exercise science final

What are the recommendations for protein intake for an endurance athlete and a strength athlete?

1.4 and 1.7 g of protein per kilogram body weight per day, while the recommendation for endurance athlete is 1.2 and 1.4 g of protein per kilogram body weight per day

Describe the difference between dietary recall and dietary record?

A dietary recall is a process that requires individuals to recall from memory food items consumed during a period of time. A dietary record is a process that requires individuals to record food items consumed during a designated period of time

What is a peer-reviewed journal?

A journal that only publishes articles subjected to a rigorous peer-review process which would include evaluation by experts working in the same field before acceptance

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary survey of an athlete?

A primary survey is performed when an athlete is injured. The primary survey includes assessing the ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation) and activating the emergency medical service (EMS), if necessary. A secondary survey is performed after the primary survey. A secondary survey includes an extensive assessment of the athlete and injured body area in an effort to provide a comprehensive evaluation and make a decision as to the most appropriate course of action

Define evidence-based practice.

A process that incorporates the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to provide the best health care plan for the patient

Describe the basic scientific principle associated with the use of MRI and MRS.

An MRI machine is an assessment technique that uses application of a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to produce images of body structures. MRS measures metabolites in body tissues, based on the spin of an atom

What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

An independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable, which is the response, behavior, or outcome that a researcher wishes to measure

What recent medical advances have allowed sports medicine to improve the opportunity for athletes to return to play quickly from an injury to the knee joint?

Arthroscopic surgery, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and autologous chondrocyte implantation

Describe why a level of arousal that is too high can affect performance?

As arousal increases from low to moderate levels, there is an increase in skill performance, but if arousal continues to increase, there is a point when higher levels of arousal will result in poorer quality of skill performance becomes.

Describe the difference between athletic training and sports medicine.

Athletic training is involved in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries to physically active individuals and athletes. Sports medicine is an umbrella term used to describe the various issues interrelated among medicine, physical activity, exercise, health promotion, and disease prevention

What is the difference between basic and applied research?

Basic research is referred to as pure or fundamental research and aims to expand the knowledge base by formulating, evaluating, and expanding a theory Applied research is used to test theoretical concepts in real-world situations in order to acquire solutions to an immediate practical problem Translational research applies findings from basic research to improve human health and well-being

Which ergogenic acids would be beneficial for endurance athletes?

Caffeine, sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate, L-carnitine, aspartic acid, ginseng, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, coenzyme Q10, and glycerol

What is the difference between a clinical bio mechanist and an ergonomist?

Clinical biomechanists focus on the mechanics of injury and the principles of prevention, evaluation, and treatment of musculoskeletal problems. An ergonomist works to prevent workplace injuries and improve the capacity for the individual to return to work after an injury has occurred

What is the difference between open and closed chain kinetic exercises?

Closed kinetic chain exercises occur when forces along the body are transmitted to an adjacent structure, usually the floor or a piece of equipment. Open kinetic chain exercises occur when forces along the body are allowed to dissipate into the air

give a list of the energy sources used in the three primary energy-producing pathways. Which pathways are used during low, moderate, and high intensity exercise?

Creatine phosphate and ATP are used as immediate energy sources, blood glucose and muscle glycogen are used as energy sources for glycolysis and glycogenolysis, and by-products of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism are used as energy sources during oxidative metabolism (pg. 90). During low- and moderate-intensity exercise, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and oxidative metabolism are the primary energy pathways, while during high-intensity exercise, the immediate energy sources, glycolysis, and glycogenolysis are the primary energy pathways

Which ergogenic acids would be beneficial for strength athletes?

Creatine, caffeine, L-carnitine, aspartic acid, ginseng, antioxidants, glycerol, and chromium picolinate

Describe how crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence interact with aging to influence psychomotor function.

Crystal intelligence is the ability to store information in the brain. Crystal intelligence is primarily about storing information, and it can increase until an individual reaches about 60 years of age. Fluid intelligence is the ability to perform reasoning and abstract thought. Fluid intelligence starts to decrease when an individual enters the fourth decade of life and continues to decline as the individual ages

Why do endurance, strength and power athletes need more protein than the required RDI?

Endurance and strength and power athletes need more protein than the RDI because these athletes have increased needs for energy during training and competition, must repair tissue damaged during exercise, and must build new skeletal muscle to meet the demands of exercise training

What sub disciplines exercise science?

Exercise health, clinical and sport performance, and prevention and rehabilitation

What disciplines constitute exercise science?

Exercise physiology, clinical exercise physiology, biomechanics, nutrition, psychology, athletic training, sports medicine, and motor control and learning

Describe the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as they relate to participation and exercise.

Extrinsic motivation comes from factors outside an individual. Intrinsic motivation comes from factors within an individual.

Define diagnostic and functional capacity testing.

Functional capacity testing is used to provide an objective measure of an individual's safe functional abilities. Diagnostic testing is used to determine a specific disease condition or possible illness

Describe how a biomechanics can improve performance by changing technique, equipment, or training techniques.

Improving an athlete's technique is one of the most common methods for bettering performance in sport and athletic competition. Changes in technique can improve execution of a movement skill and thus improve performance. Equipment improvements, such as improving designs for shoes, apparel, and equipment used in various sports, can help improve performance. Using a biomechanical analysis of skill performances may identify deficiencies in technique that can be improved by altering training. Altering training to better technique can lead to better performance

What are some factors that control energy utilization during exercise?

Increased exercise intensity, increased exercise duration, the release of the hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucagon into the blood, and the production of lactic acid are some of the factors that affect fuel utilization during exercise

What are the 2 personality characteristics that are strong predictors of exercise behavior?

Individuals more confident in their physical abilities are likely to exercise more than those who are less physically confident. In addition, individuals who express self-motivation

List some of those diseases that have an increased risk of occurrence in an obese individual.

Individuals who are classified as obese are at an increased risk for disease and poor health conditions such as cancer, heart disease, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension

What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity?

Innate immunity exists from within the body at birth, while acquired immunity is derived after birth and in response to exposure to different allergens

How do insulin and Glut 4 transport proteins work to increase glucose uptake by the muscle cells?

Insulin and Glut 4 proteins work together to facilitate the uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle. Insulin is released from the pancreas to help control blood glucose levels in the body and help glucose enter into the cells of the body. Glut 4 proteins increase in number in the muscle fiber membrane when they are stimulated by insulin and/or muscle contraction (i.e., exercise). The increase in Glut 4 protein number facilitates uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle

What is the primary factor affecting glucose uptake in an individual with Type 2 Diabetes?

Insulin resistance

Why are professional certifications important for athletic trainers and clinical exercise physiologists?

It is important that these professionals are trained in the proper ways to prevent, treat, and rehabilitate physically active individuals, diseased individuals, and athletes in order to maintain the safety of the patients

What significant events happened during the renaissance period that contributed to the development of biomechanics?

Leonardo da Vinci examined the structure and function of the human body. Andreas Vesalius published On the Structure of the Human Body. Galileo Galilei studied the action of falling bodies, the mechanical aspects of bone, and the mechanical analysis of movement. Giovanni Borelli examined various relationships between muscular movement and mechanical principles which demonstrated how geometry could be used to describe complex human and animal movements such as jumping, running, flying, and swimming. Sir Isaac Newton published his basic laws in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

How does longitudinal research differ from cross-sectional research?

Longitudinal research involves the study of change over time, while cross-sectional research involves the collection of data on individuals of different characteristics who represent different attributes being investigated

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

Morbidity is the relative incidence of a particular disease, while mortality is the rate of death

Describe the first experiment that directly impacted exercise and sport psychology.

Norman Triplett conducted the first true experimental study that was directly related to exercise and sport psychology. Triplett was interested in how direct competition between two individuals affected performance. The results of the study showed that when two individuals competed against each other, a social factor that seemed to motivate cyclists to perform better existed that was not observed when individuals performed alone

What is the difference between occupational and physical therapist?

Occupational therapists are licensed professionals who assist individuals with physically, mentally, emotionally, or developmentally crippling conditions to maintain or recover working skills and daily function. Physical therapists are licensed professionals who help individuals recover from injuries or disabling physical conditions

List 5 factors or characteristics that physical activity or exercise should possess to impact an individual's mood.

Performing rhythmic abdominal breathing; relative absence of interpersonal communication; performing closed and predictable activities that allow for preplanned movement; performing rhythmic and repetitive movements that allow the minds to focus on important issues; and performing activities that are enjoyable are all characteristics that should be present during exercise in order to impact an individual's mood

What are the principal certifications offered by the primary exercise science professional organizations?

Personal Trainer, ACE Personal Trainer, ACE Advanced Health and Fitness Specialist, ACE Group Fitness Instructor, ACE Lifestyle and Weight Management Consultant, American Dietetic Association certification of training in weight management, YMCA Personal Training Instructor, and the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research Personal Trainer certification

What are the similarities and unique differences between physical activity, exercise sport, and athletic competition?

Physical activity is the movement associated with the activities of daily living, such as work- or job-related activities, leisure time activities, and activities performed around the house. Exercise is a structured movement process that individuals consciously and voluntarily engage in to improve or maintain fitness and health, such as running on a treadmill or doing yoga. Sport and athletic competition are defined as movements in structured and organized activities that include a competitive aspect including all athletic events

In what ways to a physician and a physician assistant work together to promote health and reduce disease risk?

Physicians and physician assistants work together to promote health and reduce disease risk by collaborating on the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of illness and injuries to individuals

What is the difference between practice and learning?

Practice is the performance of a skill and is not always an indicator of learning. Performance is defined as observable behavior. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice or experience

What is the difference between qualitative instruments in the measurement of behavioral and psychological assessments of exercise and sport psychology?

Quantitative instruments used to assess behavioral and psychological phenomena in exercise and sport psychology include self-reports, standardized questionnaires, and psychological inventories which provide valuable information on an individual's psychological state in situations such as acute and chronic physical activity and exercise or in response to practice or game situations in sport and athletic competition. Qualitative assessments are used to develop an understanding of the individual and personal factors that give meaning to why an individual believes and acts in a specific manner. The qualitative instruments used in exercise and sport psychology are life histories, case studies, grounded theory, phenomenologic, ethnographic, and basic and generic techniques

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?

Quantitative research uses a scientific approach designed for the collection and analysis of numerical data typically obtained from the subject's direct testing or questionnaires, while qualitative research uses extensive observations and interviews to provide nonnumeric data obtained in natural environments

The measurement of lung function provides an assessment of what two broad categories of pulmonary disease?

Restrictive and Obstructive

What is the difference between the sequential movements and simultaneous movements of the body?

Sequential motion occurs when segments of the body and joint rotations occur in a specific sequence or order. Simultaneous motion occurs when major movements of the body occur at the same time

Describe the following components of the multistore memory model.

Short-term sensory store collects information from the environment through the senses and has an unlimited capacity for storing information but has a storage duration that is very short. Short-term memory is an individual's conscious or working memory. Long-term memory is believed to have an unlimited storage capacity and storage duration. Information deemed important enough to store permanently is sent from short-term memory to long-term memory

What are the differences between simple and complex carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates consist of a single monosaccharide unit, such as glucose, while complex carbohydrates consist of two or more monosaccharide units, such as sucrose or starc

Explain the difference between static and dynamic biomechanics.

Static biomechanics is the study of bodies, masses, and forces at rest or in a constant unchanged motion. Dynamic biomechanics is the study of bodies, masses, and forces when they are in motion

What are the primary ways the ACSM disseminates information to the professional membership and general population?

The American College of Sports Medicine provides information to professional membership and the general public through publications such as the ACSM's Health and Fitness Journal, Fit Society Page, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, and Sports Medicine Bulletin. The ACSM also publishes Guidelines for Graded Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription, which contains valuable information for exercise science and sports medicine professionals

In what significant ways did the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory contribute to the development of exercise science?

The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory provided the foundation for many of the basic theories used in exercise science today including areas such as clinical physiology, gerontology, nutrition, and physical fitness. The laboratory also played a significant role in the development of leaders who established other prominent laboratories for the study of exercise

How was the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory important in the development of exercise physiology as a scientific discipline?

The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory was able to attract high-quality scientists from around the world and produce scholars and professionals who were instrumental in shaping exercise physiology as a scientific discipline. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory also helped in the establishment of other exercise physiology laboratories throughout the country furthering the development of exercise science as a discipline

Name the primary research journals in exercise and sport psychology.

The International Journal of Sport Psychology, Journal of Sport Psychology, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Sport Psychologist, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, and Health Psychology

What are the primary professional organizations in exercise and sport psychology?

The International Society of Sport Psychologists, the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Dance, and the Association for Applied Sport Psychology

How has the development of the certification program by the BOC enhanced the profession of Athletic Training?

The NATA Board of Certification, Inc. oversees the certification of all athletic trainers. The certification program ensures that only graduates of an athletic training program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Athletic Training Education (CAATE) may become a certified athletic trainer. The NATA remains a key advocate for the development of athletic training as a profession, ensuring that only qualified individuals can become certified athletic trainers

Name three prominent professional associations in the area of sports medicine.

The National Athletic Training Association, American College of Sports Medicine, and the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

Name the primary professional organizations in the areas of motor control, motor learning and motor development.

The North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA), the Society for Neuroscience, Society for Neural Control of Movement, and the International Society of Motor Control

Why should athletes participating in long duration exercise be concerned about ingesting carbohydrates prior to and during exercise?

The body relies on blood glucose and muscle glycogen for energy production during prolonged exercise at moderately high intensities. Therefore, the timing and type of carbohydrate consumption are two factors that are critical to performance during prolonged exercise. Consuming carbohydrates will also help the athlete to maintain blood glucose levels in order to exercise for a prolonged duration

What are the primary functional components of the nervous system, and how do those components respond to exercise?

The central and peripheral nervous system are the two primary components of the nervous system that serve to control and influence various functions throughout the body in response to changes that occur during physical activity or exercise

What is the difference between the closed loop and open loop theories of motor control?

The closed-loop theory of motor control asserts that sensory information necessary to control motor performance is received by the nervous system during the movement. The open-loop theory suggests that individuals do not receive feedback from the joints, proprioceptors, and muscles of the body during movement. The open-loop theory suggests that body movements are completely preplanned prior to the initiation of the movement.

What is the importance of the grading system in evidence-based practice evaluation?

The grading system ensures that the findings of each research study be evaluated on the basis of preestablished criteria and therefore the interpretation of the evidence is done systematically and without bias

What are the primary requirements for entry into a professional career in a healthcare field after graduation?

The primary requirement for entry into a professional career in a healthcare field is to complete a program of study aligned with your career interests and gain an internship or field experience in the potential field of employment

the principal that a certain percentage of total body fat lies directly beneath the surface of the skin allows for the used of which technique for the assessment of body composition?

The principle that a certain percentage of total body fat lies directly beneath the surface of the skin allows for the use of skinfold thickness measurements to assess body composition

Why should the type of ergometer used during testing be matched to the exercise mode of the individual being tested?

The testing assessments and evaluations performed on an athlete and nonathlete are likely different (testing may be the same, but evaluation different) and should be specific to them individually and evaluation to their referenced group norms.

What is a biomechanical system of interest?

The three coordinal planes of the body (sagittal, frontal, or transverse) are used to describe movement of humans

What factors have contributed to the separation of exercise science from the discipline of physical education?

The writings of Jay Bryan Nash and Charles H. McCloy in the 1930s and 1940s set the stage for the separation of exercise science from physical education. Colleges and universities developing specific health and physical activity-related courses in their academic curricula to promote the physical and emotional well-being of the whole person is one factor that has led to the separation of exercise science from the discipline of physical education. Another factor that contributed to the separation was institutions of higher education forming specific programs of study in colleges and universities to prepare professional physical education teachers and athletic coaches to be better teachers, improve classroom environments, enhance student interaction and socialization, improve instruction, and enhance movement skill acquisition

What is the difference between type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus occurs due to the pancreas not being able to produce sufficient amounts of insulin, while Type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin being unable to facilitate glucose uptake into the tissues of the body

Describe how insulin resistance influences the development of the disease metabolic syndrome.

When a person develops insulin resistance, the pancreas secretes more insulin in an effort to promote blood glucose uptake into the cells and return the blood glucose concentration to normal levels. If the pancreas cannot secrete sufficient amounts of insulin, the blood glucose concentration remains elevated and type 2 diabetes results. When the pancreas is forced to secrete additional insulin to address insulin resistance, the plasma insulin level becomes elevated (called hyperinsulinemia). A clustering of conditions, such as type 2 diabetes and hyperinsulinemia, can lead to metabolic syndrome

Hypertension

abnormally high level of blood pressure

What is the primary purpose of the healthy people 2010 and 2020 programs?

accomplish a set of health objectives for the United States to achieve. It is intended to be used by individuals, states, communities, professional organizations, and others to help them develop programs to improve health

What is the primary purpose of the continuous NHANES?

allows health planners to detect the extent various health problems and risk factors have changed in the U.S. population over time

Cerebellum

area of the brain in humans that serves to coordinate complex voluntary movements, posture, and balance.

Supplementary motor cortex

area of the brain that collects and processes information from other areas of the brain and initiates as an organized movement.

Describe the relationship between practice performance and task difficulty?

as motor task difficulty increases, practice performance of the skill decreases

An EMG machine measures what aspect of the muscular function?

assessment technique that allows for the measurement and recording of the electric activity of skeletal muscles at rest and during contraction.

What are therapeutic modalities used for?

assist in the rehabilitation process

Why must an individual provide informed consent prior to participation in a graded exercise test?

aware and understand the purposes, risks, and benefits associated with the test or exercise program

How does the transtheorretical model predict and explain the exercise behavior of individuals?

based on the belief that the probability of an individual engaging in exercise depends on the stage of change the individual is currently in for establishing and maintaining a lifestyle change. There are five stages of change through which individual's progress as a behavior is adopted. The model suggests that individuals engaging in a new behavior move through the stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

What are the specific areas of study in exercise and sport psychology?

behavior, thoughts, and feelings of healthy, disabled, and diseased individuals engaging in physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic competition

What are the components of health-related physical fitness testing?

body composition, cardiovascular-respiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility

High speed motion capture systems are often used to assess what aspect of motor performance?

body movements and make a very detailed analysis of motor performance

Describe the characteristics of an academic discipline.

body of knowledge that is limited to a specific subject matter, each of which has developed subdisciplines or specialty areas

How does mechanical overloading cause deformation of an object such as a bone?

by applying forces such as those from gravity, muscle, or external forces to the body. The amount and type of deformation to the body depends on the given force or forces on the body and the direction, duration, and magnitude of the force. Deformation occurs when the external force causes a change in the shape or structure of an object or body component

How is a Cartesian coordinate system used in a biomechanical analysis of movement?

cartesian coordinate system used in a biomechanical analysis of movement?a. Clinical biomechanists must understand how the body responds to a normal situation or movement as this information is then used to set goals for recovery for injured and disabled individuals and help to prevent injuries

Peripheral Vascular Disease

caused by fatty deposits building up in the inner linings of the artery walls resulting in a blockage and restriction of blood flow, mainly in arteries leading to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet

What benefits does an older adult obtain from participation in a resistance training program?

causes increases in muscular strength and muscular power. These increases in muscular strength and power are important for older individuals as they help to maintain normal functional ability and independence as they age

Obstructive pulmonary disease

causes ventilatory and gas exchange impairments in the lungs, as well as impairments of normal cardiovascular and muscular functions

The Monoamine Hypothesis

changes in brain neurotransmitters can result in exercise-induced emotional changes

Metabolic syndrome

characterized by a clustering of metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state

Restrictive Pulmonary Disease

characterized by reduced lung volume, caused by an alteration in the lung tissue or because of a disease associated with the lung tissue, chest wall, or neuromuscular breathing process

Multiple Sclerosis

chronic, slowly progressive autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the protective myelin sheaths that surround the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord

What are the primary employment opportunities in the fitness industry?

club fitness programs, community programs, corporate wellness programs, and spa fitness programs

Clinical trial

comparison test of a medical intervention versus a control condition, placebo condition, or the standard medical treatment for a patient's condition

Diabetes

condition characterized by disordered metabolism and blood glucose levels consistently above normal

Osteoporosis

condition of decreased bone mass, occurs when the normal replenishment of bone tissue is severely disrupted, resulting in weakened bones and an increased risk of fracture

Premotor cortex

control many of the body's more complex patterns of coordinated muscle activity.

An isokinetic dynamometer controls the speed of muscle contraction and makes a measurement of what muscle function?

controls the speed of muscle contraction and records a measurement of the force during isometric and isokinetic movements of muscles

What are the two types of thermotherapy and how does each type work to enhance rehabilitation from injury?

cryotherapy and thermotherapy. Cryotherapy uses ice massage, cold or ice water immersion, ice packs, and vapocoolant to reduce the temperature of injured tissues. The reduction of temperature causes a decrease in tissue metabolism, inflammation, pain, muscle spasm, and blood flow. Heat therapy uses hot cloths, hot water, ultrasound, and heating pads to produce heat to aid in recovery from injury by increasing blood flow to the injured area and decreasing muscle and joint stiffness and sorenes

How does a regular exercise program result in chronic adaptations to the endocrine system of the body?

decreases the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the same absolute workload

What benefits are derived from consuming carbohydrate during prolonged exercise?

delays muscle and liver glycogen depletion, maintains blood glucose concentration, and improves exercise performance

An ECG machine measures what aspect of cardiovascular function?

detects and records the electric impulses generated by the heart during and between contractions

NASPSPA

develop and advance the scientific study of human behavior when individuals are engaged in sport and physical activity; facilitate the dissemination of information; and improve the quality of research and teaching in the psychology of sport, motor development, and motor learning and control.

Discuss the key issues relating to why there are higher ACL tears in women

differences in structure and knee alignment, ligament laxity, and muscle strength. Females have a narrower intercondylar notch which helps prevent the tibia from moving too far forward and from rotating too far inward under the femur than males. Females have a wider pelvis than males, which results in a greater Q angle than males. A greater Q angle increases the forces that are concentrated on the ligament each time the knee twists which increase the risk for ACL tear. The muscles that keep the knee stable are stronger in males than in females

Cerebral palsy

disability caused by brain damage before or during birth or in the first years of life, resulting in a loss of voluntary muscular control and coordination

Registration

documentation of professional qualification information relevant to government licensing regulations

The Endorphin Hypothesis

during exercise, endorphin concentrations are increased and remain elevated from some time after the exercise is finished. The elevated endorphin levels have been positively correlated to individuals feeling better and it has become popular to claim that the endorphins are responsible for this improved mood.

What is the conceptual basis for using bioelectric impedance analyzers to measure body composition?

electric currents travel faster in body tissues that have a high water and electrolyte content than in those tissues with a low water and electrolyte content.

What are some nutritional intake habits that could lead to an increased risk for hypertension, heart disease, breast cancer, colon cancer, osteoporosis and obesity?

elevated serum cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease, reduced calcium intake and osteoporosis, consumption of dietary fats and certain cancers, and excess calorie intake and obesity

NATA

enhance the quality of healthcare provided by certified athletic trainers and to advance the athletic training profession.

obesity

excess amount of body fat that can result in a significant impairment of health and physical function

The Distraction Hypothesis

exercise enhances physiological well-being by improving an individual's emotional profile after exercise based on the belief that it provides a distraction from the normal everyday occurrences that often lead to stress and negative emotion.

The Thermogenic Hypothesis

exercise of sufficient intensity and/or duration will result in an elevation of body temperature which is thought to result in a variety of positive changes such as a reduction in muscle tension after exercise and other psychological changes.

What specialty areas constitute exercise science?

exercise physiology, clinical exercise physiology, athletic training and sports medicine, exercise and sport nutrition, exercise and sport psychology, motor behavior, and clinical and sport biomechanics

Angina Pectoris

feeling of pain or discomfort in the chest that originates behind the sternum and radiates to the shoulder, arms, neck, or jaw

isotonic

generation of a constant force by a muscle and movement of the joint.

Isokinetic

generation of force by a muscle and movement of the joint at a constant speed or velocity.

Isometric

generation of force by a muscle without any movement of the joint.

Describe the common symptoms of someone who may have experienced a concussion.

headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, balance problems, feeling "slowed down," fatigue, trouble sleeping, drowsiness, sensitivity to light or noise, blurred vision, difficulty remembering, or difficulty concentrating

What are the three most commonly used instruments for the determination of free-living physical activity and energy expenditure?

heart rate monitors, pedometers, and accelerometers

What individual characteristics do chronic exercisers display?

higher perceptions of individual control over their own health, an internal locus of causality, and more control over exercise behavior

What are the primary employment settings for a clinical exercise physiologist?

hospitals, rehabilitation centers, outpatient clinics, weight management clinics, community, corporate, commercial, and university fitness and wellness centers, nursing homes, and retirement communities

List 5 important outcomes of the Framingham Heart Study

important outcomes that help guide the current recommendations for reducing disease risk, some of which include: cigarette smoking, which increases the risk of heart disease; cholesterol level, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram abnormalities, which increase the risk of heart disease; physical activity, which reduces the risk for heart disease and obesity; high levels of HDL cholesterol, which reduces the risk of death; and having a parent with a cardiovascular disease history, which doubles the personal risk of the disease

How does a regular exercise program result in chronic adaptations to the pulmonary system of the body?

improves air movement into and out of the lungs and increases blood flow through the lungs at rest and at the same absolute workload

Chronic Heart Failure

inability of the heart to deliver adequate amounts of blood to the tissues of the body

How does a regular exercise program result in chronic adaptations to the muscular system of the body?

increases energy production from fat and decreases carbohydrate utilization and lactic acid formation at rest and at the same absolute workload.

At the start of exercise, what are some of the acute responses of the pulmonary system of the body?

increases in air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flow through the lungs

At the start of exercise, what are some of the acute responses of the muscular systems of the body?

increases in force production, utilization and production of energy, and heat production

At the start of exercise, what are some of the acute responses of the cardiovascular system?

increases in heart rate, stoke, cardiac output, blood pressure, and a redirection of blood flow to the working tissues of the body

At the start of exercise, what are some of the acute responses of the endocrine system?

increases in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

How does a regular exercise program result in chronic adaptations to the cardiovascular system?

increases stroke volume and cardiac output and decreases heart rate at rest and at the same absolute workload

Explain why the wind chill index is an important factor in the regulation of body temperature in a cold environment.

indicates how fast heat would be lost from the body at different wind speeds and temperatures, which in turn affects body temperature when exercising in the cold

Describe how personality plays a role in exercise, sport and athletic competition?

individual's core personality serves as the basis for their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Why must a clinical bio mechanist understand how the body responds to a normal situation or movement?

information is then used to set goals for recovery for injured and disabled individuals and help to prevent injuries

Cystic fibrosis

inherited disorder that causes the mucous secretions in many parts of the body to become thick and viscous

What are the 5 domains of athletic training?

injury/illness prevention and wellness protection, clinical evaluation and diagnosis, immediate and emergency care, treatment and rehabilitation, organization and professional health and well-being

Coronary artery disease

involves a localized accumulation of fibrous tissue and to a lesser extent, lipid matter within the coronary artery

Basal ganglia

large masses or gray brain matter located at the base of the cerebral hemisphere.

DXA can be used to provide a quantitative assessment of what 3 body components?

lean mass, fat mass, and bone mass

Asthma

lung disease characterized by reversible obstruction to airflow and increased bronchial airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli, both allergenic and environmental

Why must exercise science students devote close attention to required coursework if planning on obtaining certification on licensure after graduation?

make sure they have the necessary requirements in order to obtain their license or certificate. The coursework is designed to provide basic and applied knowledge to prepare the student for the next phase of their professional career

Why is it important to collect the RPE, heart rate, and blood pressure during a graded exercise test?

monitor the safety of the individual during the test and to use in the assessment of health-related physical fitness. These measures can also be used to develop an appropriate exercise prescription

Concentric

muscle shortens in length and develops tension.

Myocardial infarction

occurs when an area of heart muscle is deprived of oxygen (aka heart attack)

What role do vitamins and minerals play in enhancing health?

organic substances required by the body in very small amounts to perform vital functions within the body. Minerals are a group of 22 mostly metallic inorganic elements required for normal physiologic function and used to form enzymes, hormones, and vitamins

Describe how the NATA was formed.

ormed in the 20th century when athletic trainers began to understand the need for the development and advancement of athletic training as a profession. The purpose was to provide care and treatment to injured athletes.

Arthritis

painful condition affecting a joint or numerous joints in the body

List 5 factors that affect an individual's response to exercise in the heat.

physical fitness level, hydration status, type and amount of clothing worn, exercise intensity and duration, and acclimatization to the environmental conditions

List the primary stages of motor development.

prenatal, infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older adulthood

Hyperlipidemia

presence of elevated levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood

Certification

process whereby individuals demonstrate knowledge and proficiency in content, skills, and abilities of the specific areas for which they are intending to work.

ACSM

promote and integrate scientific research, education, and practical applications of sports medicine and exercise science to maintain and enhance physical performance, fitness, health, and quality of life.

AAHPERD

promote and support leadership, research, education, and best practices in the professions that support creative, healthy, and active lifestyles.

ISMC

promote basic and applied research in the area of control of movements of biologic systems.

ISB

promote the study of the biomechanics of movement with a special emphasis on human beings; encouraging international contacts among scientists in this field; promoting knowledge of biomechanics on an international level; and cooperating with related organizations

What is the main function of the ADA and the SCAN?

promotes the dietetic profession, enhances understanding of nutrition, and promotes the education of nutritional professionals

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

protect the underlying organs and tissues of the body, provide a lever system for movement, and serve as a storage area of minerals important to the regulation of the body's function

How has NHANES contributed to the understanding of nutritional patterns of people living in the United States?

provide information about factors related to health and disease status in the United States including the relationship between dietary intake and disease risk and prevalence

How does the gastrointestinal system influence the delivery of carbohydrates to working skeletal muscles?

provide ingested carbohydrates as an energy source for contracting skeletal muscle

What are the primary benefits of a certification?

provides recognition of competency to work with healthy, injured, disease or disabled populations, demonstrates commitment to the profession and the standards that have been established, and assists with job employment and advancement in professional development

How are the 3 planes of the body (sagittal, frontal or transverse) used to describe movements of the body?

questions of interest have to be identified, followed by determining the optimal perspective(s) from which to view the movement, identifying the distance from which to view the movement, determining the number of trials of the movement needed to formulate an analysis, and then determining whether visual observation alone is acceptable or the movement should be recorded with a motion system

What are the two types of linear motion?

rectilinear translation and curvilinear translation. Rectilinear translation occurs when all points on a body move in a straight line the same distance, with no change in direction. Curvilinear translation occurs when all points on a body move in a parallel line the same distance, but the paths followed by the points on the object are curved

AACVPR

reduce morbidity, mortality, and disability from cardiovascular and pulmonary disease through education, prevention, rehabilitation, research, and aggressive disease management.

What are significant health implications of the female triathlete triad?

reduced energy availability with or without disordered eating; subclinical menstrual disorder, which can lead to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea; and low bone mass density, which can lead to osteopenia or osteoporosis

Cortex

region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions

What was the primary rationale for conducting the Heritage Family Study?

regular aerobic exercise has a favorable effect on the risk profile for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabete

Describe the role of the pulmonary system in maintaining normal acid-base balance during rest and exercise.

regulates the carbon dioxide levels in the blood by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled by the lungs by increasing the respiratory rate and depth

What role does the urinary system play in the treatment of individuals with hypertension?

regulates the total fluid volume and electrolyte concentration of the body, and this function can have important implications for decreasing total body water and reducing hypertension

How does the cardiovascular system work to maintain challenges to homeostasis during exercise?

regulating body temperature, removing carbon dioxide and waste products, and by transporting nutrients and other substances to the tissues of the body

ASEP

represent and promote the profession of exercise physiology, and it is committed to the professional development of exercise physiology, its advancement, and the credibility of exercise physiologists.

How are summary knowledge of results and fading knowledge of results used to improve motor skill performance?

requires individuals to complete several trials of a single skill or movement without receiving any feedback about his/her performance. After completion of the trials, knowledge of results about those trials is provided to the individual. Some level of knowledge of results is important for motor learning as it may facilitate better learning of a motor skill. The fading knowledge of results process involves a systematic reduction in the amount of knowledge of results given to an individual during a practice session. This technique benefits learning by helping an individual solve the motor skill problem early in practice

What does RICE stand for?

rest, ice, compression, and evaluation

Why is detailed record keeping an important aspect in an athletic training program?

results of all assessments and tests can be used later by medical personnel performing a complete diagnosis and treatment of injury.

Muscular Dystrophy

several inherited diseases characterized by the progressive wasting of skeletal muscle

Compressive force

shorten or squeeze something, decreasing its volume.

Valvular Heart disease

significant reduction of cardiac output leading to health complications, thereby affecting the ability to perform physical activity and exercise

What are the 3 stages of information processing?

stimulus recognition, response selection, and response programming

Tensile force

stretch or elongate something

Epidemiological

study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations. It is the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in specifically defined populations

Motor development

study of motor performance throughout the life span from birth through old age.

Motor learning

study of the acquisition of basic and advanced movement skills that are used in everyday activities

Motor control

study of the understanding of the mechanisms by which the nervous and muscular systems coordinate body movements

Shear force

substrate in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance

Describe the primary conclusion of the 1995 United States surgeon general's report on Health promotion and disease prevention.

the endorsement of the health benefits obtained from physical activity and exercise was a significant conclusion

What significant events occurred during the 1950's that contributed to the role of physical activity and exercise in the prevention of cardiovascular disease?

the foundation of cardiac rehabilitation occurred. Samuel A. Levine and Bernard Lown were the first to recommend armchair exercises for patients with heart disease, and H. K. Hellerstein provided a step-by-step plan for rehabilitation of cardiac patients. Morris and colleagues demonstrated there was a relationship between physical activity and a reduced risk of developing heart disease with the London bus study

Why should the study of the systems of the body be examined from an integrated approach?

the study of the systems of the body should be examined from an integrated approach in order for students to be able to draw on their conceptual understanding of how systems work together to control the body instead of merely recalling isolated facts

Why are vitamins E, C and beta-carotene considered antioxidants?

their ability to protect the body and in particular, the cell membranes, from damage caused by oxygen-free radicals

How does self-efficacy influence performance in sport and athletic competition?

there is an increased probability that an individual will adopt physical activity and exercise behaviors that are consistent with good health, as well as improve that individual's performance during a sport or athletic competition

Why is attention difficult to study during a sport or athletic competition?

there is no uniform strategy for studying it and because many of the methodologies for studying attention involve the disruption of performance at some level

What was the primary purpose of the Framingham heart Study?

to identify the common factors or characteristics that contribute to cardiovascular disease by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt symptoms of cardiovascular disease or suffered a heart attack or stroke

What are the 3 primary types of skeletal muscle fibers?

type I ( slow oxidative), typeIIA ( fast oxidative), and type IIB (fast glycolytic)

Motor behavior

umbrella term that includes motor control, learning and development

An EEG provides the assessment of what physiologic measure?

use of electrodes placed on the head

What are the most commonly used ways to assess physical activity in large populations?

use of physical activity questionnaires, pedometers, and accelerometers

A metabolic measurement cart is used to make assessments of what physiologic measures?

used in the assessment of an individual's cardiovascular and pulmonary systems

What is the purpose of pre-exercise screening?

used to assess the health risk of an individual participating in a graded exercise test

What is the primary function of a graded exercise test?

used to determine functional fitness and the risk or prevalence of a disease condition.

What is the difference between a sub-maximal and a maximal graded test?

used to evaluate the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems' responses to a standard submaximal exercise bout that is usually conducted at an intensity that elicits between 70% and 85% of the age predicted maximal heart rate of the individual.A maximal GXT is used as a direct assessment of cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular function; however, unlike the submaximal GXT, the test does not stop at a workload of 70%-85% of age predicted maximum. The maximal GXT continues to the point of exhaustion or to the point at which abnormal physiological responses occur

Longitudinal

used to guide further health promotion and disease prevention strategies by public and private organizations.

Define validity and reliability

validity is the extent to which a measuring device measures what it proposes or claims to measure, while reliability is the extent to which the same test or procedure will yield the same result either over time or with different researchers

Eccentric

when a muscle increases in length and develops tension