Extra help with Cancer Cells module

What is the difference between external and internal radiation?

- external: a energy beam is focused on a body part using a CT scan. - internal: a radioactive seed or pellet is placed in the body to destroy the DNA of surrounding cells.

What checkpoint do tumor suppressor genes detect DNA damage?

G1

Name 3 causes/sources of cancer.

Genetics, viruses, and carcinogens exposed to

Besides the ability of some cancer cells to divide rapidly and uncontrollably, what else could logically result in a tumor?

Inability of a cell to undergo cell death if a mutation occurs

what phase do alkaloids and taxanes work in ?

M phase

What is the function of cytoplasm?

Site of chemical reactions

Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated?

The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.

What organ system contains the ureter, bladder and kidneys as organs?

Urinary

Cancer is a disease that occurs at the __________ level of biological organization of living things.

cellular

The human papilloma virus is linked to which cancer?

cervical

T/F Organ systems work together to keep internal conditions within a wide set of parameters, called the set point.

false

T/F The cells in tissues and organs are identical, and they work together to accomplish multiple functions.

false

T/F The nervous and cardiovascular systems exert the ultimate control over homeostasis because they coordinate the functions of the body's systems.

false

Name organisms that are examples of animals that have an open circulatory system.

grasshopper, crayfish, clam, oyster, scallop, lobster, shrimp, insects

An animal cell that completed the cell cycle and is undergoing cytokinesis would __________.

have constriction at the cleavage furrow that separates the cytoplasm into two cells; have two nuclei

What organ of the circulatory system that works without us telling it to and without it we will die?

heart

The blastula/pre-embryo has an inner cell mass. What is the significance/importance of the inner cell mass?

inner cell mass are 'embryonic stem cells' or totipotent cells that that have the potential to be developed into any cell in the body

Protects the exterior of the body

integumentary

what phase do antimetabolites work in?

s phase

what phase do topoisomerase inhibitors work in?

s phase

T/F Although diffusion is an efficient process to transport materials over short distances, humans rely on the circulatory system to quickly and adequately supply the cells of the body with oxygen.

true

T/F Body temperature, blood glucose levels, water levels, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are examples of physiological conditions that need to be maintained within specific operating parameters.

true

T/F Cells, the smallest unit of life, have the ability to perceive and respond to their environment, grow and develop, reproduce, and regulate the internal environment to maintain a consistent state.

true

T/F Despite their physical differences, cells in the human body share certain features: cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane that regulates what moves in and out of the cell, a nucleus, and internal compartments called organelles.

true

T/F Every organ and organ system of the body is involved in some way in homeostasis.

true

T/F Homeostasis represents the conditions under which the internal chemical reactions and physiological activities of an organism are being maintained at optimal conditions.

true

The basic unit of life, which has linear DNA held inside a nucleus is what?

eukaryotic cell

Peripheral nervous system example

eyes

T/F A negative consequence of a mutation is when the mutation causes no change to the structure of the protein because the altered nucleotide sequence still codes for the same amino acid.

false

T/F Each organ performs multiple functions, whereas a designated tissue performs only one function.

false

T/F In a complex multicellular organism like humans, cells are specialized into different cell types to carry out specific functions, but usually combine to form more complex structures, such as tissues, organelles, and organelle systems.

false

T/F In terms of numbers, the human body is composed of the thousands of cells that provide the underlying basic structure for the body.

false

T/F One of the characteristics of all living organisms is the ability to maintain an internal environment that is the same as the external environment even if the external environment rapidly changes.

false

What cancer stems from white blood cells in bone marrow?

leukemia

Involved in the return of interstitial fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system

lymphatic

Involved in the transport of fat-based nutrients within a fluid lymph

lymphatic

Plays a major role in the defense of the body against disease-causing pathogens

lymphatic

Protects against disease and regulates body fluids

lymphatic and immune system

What is the function of Ribosomes?

make proteins

During G1 of Interphase, what is the cell doing?

making organelles, growing, living/existing

Allows for movement and contraction of the heart

muscular

Receives stimuli from the environment and processes responses

nervous

Which type of tissue had the main job of sending electrical signals?

nervous

what phase do alkylating agents work in?

non specific cell phase

A mutation causing a gene to be in an active state without the influence of the growth hormone will contribute to uncontrolled cell growth.

oncogene

What type of circulatory system has hemolymph?

open

Nervous, connective, and epithelial tissue functioning for what common purpose?

organ

The kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra all working together form what?

organ system

Name one of the 2 types of genes (Guardians of the Genome) that are tumor suppressor genes.

p53 and BRCA 1

Cancer may alter the genetic programming of a cell causing __________ changes in which the cell may no longer function normally.

physiological

A gene that regulates the cell cycle by speeding up the cell cycle

protooncogene

What are 2 reasons that cells go through the process of mitosis?

replace cells, regenerate tissue, develop/grow, and for unicellular organisms a way to reproduce

produces gametes

reproductive

Exchange of gases

respiratory

Role is exchanging gases, specifically oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), with the external environment

respiratory

Works closely with the cardiovascular system to transport gases to and from the tissue of the body

respiratory

Lungs, gills, and skin all may classified as organ of which system?

respriatory

All cells have these common 4 cell parts.

ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA

What two systems work together to enable us to move?

skeletal and muscle

Provides support and protection

skeletal system

What is the function of DNA?

store and transmit hereditary information

What is the circuit/pathway that pumps from the heart to the body of the organism?

systematic system

What characteristic is shared by all living organisms?

they make their own energy

Millions of cells that work and connect together create what?

tissue

What do organs consist of?

tissues

T/F Failing to respond to the signals that control normal cell behavior and growth, cancer cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner, invading normal tissues and organs and eventually spreading throughout the body.

true

T/F Organ systems generally interact with either the blood or interstitial fluid to maintain homeostasis.

true

T/F Organs consist of one or more tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

true

Cheek cells, skin and lung are examples of what type of tissue?

Epithelial tissue

T/F Some common causes of mutations to tumor suppressor genes are viruses and chemical exposure. These changes to the nucleotide sequence may lead to cancer.

true

T/F The activity of the human body depends on the activity of the cells to function on their own by taking in nutrients and converting those nutrients into energy.

true

negative feedback

a control mechanism that shuts down a biological process when a set point is reached

T/F With over 200 different cell types, cell types differ both in appearance and function, yet are genetically identical.

true

Excretes waste material and balances pH and fluid levels

urinary

Involved in maintaining blood homeostasis, specifically with regard to water-salt and acid-base balances in the blood

urinary

Plays an important role in the body by excreting water-soluble nitrogenous and metabolic wastes

urinary

What is the function of plasma membrane?

Control transfer of substances in and out of the cell.

Which statement below best describes the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

During the M phase of the cell cycle, the nuclear material is divided during mitosis while the cytoplasm is divided during cytokinesis.

The system that breaks down food for cells to use

Digestive

If a diploid (2n) cell has 6 chromosomes. After S phase, how man chromosomes does the same cell have?

6

When do cells copy their DNA?

S phase of interphase

Which of the following would be a consequence of a cell that bypasses the G1 checkpoint?

The DNA of the cell may be replicated too early and allow damaged DNA to be passed onto daughter cells. If this continues, this uncontrolled cell division could lead to a tumor.

As a cell moves through interphase, which of the following would promote a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint?

The genetic information has been duplicated with no errors.

How is the human body able to detect when a physiological condition needs to be maintained within specific operating physiological conditions?

The human body has internal set points that have to be maintained to be acceptable to the physiology of the body

When cells are removed to perform tests to confirm for presence of cancer cells or not?

biopsy

Name organisms that are examples of animals that have a closed circulatory system

bird, mammal, octopus, earthworm

Central nervous system example

brain and spinal cord

Involved in the movement of nutrients, gases, and waste materials in the body

cardiovascular

transports nutrients and wastes

cardiovascular

Sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, individual

What do tissues consist of?

cells

What is common between tissues and organs?

cells

Taxanes, alkylating agents, and topoisomerase inhibitors are all types of what?

chemo

Blood is kept separate from interstitial fluid in what system?

closed

Which type of tissue has the main job of holding things together and filling in space?

connective

At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must __________.

contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell.

During what process does the cytoplasm and its contents divide into two identical daughter cells?

cytokinesis

Central role involves the processing of the nutrients to power cells, tissues, and organs

digestive

Plays a role in regulating the water content of the body by reabsorbing water from undigested food material

digestive

Plays a role in the homeostasis of blood glucose levels

digestive

Produces hormones that coordinate organ systems

endocrine

What organ system contains the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, ovaries and testes as organs?

endocrine