 1 2. Intercept 2 or 3 3. Intercept 4 4. Intercept 5

Intercept 3

According to SAMHSA (2022), more than __ of children report at least one traumatic event by age 16. Optional answers: 1. one-third 2. two-thirds 3. three-quarters 4. one-quarter

Two-thirds

Wraparound services are designed for: Optional Answers: 1. All youth 2. Youth living in targeted high-risk zip codes 3. Youth with the most severe behavioral health needs 4. Youth from single-parent households

Youth with the most severe behavioral health needs

Stigma was originally defined by Irving Goffman, a sociologist, as: Optional Answers: 1. a prejudicial attitude 2. a deep hatred or contempt 3. a mark that is deeply discrediting 4. a discriminatory practice

a mark that is deeply discrediting

Muslim Americans seeking mental health treatment have high rates of which disorder(s)? Optional answers: 1. mood disorders 2. adjustment disorder 3. substance use disorders 4. psychotic disorders

adjustment disorder

According to Coombs et al. (2021), the most prevalent barriers to behavioral healthcare access involve issues related to __? optional answers: 1. affordability 2. amenability 3. approachability 4. availability

affordability

Which of the following BEST describes the findings of Pescosolido et al. (2021) with respect to trends in public stigma towards mental illness in the US? Optional answers: 1. stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes are increasing 2. stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes are holding steady 3. stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes cannot be assessed due to lack of research 4. stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes are decreasing

stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes are decreasing

Colin sees his PCP for an annual exam. His PCP asked him whether he ever drank more than four servings of alcohol in a day or more than 14 in a week, and Colin answers "yes". The PCP administered the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and the PCP concluded that Colin was a "moderate risk" for alcohol related problems. Using the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) model, which intervention would the PCP employ next? Optional answers: 1. 5 to 20 minutes of awareness raising, motivation to change, and agreement to change 2. 5 to 12 sessions of assessment, education, problem-solving, coping mechanisms, and building a supporting social environment 3. discussion of results with no further intervention 4. referral to a residential substance abuse treatment program that provides holistic, person-centered care

1. 5 to 20 minutes of awareness raising, motivation to change, and agreement to change

All of the following are among the three common public stigma change strategies proposed by Dr. Kosyluk EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. lobbying 2. protest 3. education 4. contact

1. Lobbying

Which of the following services is NOT provided by counselors who work as behavioral healthcare consultants at Wake-Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina? Optional answers: 1. Prescription of psychotropic medications 2. bedside counseling and screening in trauma surgery unit 3. grief and loss counseling 4. crisis intervention

1. Prescription of psychotropic medications

Which integrated care model is supported by the American Psychological Association and involves having a licensed behavioral health specialist on every primary care team who functions as behavioral healthcare consultant? optional answers: 1. Primary Care Behavioral Health Model (PCBHM) 2. The Medical Home Model (MHM) 3. Collaborative Care Model (CoM) 4. Patient Psychopharmacology Wellness Model

1. Primary Care Behavioral Health Model (PCBHM)

___ refers to the direction of negative social attitudes about homosexuality toward the self, leading to a devaluation of the self and poor self regard. Optional answers: 1. internalized homonegativity 2. reverse homo-marginalization 3. reverse homoprojection 4. internalized homo-hatred

1. internalized homonegativity

According to the National Wraparound Initiative (2019), all of the following are defining characteristics of wraparound services EXCEPT: optional answers: 1. restrictive 2. holistic 3. youth and family driven 4. comprehensive

1. restrictive

Research demonstrates that men and women have __ rates of mental disorders, and rates of the types of conditions they have are __: optional answers: 1. similar ; different 2. different ; similar 3. different ; different 4. similar ; similar

1. similar ; different

In his TedTalk lecture, Tom Sebastion reported that the APA estimates that __ of all adults receiving medical care also have a behavioral health condition, such as depression or anxiety. Optional answers: 1. 1/4 2. 1/3 3. 1/2 4. 1/5

1/3

A substance use treatment agency trying to implement motivation enhancement therapy (MET) created a training workshop taught by MET founders/ experts designed to ensure precise implementation of the MET protocol as it was originally designed. Which term BEST describes the agency's goal? optional answers: 1. adaption 2. fidelity 3. dissemination 4. customization

2. Fidelity

All of the following are conditions identified by the CDC (2019) that could be reduced or by preventing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) EXCEPT: Optional answers: 1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder 2. Intellectual Disorder 3. Depressive disorder 4. Kidney disease

2. Intellectual Disorder

Which of the following BEST describes Singh et al.,'s (2022) perspective on the use of technology for prevention of mental disorders and promotion of mental health? optional answers: 1. Technology will not likely improve nor worsen the mental health and wellbeing 2. Technology can be used to improve access to care and promote healthy behaviors 3. Technology can be harmful because it disincentivizes in-person connection with social supports 4. Not enough data has been collected

2. Technology can be used to improve access to care and promote healthy behaviors

Which of the following was NOT among the tier 1 related recommendations for behavioral healthcare providers offered by Dr. Martinez? Optional answers: 1. know the discipline process used by the school 2. draft schoolwide expectations and rules and send them to school admin 3. communicate the school's plan to families and the community 4. teach students the schoolwide expectations and rules

2. draft schoolwide expectations and rules and send them to school admin

All of the following are among the four key areas of improving mental health in urban settings referenced by Ponte (2020) EXCEPT: optional answers: 1. active spaces that encourage exercise 2. increased access to material possessions 3. safe spaces, free of crime and traffic 4. more green spaces

2. increased access to material possessions

According to Alessi and Bennet (2020), all of the following conditions are connected to the development of mental disorders EXCEPT: optional answers: 1. ulcerative colitis 2. malingering 3. celiac disease 4. rheumatoid arthritis

2. malingering

According to the American Psychiatric Association, the US population is gradually becoming more diverse. It is estimated that by 2044, __ of all americans will belong to a minority group (i.e., any group other than white, non-hispanic). Optional answers: 1. one third 2. more than half 3. nearly all 4. 20%

2. more than half

Which of the following was identified by SAMHSA as evidence-based practice in behavioral treatment for justice-involved individuals? Optional answers: 1. emotion-focused therapy 2. motivational interviewing 3. psychodynamic therapy 4. accelerated resolution therapy

2. motivational interviewing

How many tiers of support are included in the PBIS model? Optional Answers: A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

3 tiers of support

In applied behavioral analysis, the systematic application of conditioned reinforcers called tokens to promote and maintain desirable behavior is referred to as ___ Optional answers: 1. Shaping 2. Extinction 3. Token Economy 4. Punishment

3. Token Economy

Which of the following terms describes "the complete process of brining something into practice or set of factors necessary for successful adoption by stakeholders and the targeted population of EBP which results in widespread use/practice and penetration of broad scale recommendations? optional answers: 1. dissemination 2. adaption 3. diffusion 4. implementation

3. diffusion

In module 8, lecture 1, Dr. Epps noted the following characteristics of social justice EXCEPT: optional answers: 1. it is the moral foundation of public health 2. it insures equal opportunities to lead healthy, meaningful, and productive lives 3. it guarantees that all people have the same economic and material resources 4. it is corrected with human well-being

3. it guarantees that all people have the same economic and material resources

Compared with the non-hispanic whites, african americans with any mental illness have __ rates of any mental health services use including prescriptions, medications, and outpatient services, but __ use of inpatient services. Optional answers: 1. similar ; higher 2. higher ; lower 3. lower ; higher 4. similar ; lower

3. lower ; higher

Norton (2022) recommends that mental health professionals refrain from writing an ESA letter in all of the following circumstances EXCEPT: Optional answers: 1. the only source of the data is the client's self-report 2. the letter is not deemed to be within the client's best interest 3. the client's ESA is a pet 4. the evaluator is not trained in disability determination

3. the client's ESA is a pet

In applied behavioral analysis, emphasis is placed on __ measurement of behavior through direct observation procedures Optional answers: 1. Systemic 2. Subjective 3. Intuitive 4. Objective

4. Objective

Which module 7 term is best defined as a "coordinated network of community-based services and support organized to meet the challenges of children and youth with serious mental health needs and their families?" Optional Answers 1. Positive behavioral support 2. Wraparound 3. Applied Behavioral Analysis 4. System of care

4. System of care

What definition of social determinants of health was referenced by Jeste and Pender (2022)? Optional answers: 1. Genetic traits of biological races and sexes that influence the development of mental issues 2. cultural attitudes that result in "othering" oppressed groups of people 3. advantage of citizenship in one's country of origin that predict greater access to healthcare services 4. conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes.

4. conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes.

Bisexual individuals comprise the __ self-identified group within the LGBTQ population. Comparatively the proportion of research focusing on them is __. Optional answers: 1. smallest ; large 2. largest ; large 3. smallest ; small 4. largest ; small

4. largest ; small

All of the following were identified by the APA as mental health related challenges faced by refugees EXCEPT: optional answers: 1. poverty 2. insecure housing 3. isolation 4. the fear of being deported by the US government

4. the fear of being deported by the US government

Using the SBIRT model, if a primary care physician concluded that a patient was at "moderate risk," which intervention would be used? Optional Answers: 1. 5 to 12 sessions of assessment, education, problem-solving, coping mechanisms, and building a supportive social environment 2. Referral to a residential substance abuse treatment program that provides holistic, person-centered care 3. Discussion of results with no further intervention 4. 5 to 20 minutes of awareness raising, motivation to change, and agreement to change

5 to 20 minutes of awareness raising, motivation to change, and agreement to change

According to Dr. Teague, about ___ % of inmates report mental health problems. Optional Answers: 1. 50 2. 35 3. 62 4. 80

50%

According to Dr. Teague, Black Americans are incarcerated at nearly ___ times the rate of White Americans. Optional Answers: 1. 3 2. 4 3. 6 4. 9

6 times

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of evidence-based medicine proposed by Drake et al. (2003)? Optional Answers: 1. Adjust the approach to accommodate the preferences of funders. 2. Use the best available current scientific evidence 3. Individualize the evidence. 4. Expand clinical expertise.

Adjust the approach to accommodate the preferences of funders.

The percentage of total years lost to disability is greatest for ______. Optional Answers: 1. cancers 2. cardiovascular conditions 3. respiratory ailments 4. behavioral disorders

Behavioral disorders

More than 3 out of 4 out-of-school preschool suspensions include: Optional Answers: 1. Black boys 2. White boys 3. LGBT students 4. Girls

Black boys

All of the following are among the 6 key components of evidence-based trauma treatments EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. safety 2. catharsis 3. psychoeducation 4. relaxation

Catharsis

All of the following are TRUE with respect to the history of community mental health treatment EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. Service provision is now mostly privatized. 2. Community mental health centers were originally funded by the federal government. 3. Community mental health center administration has largely been centralized. 4. Managed care become the dominant financing model.

Community mental health center administration has largely been centralized.

All of the following are guiding principles of wraparound services EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. Embrace sources of natural support 2. Confront problematic family values 3. Develop a customized set of strategies 4. Monitor progress in terms of measurable indicators of success

Confront problematic family values

Which term describes "the 'complete' process of bringing something into practice or set of factors necessary for successful adoption? Optional Answers: 1. dissemination 2. implementation 3. adaptation 4. diffusion

Diffusion

Which of the following was NOT among the Tier1-related recommendations for behavioral healthcare providers offered by Dr. Martinez? Optional Answers: 1. Know the discipline process used by the school. 2. Draft schoolwide expectations and rules and send them to school administrators. 3. Communicate the school's plan to families and the community. 4. Teach students the schoolwide expectations and rules.

Draft schoolwide expectations and rules and send them to school administrators.

All of the following are included in SAMHSA's Behavioral Health Continuum of Care Model EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. prevention 2. promotion 3. education 4. maintenance

Education

All of the following are part of the pyramid model of PBS except: Optional Answers: 1. Emotional cutoff 2. Nurturing and responsive relationships 3. targeted social emotional supports 4. intensive intervention

Emotional cutoff

All of the following are among the areas impacted by complex trauma cited by Dr. Stover EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. analytic capacities 2. extroversion 3. affect regulation 4. self-concept

Extroversion

All of the following are true with respect to stigma within the criminal justice system EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. Factors that influence mental health are generally different than those that influence crime. 2. People with mental illness are grossly over-represented in the criminal justice system 3. Criminal justice professionals routinely endorse stereotypes about mental illnesses 4. Structural stigma that materializes in other domains (i.e. employment, housing) can put people at risk for conflict with the law.

Factors that influence mental health are generally different than those that influence crime.

An agency created a workshop taught by (MET) founders designed to ensure the MET protocol was implemented precisely as designed. Which term BEST describes the agency's goal? Optional Answers: 1. fidelity 2. adaptation 3. dissemination 4. customization

Fidelity

1. All of the following are among the core principles of positive behavior interventions and support (PBIS) EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. hard work 2. team process 3. emphasis on prevention 4. facilitated leadership

Hard work The core principles of PBIS are team process, emphasis on prevention, data-based decision making, continuous monitoring, and multi-tiered systems of support.

Federal laws offer special protection for emotional support animals (ESAs) in which of the following contexts? Optional Answers: 1. Housing 2. Employment 3. air travel 4. public property

Housing

All of the following are among the outcomes of Milwaukee wraparound project EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. Increase in psychiatric hospitalization rates 2. Improved school performance 3. Average monthly cost lower than that of residential treatment 4. Decrease in the average daily residential treatment population

Increase in psychiatric hospitalization rates

From 2019 through 2021, the percentage of adults of all ages who had received any form of mental health treatment in the past 12 months __ ? optional answers: 1. neither increased nor decreased 2. increased 3. could not be determined due to a lack of data 4. decreased

Increased

A person who is experiencing a crisis can now call 988 to get help. This is an example of a service at what intercept? Optional Answers: 1. Intercept 0 2. Intercept 2 3. Intercept 3 4. Intercept 4

Intercept 0

2. Which of the following terms BEST describes "the creation of individual, social, and environmental conditions that enable optimal psychological and psychophysiological development? Optional Answers: 1. mental health promotion 2. mental wellness 3. prevention of mental illness 4. mitigation of mental crises

Mental Health Promotion

Which of the following statements about the rationale for prevention and early intervention is FALSE? Optional Answers: 1. Half of all lifetime cases of behavioral health disorders begin by age 14; three-fourths by age 24. 2. The first symptoms of most behavioral health disorders typically occur two-to-four years before diagnosis. 3. Mental and substance use disorders are the second greatest cause of disability worldwide. 4. The costs of behavioral health disorders are extensive.

Mental and substance use disorders are the second greatest cause of disability worldwide.

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to outcomes of the Florida Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (FPBIS) program? Optional Answers: 1. The benefits associated with implementation of FPBIS tend to diminish by year 3 of implementation. 2. There is no correlation between FPBIS outcomes and fidelity. 3. Not all FPBIS schools have the same level of fidelity to the program. 4. Referral rates decrease with FPBIS intervention, but out of school suspension rates do not.

Not all FPBIS schools have the same level of fidelity to the program.

All of the following interventions were offered by Hoffman, Essien, and Norton (2020) as examples of how clinical mental health counselors can help reduce police violence and burnout EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. respond alongside police officers for mental health related calls 2. conduct fitness for duty evaluations 3. organize protests against police violence 4. provide counseling and psychotherapy for officers

Organize protests against police violence

Which of the following is NOT among the three levels of change? Optional Answers: 1. program 2. policy 3. practice 4. system

Policy

Which term refers to a process to understand and resolve the problem behavior of individuals or children that is based on values and empirical research that offers an approach to develop an understanding of why the child engages in problem behavior and strategies to prevent the occurrence of problem behavior while teaching the child new skills? Optional answers: 1. wraparound services 2. positive behavior support 3. system of care approach 4. ABA

Positive behavior support

The return on investment (ROI) is GREATEST for which of the following interventions? Optional Answers: 1. debt advice services 2. workplace health promotion programs 3. school-based interventions to reduce bullying 4. prevention of conduct disorder through social and emotional learning

Prevention of conduct disorder through social and emotional learning

A community mental health center researched best practices for working with transgender clients and created a "unisex" bathroom in its center. Which level of change is this? Optional Answers: 1. system 2. practice 3. policy 4. program

Program

Which of the following three common strategies for changing stigma is LEAST affective in meta analyses? Optional Answers: 1. protest 2. education 3. contact

Protest

Which of the following is NOT integrated into trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT)? Optional Answers: 1. psychoanalysis 2. attachment theory 3. developmental neurobiology 4. family therapy

Psychoanalysis

Which of the 10 critical elements do schools tend to MOST enjoy? Optional Answers: 1. teaming 2. evaluations 3. teaching behavior 4. reward programs

Reward programs

All of the following are among the four core elements of The First Nations Mental Wellness Model EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. hope 2. self-determination 3. meaning 4. purpose

Self-determination

According to Dr. Armstrong, without this component, it's not really wraparound services. Optional Answers: 1. Services must be funded through Medicaid. 2. Services must be contingent upon consistent client compliance. 3. Services must be provided in a residential setting. 4. Services must be unconditional.

Services must be unconditional

Which of the following is a characteristic of wraparound teams offered by Dr. Armstrong? Optional Answers: 1. Typically, the majority of the team consists of professionals. 2. They are rarely comprised of the youth's family members. 3. They include 2 or 3 people who know the client well. 4. Teams are a non-negotiable component of the wraparound process

Teams are a non-negotiable component of the wraparound process

Which of the following statements about the historical evolution of civil commitment is FALSE? Optional Answers: 1. The focus has shifted from focusing on "dangerousness" to focusing on "diagnosis." 2. The invention of new psychiatric medications contributed to deinstitutionalization. 3. A majority of citizens now favor general access to healthcare. 4. The Supreme Court's Olmstead decision established that treatment could be no more restrictive than necessary to meet the needs.

The focus has shifted from focusing on "dangerousness" to focusing on "diagnosis."

Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to the role of forensic mental health evaluators? Optional Answers: 1. they must be psychologists or psychiatrists 2. they are not paid well 3. they work in an over-saturated job market 4. they are not advocates- their role does not involve supporting and helping their clients

They are not advocates

In the M9.1.2 lecture, Dr. Martinez discussed the strategy of releasing students from class one zone at a time in order to reduce the number of students trying to exit through one double gate at the same time, which previously caused a great deal of stress, arguments, pushing, and fighting. This intervention is an example of which PBIS tier of support? optional answers: 1. Tier 4 2. Tier 3 3. Tier 1 4. Tier 2

Tier 1

Releasing students one zone at a time to reduce traffic in the double gated exit is an example of which PBIS tier of support? Optional Answers: 1. Tier 1 2. Tier 2 3. Tier 3 4. Tier 4

Tier 1

What is the difference between a Tier 1 and Tier 3 intervention? Optional Answers: 1. Tier 1 involves school-wide interventions, and Tier 3 involves individual interventions. 2. Tier 1 involves small group interventions, and Tier 3 involves community-wide interventions. 3. Tier 1 involves individual interventions, and Tier 3 involves community-wide interventions. 4. Tier 1 involves family-level interventions, and Tier 3 involves community-wide interventions.

Tier 1 involves school-wide interventions, and Tier 3 involves individual interventions.

In the module 9 videos, a small group of students who demonstrated a need for behavioral or academic support that exceeds school-wide programming were able to meet every morning for the "moving on up club" for extra support. This club is an example of which PBIS tier of support? Optional answers: 1. Tier 1 2. Tier 4 3. Tier 3 4. Tier 2

Tier 2

The use of punishment to stop undesirable student behavior is a goal of ______. Optional Answers: 1. PBIS 2. wraparound services 3. traditional discipline 4. behavior modification

Traditional discipline

The WHO released a report on stigma that offered three "paths to transformation" designed to strengthen systems of care. Which of the following was NOT among those three paths? Optional answers: 1. deepen the value and commitment we give to mental health 2. reshape environments that influence mental health, including homes, communities, schools, workplaces, health care services, natural environments 3. establish a commission tasked with identifying genetic traits that predispose specific ethnoracial populations to certain mental illnesses 4. strengthen mental health care by changing where, how, and by whom mental health care in delivered and received

establish a commission tasked with identifying genetic traits that predispose specific ethnoracial populations to certain mental illnesses

Which of the following PBIS Tier 3 supports include defining problem behavioral and replacement behavior? Optional Answers: 1. wraparound services 2. behavior intervention plans 3. individualized education planning 4. functional behavior assessment

functional behavior assessment

Which ABA term describes "the occurrence of target behavior outside of the treatment or training setting in the natural environment? Optional answers: 1. generalization 2. token economy 3. reinforcement 4. punishment

generalization

All of the following as characteristics of social justice EXCEPT: Optional Answers: 1. it is the moral foundation of public health 2. it is concerned with human well-being 3. it guarantees that all people have the same economic and material resources 4. it insures equal opportunities to lead healthy, meaningful, and productive lives

it guarantees that all people have the same economic and material resources

All of the following were identified by APA as barriers to behavioral healthcare access for Hispanic Americans EXCEPT: Optional answers: 1. shortage of bilingual or linguistically mental health professionals 2. lack of insurance/inadequate insurance 3. cultural stigma associated with mental illness 4. lack of willingness among healthcare providers to work with Hispanic clients

lack of willingness among healthcare providers to work with Hispanic clients

According to SAMHSA (2022), feeling "depressed or alone" is a potential sign of traumatic stress most associated with which development stage? Optional answers: 1. infancy 2. middle and high school 3. elementary school 4. preschool

middle and high school

There is a wide variation in the annual incomes of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, but overall, they earn __ than other racial and ethnic groups. Optional answers: 1. unknown (due to lack of research) 2. the same as 3. more 4. less

more

Which of the following is NOT a research finding about positive outcomes associated with positive behavior interventions and support (PBIS) discussed by Sugai and Horner (2020)? Optional Answers: 1. reduced administrative school expenses 2. reduced student suspensions 3. improved student reports of school climate 4. improved teacher self-efficacy

reduced administrative school expenses

A "social determinants framework" developed by the world health organization identifies two broad types of social determinants that influence health and can lead to health inequities. Economic, social, and public policies that relate to behavioral healthcare would fit under which type of social determinant? Optional answers: 1. etiological determinants 2. intermediary determinants 3. structural determinants 4. indiscriminate determinants

structural determinants

Dr. Kosyluk argues that stigma is primarily propagated by ______. Optional Answers: 1. government officials 2. healthcare providers 3. the media 4. the elderly

the media