Extra help with Cancer Cells module
What is the difference between external and internal radiation?
- external: a energy beam is focused on a body part using a CT scan. - internal: a radioactive seed or pellet is placed in the body to destroy the DNA of surrounding cells.
What checkpoint do tumor suppressor genes detect DNA damage?
G1
Name 3 causes/sources of cancer.
Genetics, viruses, and carcinogens exposed to
Besides the ability of some cancer cells to divide rapidly and uncontrollably, what else could logically result in a tumor?
Inability of a cell to undergo cell death if a mutation occurs
what phase do alkaloids and taxanes work in ?
M phase
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Site of chemical reactions
Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated?
The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.
What organ system contains the ureter, bladder and kidneys as organs?
Urinary
Cancer is a disease that occurs at the __________ level of biological organization of living things.
cellular
The human papilloma virus is linked to which cancer?
cervical
T/F Organ systems work together to keep internal conditions within a wide set of parameters, called the set point.
false
T/F The cells in tissues and organs are identical, and they work together to accomplish multiple functions.
false
T/F The nervous and cardiovascular systems exert the ultimate control over homeostasis because they coordinate the functions of the body's systems.
false
Name organisms that are examples of animals that have an open circulatory system.
grasshopper, crayfish, clam, oyster, scallop, lobster, shrimp, insects
An animal cell that completed the cell cycle and is undergoing cytokinesis would __________.
have constriction at the cleavage furrow that separates the cytoplasm into two cells; have two nuclei
What organ of the circulatory system that works without us telling it to and without it we will die?
heart
The blastula/pre-embryo has an inner cell mass. What is the significance/importance of the inner cell mass?
inner cell mass are 'embryonic stem cells' or totipotent cells that that have the potential to be developed into any cell in the body
Protects the exterior of the body
integumentary
what phase do antimetabolites work in?
s phase
what phase do topoisomerase inhibitors work in?
s phase
T/F Although diffusion is an efficient process to transport materials over short distances, humans rely on the circulatory system to quickly and adequately supply the cells of the body with oxygen.
true
T/F Body temperature, blood glucose levels, water levels, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are examples of physiological conditions that need to be maintained within specific operating parameters.
true
T/F Cells, the smallest unit of life, have the ability to perceive and respond to their environment, grow and develop, reproduce, and regulate the internal environment to maintain a consistent state.
true
T/F Despite their physical differences, cells in the human body share certain features: cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane that regulates what moves in and out of the cell, a nucleus, and internal compartments called organelles.
true
T/F Every organ and organ system of the body is involved in some way in homeostasis.
true
T/F Homeostasis represents the conditions under which the internal chemical reactions and physiological activities of an organism are being maintained at optimal conditions.
true
The basic unit of life, which has linear DNA held inside a nucleus is what?
eukaryotic cell
Peripheral nervous system example
eyes
T/F A negative consequence of a mutation is when the mutation causes no change to the structure of the protein because the altered nucleotide sequence still codes for the same amino acid.
false
T/F Each organ performs multiple functions, whereas a designated tissue performs only one function.
false
T/F In a complex multicellular organism like humans, cells are specialized into different cell types to carry out specific functions, but usually combine to form more complex structures, such as tissues, organelles, and organelle systems.
false
T/F In terms of numbers, the human body is composed of the thousands of cells that provide the underlying basic structure for the body.
false
T/F One of the characteristics of all living organisms is the ability to maintain an internal environment that is the same as the external environment even if the external environment rapidly changes.
false
What cancer stems from white blood cells in bone marrow?
leukemia
Involved in the return of interstitial fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system
lymphatic
Involved in the transport of fat-based nutrients within a fluid lymph
lymphatic
Plays a major role in the defense of the body against disease-causing pathogens
lymphatic
Protects against disease and regulates body fluids
lymphatic and immune system
What is the function of Ribosomes?
make proteins
During G1 of Interphase, what is the cell doing?
making organelles, growing, living/existing
Allows for movement and contraction of the heart
muscular
Receives stimuli from the environment and processes responses
nervous
Which type of tissue had the main job of sending electrical signals?
nervous
what phase do alkylating agents work in?
non specific cell phase
A mutation causing a gene to be in an active state without the influence of the growth hormone will contribute to uncontrolled cell growth.
oncogene
What type of circulatory system has hemolymph?
open
Nervous, connective, and epithelial tissue functioning for what common purpose?
organ
The kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra all working together form what?
organ system
Name one of the 2 types of genes (Guardians of the Genome) that are tumor suppressor genes.
p53 and BRCA 1
Cancer may alter the genetic programming of a cell causing __________ changes in which the cell may no longer function normally.
physiological
A gene that regulates the cell cycle by speeding up the cell cycle
protooncogene
What are 2 reasons that cells go through the process of mitosis?
replace cells, regenerate tissue, develop/grow, and for unicellular organisms a way to reproduce
produces gametes
reproductive
Exchange of gases
respiratory
Role is exchanging gases, specifically oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), with the external environment
respiratory
Works closely with the cardiovascular system to transport gases to and from the tissue of the body
respiratory
Lungs, gills, and skin all may classified as organ of which system?
respriatory
All cells have these common 4 cell parts.
ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
What two systems work together to enable us to move?
skeletal and muscle
Provides support and protection
skeletal system
What is the function of DNA?
store and transmit hereditary information
What is the circuit/pathway that pumps from the heart to the body of the organism?
systematic system
What characteristic is shared by all living organisms?
they make their own energy
Millions of cells that work and connect together create what?
tissue
What do organs consist of?
tissues
T/F Failing to respond to the signals that control normal cell behavior and growth, cancer cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner, invading normal tissues and organs and eventually spreading throughout the body.
true
T/F Organ systems generally interact with either the blood or interstitial fluid to maintain homeostasis.
true
T/F Organs consist of one or more tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.
true
Cheek cells, skin and lung are examples of what type of tissue?
Epithelial tissue
T/F Some common causes of mutations to tumor suppressor genes are viruses and chemical exposure. These changes to the nucleotide sequence may lead to cancer.
true
T/F The activity of the human body depends on the activity of the cells to function on their own by taking in nutrients and converting those nutrients into energy.
true
negative feedback
a control mechanism that shuts down a biological process when a set point is reached
T/F With over 200 different cell types, cell types differ both in appearance and function, yet are genetically identical.
true
Excretes waste material and balances pH and fluid levels
urinary
Involved in maintaining blood homeostasis, specifically with regard to water-salt and acid-base balances in the blood
urinary
Plays an important role in the body by excreting water-soluble nitrogenous and metabolic wastes
urinary
What is the function of plasma membrane?
Control transfer of substances in and out of the cell.
Which statement below best describes the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
During the M phase of the cell cycle, the nuclear material is divided during mitosis while the cytoplasm is divided during cytokinesis.
The system that breaks down food for cells to use
Digestive
If a diploid (2n) cell has 6 chromosomes. After S phase, how man chromosomes does the same cell have?
6
When do cells copy their DNA?
S phase of interphase
Which of the following would be a consequence of a cell that bypasses the G1 checkpoint?
The DNA of the cell may be replicated too early and allow damaged DNA to be passed onto daughter cells. If this continues, this uncontrolled cell division could lead to a tumor.
As a cell moves through interphase, which of the following would promote a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint?
The genetic information has been duplicated with no errors.
How is the human body able to detect when a physiological condition needs to be maintained within specific operating physiological conditions?
The human body has internal set points that have to be maintained to be acceptable to the physiology of the body
When cells are removed to perform tests to confirm for presence of cancer cells or not?
biopsy
Name organisms that are examples of animals that have a closed circulatory system
bird, mammal, octopus, earthworm
Central nervous system example
brain and spinal cord
Involved in the movement of nutrients, gases, and waste materials in the body
cardiovascular
transports nutrients and wastes
cardiovascular
Sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, individual
What do tissues consist of?
cells
What is common between tissues and organs?
cells
Taxanes, alkylating agents, and topoisomerase inhibitors are all types of what?
chemo
Blood is kept separate from interstitial fluid in what system?
closed
Which type of tissue has the main job of holding things together and filling in space?
connective
At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must __________.
contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell.
During what process does the cytoplasm and its contents divide into two identical daughter cells?
cytokinesis
Central role involves the processing of the nutrients to power cells, tissues, and organs
digestive
Plays a role in regulating the water content of the body by reabsorbing water from undigested food material
digestive
Plays a role in the homeostasis of blood glucose levels
digestive
Produces hormones that coordinate organ systems
endocrine
What organ system contains the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, ovaries and testes as organs?
endocrine
