Exercise 6 Review Sheet Classification of Tissues

How many basic types of muscle tissue are there

3 - cardiac, smooth, skeletal

How many primary tissue types are found in the human body?

4 - epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?

Common origin of connective tissue from mesenchyme, varied degrees of vascularity, and a large amount of extracelluar matrix that varies with tissue type

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Extracellular fibers run parallel to each other. Nuclei of fibroblasts are visible.

Dense regular connective tissue Tendons and ligaments

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Lacunae are sparsely distributed. Lacunae are not arranged in a concentric circle. Fibers are visible and fairly organized.

Fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of the knee joint

List five major functions of epithelium in the body, and give examples of each.

Function 1: protection Example: skin Function 2: absorption Example: cells lining digestive tract Function 3: filtration and secretion Example: kidney tubule cells Function 4: secretion Example: glandular cells or kidney cells Function 5: sensory reception Example: free endings of sensory neurons

Where is ciliated epithelium found? What role does it play?

Lining of the trachea and upper respiratory tract and of the female reproductive tracts (uterine tubes). In the respiratory tract, it acts to sweep mucus superiorly away from the lungs. In the reproductive tracts, it acts to propel ova along the tract.

Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body.

Neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances in the body. This is facilitated by their long cytoplasmic extensions.

On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?

Number of layers and cell shape

What functions are performed by connective tissue?

Protection, support, and the binding together of other body tissues. Transportation of substances within the body is another function.

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Cells are mostly columnar. Not all cells reach the apical surface. Nuclei are located at different levels. Cilia are located at the apical surface

Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium Trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Apical surface has square cells with a round nucleus. Cells are not layered.

Simple cuboidal epithelium Kidney tubules, ducts of small glands, surface of the ovary

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Apical surface has flattened cells with very little cytoplasm. • Cells are not layered.

Simple squamous epithelium Alveoli (air sacs of the lungs), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of the heart, lining of the ventral body cavity

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Tapered cells with darkly stained nucleus centrally located are seen. No striations are present. Cells are layered to form a sheet

Smooth muscle The walls of hollow organs

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Apical surface has dome-shaped cells (flattened cells may also be mixed in). Multiple layers of cells are present.

Transitional epithelium Urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium with special characteristics. How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia? How does the structural difference support its function?

When stretched, its top layers are squamous, but when not stretched, its top layers are pillow shaped. The surface cells have the ability to slide over one another, increasing the internal volume of the organ (e.g., bladder) as it fills and maintaining an intact lining whether stretched or contracted.

acts as storage depot for fat

adipose

insulates against heat loss

adipose

composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix

areolar

Identify tissue type: . abundant nonliving extracellular matrix

connective

Identify tissue type: anchors, packages, and supports body organs

connective

Identify tissue type: most widespread tissue in the body

connective

Identify tissue type: the most durable tissue type

connective

attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones

dense

the dermis of the skin

dense

walls of large arteries

elastic

provides a flexible framework for the external ear

elastic cartilage

Identify tissue type: cells may absorb, secrete, and filter

epithelium

Identify tissue type: lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface

epithelium

Identify tissue type: synthesizes hormones

epithelium

makes up the intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage

firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth

hyaline cartilage

forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton

hyaline cartilage

all connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as:

mesenchyme

Identify tissue type: . pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat

muscle

Identify tissue type: major function is to contract

muscle

Identify tissue type: forms nerves and the brain

nervous

Identify tissue type: most involved in regulating and controlling body functions

nervous

Identify tissue type: transmits electrical signals

nervous, muscle

Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, neurons/neurological cels are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.

neurons

all the following are examples of connective tissue except:

neurons

forms the hip bone

osseous

matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on

osseous

Identify tissue type: lining of the stomach

simple columnar

Identify tissue type: tubules of the kidney

simple cuboidal

Identify tissue type: alveolar sacs of lungs

simple squamous

Identify tissue type: forms the thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells

simple squamous

This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is

smooth muscle

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. _____ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened

squamous

Identify tissue type: epidermis of the skin

stratified squamous

Identify tissue type: lining of the esophagus

stratified squamous

Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called

tissues

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Large, round cells are densely packed. Nucleus is pushed to one side.

Adipose tissue Under the skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within the abdomen, in breasts

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Fibers and cells are loosely packed with visible space between fibers. Fibers overlap but do not form a network.

Areolar connective tissue Key type of connective tissue located beneath epithelia

smooth muscle tissue

Involuntarily controlled Has a single nucleus in each cell Found in the walls of the stomach, uterus, and arteries Contains spindle-shaped cells Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts

cardiac muscle tissue

Involuntarily controlled Striated Has a single nucleus in each cell Contains branching cylindrical cells Has intercalated discs Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts Tissue of the heart

. What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons (nerve cells)?

Irritability and conductivity

How does the function of stratified epithelia differ from the function of simple epithelia?

Stratified epithelia have more layers for protection. Simple epithelia allow materials to move across them and are less protective.

How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?

There is a wide variety in the structures of connective tissue. This is reflected in the wide variety of functions they perform. Also, the large amount of nonliving matrix seen provides the strength needed to protect the body and carry out the normal functions of the body.

Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single jewel?

They contain a large fat-filled vacuole occupying most of the cell volume. The nucleus is pushed to the periphery, giving the cell a "signet ring" appearance.

In what ways are neurons similar to other cells? How are they different?

They contain a nucleus and the usual organelles. Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes.

True or False. Blood is a type of connective tissue.

True

True or False. Endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes.

True

skeletal muscle tissue

Voluntarily controlled Striated Has several nuclei per cell Found attached to bones Allows you to direct your eyeballs Contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells Concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole

Identify tissue type: lining of bladder; peculiar cells that have the ability to slide over each other

transitional

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Endocrine glands are ductless glands. They produce hormones, which are liberated into the extracellular fluid to enter the blood. Exocrine glands maintain their ducts and manufacture secretions of various types (perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, etc.), which are ducted to the body (or membrane) surface.

Name the tissue type and locations in the body Lacunae (small cavities within the tissue) are present. Lacunae are not arranged in a concentric circle. No visible fibers are in the matrix.

Hyaline cartilage Embryonic skeleton, the ends of long bones, costal cartilage (ribs), nose, trachea, larynx

Describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue.

The cells fit closely together, forming sheetlike membranes. Little intercellular material between the cells. Avascular. Membrane has a free edge. Generally has a high regenerative capacity.