EXS 455 Final Part 2

What kind of posture restricts movement the most?

Kyphotic

____________ pertubations are a particular problem for older adults and often result in falls.

Mediolateral

There is __________ evidence showing long-term physical activity can slow down the normal cognitive aging process.

Moderate

What are the three intrinsic systems that contribute to balance and mobility?

Motor, sensory, and cognitive

Which of the following is false regarding changes in muscular strength with age?

None of the above

Researchers recently found a blood test for a specific tau protein may serve as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Currently, the only way to confirm the disease is through autopsy of the brain.

True

The large number (polypharmacy) and types of prescribed medications can be a major cause of falls in older adults.

True

True or false: Consistent positive associations have been found between physical functioning and cognition, particularly for fluid abilities such as executive function and processing speed.

True

It is generally accepted that _________ muscle fibers are more effected by age compared to ________muscle fibers. However, there is evidence to suggest both types of fibers are equally effected.

Type II, Type I

While walking, the body's center of mass (COM) should continuously move ____________ the base of support.

beyond

The two areas of the brain have been shown to improve with exercise; the ____________ and the prefrontral cortex.

temporal lobe

What percentage of total motor units is lost per year beginning in the third decade?

1%

Every _________ minutes an older adult dies from a fall.

20

On average, the hair cells in the vestibular system decrease 40% by age _______.

70

Which BMI (according to BIA) is associated with presarcopenia for men?

8.51-10.75 kg/m^2

Caloric restriction MAY increase the human lifespan by effecting which of the following metabolic pathways?

All of the above

Which of the following are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls?

All of the above

Which of the following could cause reduced stability in older adults?

All of the above

The cerebral vascular hypothesis states that exercise stimulates the growth of new capilaries in the brain. This process is called _________.

Angiogenesis

Which growth factor is most important for increased brain neurogenesis?

BDNF

Which of the following medications can increase an older adult's risk of falling?

Benzodiazepine

Increased blood flow to the brain during physical activity may increase angiogenesis or the growth of new capillaries in the brain. This idea is referred to as the __________________

Cerebral circulation hypothesis

Which of the following is NOT an effect of exercise on the brain?

Decreased brain synapses

______ is the primary event in aging muscle, especially in those >80 years old.

Denervation

Based on evidence from rat brain studies, most neuroscientists believe hippocampal neurogenesis is not possible.

False

Brain games have far reaching positive effects on executive function similar to long-term exercise training.

False

Older adults should perform resistance training at least 3 times per week on consecutive or non-consecutive days.

False

Older adults who have fallen once are much less likely to fall again, but they are much more careful.

False

Protein supplementation in older adults can increase muscle mass without the addition of strength training.

False

Stepping in a hole or being bumped in a crowd involves anticipatory postural control to keep your balance.

False

The evidence from the Song et al. (2018) systematic review shows physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, can positively benefit global cognition in MCI patients. They also concluded resistance training exercise can improve domain-specific cognitive function and psychological outcomes.

False

The innervation ratio (muscle fibers to motor neuron) decreases with aging. This results in less control of voluntary movement.

False

Type of flooring and poor lighting are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls.

False

Which type of muscle fiber decreases the most with age?

Fast twitch

Which brain structure is most responsible for long-term memory?

Hippocampus

Which of the following sensory disabilities is a common symptom associated with Type I and II diabetes?

Peripheral Neuropathy

Which of these brain structures is most vulnerable to the effects of aging and neuro-degenerational disease?

Prefrontal Cortex

Which part of the brain is important for executive function, focus, and shifting attention?

Prefrontal Cortex

Select components of fluid abilities:

Processing speed, working memory capacity, and inhibition

You do not see a sheet of ice on the sidewalk and must adjust to keep from falling. This is an example of ___________postural control.

Reactive

_______ was traditionally defined as a decline in muscle mass due to aging.

Sarcopenia

Which sensory system is concerned with touch, vibration, and pain?

Somatosensory

There is __________ evidence sustained high levels (2.5 hrs/week of moderate-high intensity) physical activity can reduce the risk of Alzeheimer's disease by 40-50% and all-cause dementia by 25%.

Strong

Researchers have shown posture is controlled by _______________ mechanisms.

Supraspinal

Seeing the sidewalk ends and gravel begins, you decide to reduce your stride length and shuffle your feet.This is an example of ___________postural control.

anticipatory

Which of the following is NOT a suggested contribution to anabolic resistance of protein synthesis?

increase in muscle uptake of dietary amino acids

Of the three strategies for maintaining postural control, especially from external perturbations, which is the most preferred by older adults even when the pertubation is small?

step

True of false. Upper extremity muscles change less than lower extremity muscles.

true