EXP3604 Chapter 9

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

___________is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

sensory attributes; function

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.

strong

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

working units