Exercise 6 Review Sheet Classification of Tissues
How many basic types of muscle tissue are there
3 - cardiac, smooth, skeletal
How many primary tissue types are found in the human body?
4 - epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?
Common origin of connective tissue from mesenchyme, varied degrees of vascularity, and a large amount of extracelluar matrix that varies with tissue type
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Extracellular fibers run parallel to each other. Nuclei of fibroblasts are visible.
Dense regular connective tissue Tendons and ligaments
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Lacunae are sparsely distributed. Lacunae are not arranged in a concentric circle. Fibers are visible and fairly organized.
Fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of the knee joint
List five major functions of epithelium in the body, and give examples of each.
Function 1: protection Example: skin Function 2: absorption Example: cells lining digestive tract Function 3: filtration and secretion Example: kidney tubule cells Function 4: secretion Example: glandular cells or kidney cells Function 5: sensory reception Example: free endings of sensory neurons
Where is ciliated epithelium found? What role does it play?
Lining of the trachea and upper respiratory tract and of the female reproductive tracts (uterine tubes). In the respiratory tract, it acts to sweep mucus superiorly away from the lungs. In the reproductive tracts, it acts to propel ova along the tract.
Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body.
Neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances in the body. This is facilitated by their long cytoplasmic extensions.
On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?
Number of layers and cell shape
What functions are performed by connective tissue?
Protection, support, and the binding together of other body tissues. Transportation of substances within the body is another function.
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Cells are mostly columnar. Not all cells reach the apical surface. Nuclei are located at different levels. Cilia are located at the apical surface
Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium Trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Apical surface has square cells with a round nucleus. Cells are not layered.
Simple cuboidal epithelium Kidney tubules, ducts of small glands, surface of the ovary
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Apical surface has flattened cells with very little cytoplasm. • Cells are not layered.
Simple squamous epithelium Alveoli (air sacs of the lungs), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of the heart, lining of the ventral body cavity
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Tapered cells with darkly stained nucleus centrally located are seen. No striations are present. Cells are layered to form a sheet
Smooth muscle The walls of hollow organs
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Apical surface has dome-shaped cells (flattened cells may also be mixed in). Multiple layers of cells are present.
Transitional epithelium Urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium with special characteristics. How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia? How does the structural difference support its function?
When stretched, its top layers are squamous, but when not stretched, its top layers are pillow shaped. The surface cells have the ability to slide over one another, increasing the internal volume of the organ (e.g., bladder) as it fills and maintaining an intact lining whether stretched or contracted.
acts as storage depot for fat
adipose
insulates against heat loss
adipose
composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix
areolar
Identify tissue type: . abundant nonliving extracellular matrix
connective
Identify tissue type: anchors, packages, and supports body organs
connective
Identify tissue type: most widespread tissue in the body
connective
Identify tissue type: the most durable tissue type
connective
attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones
dense
the dermis of the skin
dense
walls of large arteries
elastic
provides a flexible framework for the external ear
elastic cartilage
Identify tissue type: cells may absorb, secrete, and filter
epithelium
Identify tissue type: lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface
epithelium
Identify tissue type: synthesizes hormones
epithelium
makes up the intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage
firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth
hyaline cartilage
forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton
hyaline cartilage
all connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as:
mesenchyme
Identify tissue type: . pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat
muscle
Identify tissue type: major function is to contract
muscle
Identify tissue type: forms nerves and the brain
nervous
Identify tissue type: most involved in regulating and controlling body functions
nervous
Identify tissue type: transmits electrical signals
nervous, muscle
Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, neurons/neurological cels are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.
neurons
all the following are examples of connective tissue except:
neurons
forms the hip bone
osseous
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on
osseous
Identify tissue type: lining of the stomach
simple columnar
Identify tissue type: tubules of the kidney
simple cuboidal
Identify tissue type: alveolar sacs of lungs
simple squamous
Identify tissue type: forms the thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells
simple squamous
This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is
smooth muscle
Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. _____ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened
squamous
Identify tissue type: epidermis of the skin
stratified squamous
Identify tissue type: lining of the esophagus
stratified squamous
Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called
tissues
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Large, round cells are densely packed. Nucleus is pushed to one side.
Adipose tissue Under the skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within the abdomen, in breasts
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Fibers and cells are loosely packed with visible space between fibers. Fibers overlap but do not form a network.
Areolar connective tissue Key type of connective tissue located beneath epithelia
smooth muscle tissue
Involuntarily controlled Has a single nucleus in each cell Found in the walls of the stomach, uterus, and arteries Contains spindle-shaped cells Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts
cardiac muscle tissue
Involuntarily controlled Striated Has a single nucleus in each cell Contains branching cylindrical cells Has intercalated discs Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts Tissue of the heart
. What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons (nerve cells)?
Irritability and conductivity
How does the function of stratified epithelia differ from the function of simple epithelia?
Stratified epithelia have more layers for protection. Simple epithelia allow materials to move across them and are less protective.
How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?
There is a wide variety in the structures of connective tissue. This is reflected in the wide variety of functions they perform. Also, the large amount of nonliving matrix seen provides the strength needed to protect the body and carry out the normal functions of the body.
Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single jewel?
They contain a large fat-filled vacuole occupying most of the cell volume. The nucleus is pushed to the periphery, giving the cell a "signet ring" appearance.
In what ways are neurons similar to other cells? How are they different?
They contain a nucleus and the usual organelles. Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes.
True or False. Blood is a type of connective tissue.
True
True or False. Endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes.
True
skeletal muscle tissue
Voluntarily controlled Striated Has several nuclei per cell Found attached to bones Allows you to direct your eyeballs Contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells Concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole
Identify tissue type: lining of bladder; peculiar cells that have the ability to slide over each other
transitional
How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?
Endocrine glands are ductless glands. They produce hormones, which are liberated into the extracellular fluid to enter the blood. Exocrine glands maintain their ducts and manufacture secretions of various types (perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, etc.), which are ducted to the body (or membrane) surface.
Name the tissue type and locations in the body Lacunae (small cavities within the tissue) are present. Lacunae are not arranged in a concentric circle. No visible fibers are in the matrix.
Hyaline cartilage Embryonic skeleton, the ends of long bones, costal cartilage (ribs), nose, trachea, larynx
Describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue.
The cells fit closely together, forming sheetlike membranes. Little intercellular material between the cells. Avascular. Membrane has a free edge. Generally has a high regenerative capacity.