Exercise 29 Blood

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What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick red?

Its degree of oxygenation; the more oxygen it carries, the brighter red it is.

Describe eosinophils

Large, red stain cytoplasmic granules; by loved nucleus; 1-4% of WBC.

Abnormal increase in the number of WBCs

Leukocytosis

Abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs

Leukopenia

Produces antibodies

Lymphocyte

Precursor cell of platelets

Megakaryocyte

Exits a blood vessel to develop into a macrophage

Monocyte

Two types of agranulocytes:

Monocyte and lymphocyte

Three types of phagocytic leukocytes:

Monocyte, neutophil, eosinophil

Name three ions found in plasma.

Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺

Most numerous leukocyte.

Neutrophil

Name two gases found in plasma.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Define hematocrit

Packed cell volume; percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC.

Describe neutrophils

Pale pink cytoplasm fine granules; nucleus is multilobed in stains the purple deep purple; 40-70% of WBC

Primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood

Plasma

Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs

Polycythemia

Anucleate formed element; also called an erythrocyte.

Red blood cell

Transports oxygen

Red blood cell

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell? How does its anucleate condition affect this lifespan?

100 to 120 days. When the RBC's ATP reserves have been exhausted, the membrane begins to fragment. Without DNA to direct mRNA synthesis, needed enzymes cannot be made.

What is the blood volume of an average-size adult female?

4-5 Liters

What is the blood volume of an average-size adult male?

5-6 Liters

Describe monocytes

Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm, dark blue-purple nucleus (often kidney shaped); 4-8% of WBC.

Condition of too few RBCs or of RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies

Anemia

Releases histamine; promotes inflammation.

Basophil

Five types of white blood cells:

Eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte

Three types of granulocytes:

Eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil

What name is given to the process of RBC production?

Erythropoiesis

What hormone acts as a stimulus for this process?

Erythropoietin

Red blood cells, megakarycytes, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte are all examples of these:

Formed elements

Describe lymphocytes

Small cell with spar pale blue cytoplasm and dark purple staining spherical nucleus; 20-45% of WBC.

Describe basophils

Sparse dark blue cytoplasmic granules that may obscure the large U-shape nucleus, which stains dark blue; 0.5% or less of WBC.

Broadly speaking, why are hematologic studies of blood so important in the diagnosis of disease?

Specific changes from the normal numbers/types of formed elements and/or plasma constituents are characteristics of certain disease states.

List four classes of nutrients normally found in plasma.

Sugar, amino acids, lipids (fatty acids), vitamins.

Describe the consistency and color of the plasma you observed in the laboratory.

Viscous and sticky; straw-colored

Why might patients with kidney disease suffer from anemia? How can such patients be treated?

When kidneys fail, they also do not produce enough erythropoietin to sustain erythropoiesis. They can be given genetically engineered erythropoietin (EPO).


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