EXP 4680 - Exam 2

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ____ of a list

Both the first and last words

The word length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember

A list of long words than a list of short words

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participants doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

Adolescence and young adulthood

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" demonstrates

Articulatory suppression

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)...

Auditory code in long-term memory

Explicit memory is to ____ as implicit memory is to ____

Aware; unaware

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

According to Baddeley's WM model, the major work of coordinating working memory occurs in the

Central executive

In the "two groups of immigrants" study, researchers found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

Cognitive hypothesis

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

According to the definition of the ____ nature of memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge,

Constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from Canadian Indigenous culture illustrated the

Constructive nature of memory

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) ____ process in STM

Control

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

Cultural expectations

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10% after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that his decrease in performance was due to ____, but later research showed that it was actually due to ____

Decay; interference

When older adults say they long for the "good old days", this might reflect the self-image hypothesis, which states that memory is enhanced

During the time we assume our life identities

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

Encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

Encoding specificity

Which phenomenon holds that we encode information along with its physical context?

Encoding specificity

What is one difference between semantic and episodic memory?

Episodic memory requires mental time travel

Using what you know about HM's damage, what aspect of memory is the hippocampus responsible for?

Forming new explicit long-term memories

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better n a later memory task, illustrating the

Generation effect

In Stanny and Johnson's (2000) "weapons focus" experiment, they found that the presence of a weapon in a scene

Hurts memory for other details of the event

The primary effect of chunking is to

Increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brothers death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

How long does information in short-term memory last, when rehearsal is prevented?

Less than 1 second

Let's say you want to make use of levels-of-processing theory to remember a list of terms. Which of the following strategies should produce the best recall?

Make a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence

Pragmatic interference

All the following provide evidence of a phonological loop EXCEPT

Primacy effect

The inability to recall the fourth list of fruits after learning three previous lists of fruits is most likely a result of

Proactive interference

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ____ memory

Procedural

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories

Recent and remote episodic

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

Remembering graduating from college

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ____ memories

Remote (distant)

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of

Remote, episodic memory

____ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

Retrieval

____ is the process of taking information from LTM and putting it back into WM

Retrieval

Now that the American Heart Assn. has changed their cutoffs for what is considered dangerously high blood pressure, Monica cannot remember the old cutoffs. This is an example of ____ interference

Retroactive

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar's experience demonstrates

Retroactive interference

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

Schema

You conduct an experiment in which you have participants sit in an office and then ask them to remember what they saw in the office. You find that participants "remembered" some objects that weren't actually there. Your experiment demonstrates the effect of ____ on memory

Schemas

The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of

Sensory memory

Which type of memory can hold a very large amount of information, but only a fraction of a second?

Sensory memory

____ memory is a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and can hold information from both sensory and long term memory

Short term memory

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

Short-term memory

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a/n ____ lineup has a high chance of wrongly identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator

Simultaneous

When presenting linueps to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ presentation of photos is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified

Simultaneous

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the misleading postevent information (MPI) that dramatically changed participant's report of a car accident was/were the word(s)

Smashed

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment showed the impact of misleading post-event information (MPI). In this study, the MPI was/were the word/s

Smashed

In Talarico and Rubin (2003)'s experiment, they measured people's memories of 9/11 and of everyday events. They found that people showed ____ belief in their memories of 9/11 and ____ belief in their memories of everyday events

Strong; weak

Think back to Murdoch's experiment on word lists. Results showed a serial position curve, demonstrating that memory is best for ____ of a list

The first and last words

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

The length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

The presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

The self-reference effect

Suppose you do a memory test and hear the words "shy", "kind", "intelligent" - which coincidentally, also describe your personality. Due to ____, you would predict that you would have good recall for these words

The self-reference effect

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Cabeza et al.'s (2004) research on autobiographical memory shows that a more extensive network of brain areas light up in a person when they look at photographs

They took themselves

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

Transfer-appropriate processing

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable

Transition points

The task of mental rotation is performed by which component of working memory

Visuospatial sketch pad

What is the primary difference between short-term memory and working memory?

WM can manipulate information for complex tasks

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

Working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information