Exercise 29 Blood
What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick red?
Its degree of oxygenation; the more oxygen it carries, the brighter red it is.
Describe eosinophils
Large, red stain cytoplasmic granules; by loved nucleus; 1-4% of WBC.
Abnormal increase in the number of WBCs
Leukocytosis
Abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs
Leukopenia
Produces antibodies
Lymphocyte
Precursor cell of platelets
Megakaryocyte
Exits a blood vessel to develop into a macrophage
Monocyte
Two types of agranulocytes:
Monocyte and lymphocyte
Three types of phagocytic leukocytes:
Monocyte, neutophil, eosinophil
Name three ions found in plasma.
Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺
Most numerous leukocyte.
Neutrophil
Name two gases found in plasma.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Define hematocrit
Packed cell volume; percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC.
Describe neutrophils
Pale pink cytoplasm fine granules; nucleus is multilobed in stains the purple deep purple; 40-70% of WBC
Primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood
Plasma
Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs
Polycythemia
Anucleate formed element; also called an erythrocyte.
Red blood cell
Transports oxygen
Red blood cell
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell? How does its anucleate condition affect this lifespan?
100 to 120 days. When the RBC's ATP reserves have been exhausted, the membrane begins to fragment. Without DNA to direct mRNA synthesis, needed enzymes cannot be made.
What is the blood volume of an average-size adult female?
4-5 Liters
What is the blood volume of an average-size adult male?
5-6 Liters
Describe monocytes
Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm, dark blue-purple nucleus (often kidney shaped); 4-8% of WBC.
Condition of too few RBCs or of RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies
Anemia
Releases histamine; promotes inflammation.
Basophil
Five types of white blood cells:
Eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte
Three types of granulocytes:
Eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil
What name is given to the process of RBC production?
Erythropoiesis
What hormone acts as a stimulus for this process?
Erythropoietin
Red blood cells, megakarycytes, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte are all examples of these:
Formed elements
Describe lymphocytes
Small cell with spar pale blue cytoplasm and dark purple staining spherical nucleus; 20-45% of WBC.
Describe basophils
Sparse dark blue cytoplasmic granules that may obscure the large U-shape nucleus, which stains dark blue; 0.5% or less of WBC.
Broadly speaking, why are hematologic studies of blood so important in the diagnosis of disease?
Specific changes from the normal numbers/types of formed elements and/or plasma constituents are characteristics of certain disease states.
List four classes of nutrients normally found in plasma.
Sugar, amino acids, lipids (fatty acids), vitamins.
Describe the consistency and color of the plasma you observed in the laboratory.
Viscous and sticky; straw-colored
Why might patients with kidney disease suffer from anemia? How can such patients be treated?
When kidneys fail, they also do not produce enough erythropoietin to sustain erythropoiesis. They can be given genetically engineered erythropoietin (EPO).