EXER 432 Final Exam
A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a(n)
cohort study
A basic characteristic of correlational research is that it
does not manipulate variables and hence cannot establish cause and effect
In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called
effect size
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on knowledge?
epistemology
A baseline in single subject research
establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention
Just before the posttest, students in the control group were shown a film in another class that related directly to the subject matter being studied in the treatment group. This represents what kind of threat to internal validity?
history
Reasoning that moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions is termed ____ reasoning.
inductive
Particularizing as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher
is interested in minute detail of the past
Generally speaking, an oral presentation at a conference has
less detail than a poster
In comparison to survey interviews, qualitative interviews tend to be
less structured
Which of the following represent(s) a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game?
notes taken by a spectator at the game
In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the preliminary part
only a and b
The one characteristic of true experimental designs that preexperimental and quasi-experimental designs do not have is
random assignment to groups
Historians use secondary sources to
understand what is known about the topic
In qualitative research, triangulation is the method of
using different kinds of data collection techniques in the analysis and interpretation
Mixed-methods research
was being conducted while some scholars debated whether it was possible
A researcher finds that the control group performs above its usual performance when compared with the experimental group. This effect is named the
Avis effect
Determining the relationship between students' attitudes toward drugs and the frequency of drug usage is an example of a(n) ________ study.
correlational
Which of the following would be included in a grant proposal but not in a thesis proposal?
curriculum vitae of the author
The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like
delimitations
In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called
experimental mortality
According to the text, the proposal should be written in
future tense
Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiological research, the shortest (one to four items) is the
global questionnaire
When a national poll reports that its survey has a margin of error of 3%, it is referring to error due to
sampling
Lumping as an approach to socio-historical research occurs when the researcher
takes disparate facts and groups them together
The fact that a meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is
the description of the coding of study characteristics and the criteria for excluding studies
The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chapter model in that a separate chapter is devoted entirely to
the literature review
In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a posttest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?
the pretest standard deviation
In the results section of a research report, the author should include
a and b only
Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ________ scale items.
Likert-type
Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting?
MET
Which of the following statements about constructing tables is not true?
The table should include whatever test of significance was used.
Trustworthiness in qualitative research
deals with both data collection and analysis
"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to
external validity
Which of the following should be included in the discussion section of a research report?
implications of the results
Doing a mixed-methods study requires
more expertise than is required for two separate studies
A double-blind experiment is one in which
neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment
A researcher tests the knowledge that 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States have about nutrition, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a ________ survey study.
normative
It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to
other volunteers from similar populations
Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of
people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases
In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that
the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things?
axiology
In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain
an extended review of literature
The interpretation of data in qualitative research always involves some form of
sorting and categorizing
Determinants of disease are often called
risk factors
Which of the following is the most unobtrusive technique for measuring student interest in reading?
Count how often students check out books from the library.
Consider the following questionnaire item (which uses a yes/no format): "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" What rule regarding item construction does it violate?
Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item.
Sometimes it is not possible to actually administer the treatment (e.g., when comparing children who had been in Head Start vs. children who had not). However, the researcher is trying to imply causation. This type of design (sometimes called causal comparative) is referred to as
an ex post facto design
A researcher wants to determine the percentages of time that a teacher spends in various tasks, such as demonstration, explanation, and monitoring students. Which of the following is probably the most valid way to research this?
an observational study
In comparison to the traditional chapter format, the body of a dissertation using the journal format is almost always
shorter
The qualitative researcher typically
studies a small number of participants
A fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through
reflective procedures
Which of the following is not a common paradigm for socio-historical research?
Functional-Modernism
The only true experimental design that can specifically evaluate the reactive or interactive effects of testing is the _______ design.
Solomon four-group
The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to
list specific objectives to be achieved
A researcher wishes to study a group of children over a period of 10 years beginning in 2016 and ending in 2025. This is an example of a ________ study.
longitudinal
A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the traditional claims of the other branches of philosophy falls under the heading of deconstructionism and is called
poetry
