FCS 331 Final Oropeza

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's _____________.

DNA

_____ acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.

Docosahexaenoic

Vitamin _____ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals.

E

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are generally more toxic than water-soluble vitamins. It is easier for the body to eliminate water-soluble vitamins compared to fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are digested and absorbed with fats in the gastrointestinal tract.

Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.

_________ contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons.

FAD

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. Pylori

Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues?

HDL

Barry is a vegan. His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A, and he does not take any vitamin A supplements. Nevertheless, his body has adequate vitamin A stores. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status?

He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene.

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?

In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

Diverticulosis occurs because of ____.

Increased straining and pressure in the colon

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) states that healthy adults under 65 years of age should perform ________

Moderate-intensity aerobic activity for 150 min/wk and strength-training exercise•neuromotor exercise•flexibility exercise twice a week

Athletes should consume fats from _______

Monounsaturated fatty acids and Omega-3 fatty acids (avocado, salmon, peanut butter, hummus, seeds)

_____ are water-soluble vitamins.

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

____________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.

Osteomalacia

_____ results from lack of intrinsic factor.

Pernicious anemia

_______ is a NOT a major biological fuel.

Protein

Secretin is a hormone that ____.

Stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution into the small intestine.

Which of the following vitamins is not added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process?

Vitamin B-6

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When a population's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in the population that have healthy immune systems decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases.

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add _____ of the nutrient to its EAR.

a "margin of safety" amount

Moderate-Intensity Target heart rate zone is calculated by

a person's age-related maximum heart rate X .5 and .7

Vigorous-Intensity Target heart rate zone is calculated by

a person's age-related maximum heart rate X .7 and .85

The stomach absorbs ____.

alcohol

Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of vitamin E per serving?

almonds

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the ______.

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population

Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed _____ as a result.

anaphylaxis

A team of chemists have isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from a rare kind of mushroom. The researchers determine that the chemical donates electrons to other substances in the environment that are missing electrons. Based on this information, the chemists are likely to have discovered a (n) _____

antioxidant

Alicia has phenylketonuria (PKU). She would like to sweeten her coffee with a non-nutritive sweetener. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners is unsafe for her to consume?

aspartame

Ingesting large quantities of raw eggs may cause a biotin deficiency because ________ reduces the absorption of biotin.

avidin

According to the DSM-5, the three main types of eating disorders are _____.

binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa

The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

biotin

According to the "set point theory," a person's _________.

body weight is genetically determined and difficult to alter

hard cycling, basketball, and hurdles utilize more ____

carbs

Consuming inorganic arsenic is harmful because it is a...

carcinogen

A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from _____________.

celiac disease

Fred is a lactovegetarian. Which of the following foods does he eat?

cheese

Marcus has an iron deficiency. He should consider including ____ in his diet, because it is a good source of heme iron.

chicken liver

Having a control group enables researchers to ______.

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

____________ is the point at which a women's egg is fertilized by a sperm; fertilization.

conception

Compared to an unsaturated fatty acid, a trans fatty acid _____.

does not have a kink in its molecular structure which keeps it straight

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups of 50 people. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record the their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ____ study.

double-blind

Chyme moves from the stomach into the _____.

duodenum

Deficiency of _________ can lead to megaloblastic anemia.

folate and/or vitamin B-12

Older adults are at risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency, because they often have __________________.

food-cobalamin malabsorption

Skeletal muscles generate more ___________ ________ than resting muscles and the oxidative stress that results can contribute to muscle fatigue and damage.

free radicals

During a dental examination, the dentist notices that the enamel on the back sides of Andrew's teeth has eroded, and the some of the teeth are decaying. Based on this information, the dentist suspects that Andrew _____.

frequently makes himself vomit after eating

Which of the following substances is a simple carbohydrate? Lignin Starch Glycogen Fructose

fructose

Risk factors for eating disorders include _____.

having a history of frequent attempts to lose weight

Marcia's BMI is 24.2. Based on this information, her weight is in the _____ range.

healthy (18.5-25)

In the body, lipids _____.

help maintain cell membranes

Insulin _______.

helps glucose enter the cell

_____ is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

hemoglobin

Which of the following organs is one of the main sites for glycogen storage?

liver

Athletes who do not consume enough energy can:

lose muscle mass and bone density, experience fatigue and menstrual irregularities, and be at risk of injury

Iodine is necessary for _____.

maintaining thyroid function

________ is an extreme obsession with eating healthy foods.

orthorexia

Starvation is a highly catabolic state characterized by ______.

proteolysis

People who have bulimia nervosa typically avoid gaining weight after bingeing on food by _____.

purging, including self-induced vomiting

Glucogenic amino acids, through metabolic pathways, are broken down into

pyruvate

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a _____ study.

retrospective

Calcitonin _________.

signals osteoblasts to remove excess calcium from blood

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate? Starch Glucose Carbon dioxide High-fructose corn syrup

starch

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that _____.

stimulates the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestine

Protein digestion begins in the _____.

stomach

Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?

stroke

______ are substances that can cause abnormalities that might deform or kill the embryo/fetus.

teratogens (alcohol, nicotine, etc)

Water-soluble nutrients and certain fats are absorbed into _______.

the capillary network

Heartburn and GERD occurs when ____.

the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes

The _____ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.

thyroid

Which of the following organs is not directly involved in maintaining the body's fluid balance?

thyroid gland

A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients. She knows the RDA/AI for each mineral, one of which has an AI of 30 mg/day. How should she classify this particular mineral?

trace mineral

In the human body, water is involved in _________.

transporting substances

The primary function of adipocytes is ______________.

triglyceride storage

Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?

trypsin

Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of _____, the precursor for niacin.

tryptophan

Ashley's BMI is 16.8. Based on this information, her weight is in the _____ range.

underweight

Lawrence wants to increase his zinc intake without relying on dietary supplements. Which of the following foods should he avoid eating, because they can interfere with intestinal absorption of zinc?

unleavened whole wheat breads

Which of the following methods is not useful for estimating total energy expenditure?

waistline measurements

What is the recommended source of fluid for athletes exercising at low to moderate intensity for less than 30 to 60 minutes?

water

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone act to increase urinary _________

water conservation

a nutrient-dense type of protein found in milk.

whey protein May be beneficial for heavy resistance training

A young man in a rural Iranian village eats very little meat and dairy products, but his diet contains a lot of unleavened whole-grain flat bread. He is very short for his age; his sexual organs are not fully developed; his intelligence is lower than normal; and he suffers from iron-deficiency anemia. Based on this information, the man probably has a(n) ____ deficiency.

zinc

Which of the following statements is a health claim that the FDA allows on a food package?

"While many factors affect heart disease, diets low in saturated fat may reduce the risk of this disease."

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutritional contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices?

%DV's

Individuals training for aerobic sports consume ____ to _____ g of protein/kg/day.

1.1 to 3.0 g

Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ____% of her total energy intake.

10-35

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.

117

Which of the following foods is considered an empty-calorie food? 3 ounces baked chicken ½ cup fresh strawberries 4-ounce chocolate doughnut 8 ounces fat-free milk

4 ounce chocolate doughnut

If Kara's body weight is 120 pounds, her RDA for protein is ______.

44g

To maintain adequate muscle glycogen, athletes should consume ____ to _____ grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight daily.

6 to 10

What percentage of absorption occurs in the small intestine?

95%

Which of the following persons is in a state of positive energy balance?

A 25-year-old woman who is in her 6th month of pregnancy

Which of the following statements is true? The omega end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid portion of the molecule. Most fatty acids in food are water soluble. A fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules. A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

Which of the following statements is true?

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl CoA

________ is the maximal oxygen uptake

Aerobic capacity (VO2max)

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?

Alpha-linolenic acid

________ _________ are drugs that mimic the action of the male sex hormone testosterone.

Anabolic steroids

Ronald has an inherited metabolic defect in which his cells have difficulty processing homocysteine to methionine. His physician may recommend vitamin _____ supplements to help Ronald's body metabolize homocysteine.

B-6

______ are amino acids with a unique branched side chain; preferentially utilized by muscle cells for energy.

BCAAs

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

Boiling in a saucepan of water

Which of the following conditions or behaviors is a characteristic sign of a person with anorexia nervosa?

Maintaining a BMI of 17.5 or less

The oxygen energy system yields ________ more ATP than anaerobic metabolism.

18 times

Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate _____ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects.

B-12

Which of the following statements is true?

Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup.

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

what is the first stage of increasing physical activity level

The first 3 to 6 weeks of an individual's new exercise program is the initiation stage.

what is the second stage of increasing physical activity level

The next 5 or 6 months of the program is the improvement stage.

An example of moderate intensity is:

ballroom dancing, bicycling, gardening, tennis (doubles), water aerobics, walking briskly

Common signs and symptoms of pregnancy include:

breast changes•nausea - "Morning sickness"•fatigue and sleepiness•frequent urination•food cravings and aversions

Which of the following food items contains a high content of fluoride?

brewed black tea

______ is human-made resources, including buildings, roads, parks, supermarkets, and restaurants, within a community

built environment

__________ is a nitrogen-containing substance found in muscles

creatine

Most people who suffer from anorexia nervosa _____

deny they are too thin

Pancreatic amylase _______.

digests starch in the small intestine

Lynn wants to estimate the grams of carbohydrate in a sugar-sweetened soft drink that supplies 200 kcal. The soft drink contains no fiber, protein, fat, or alcohol. To obtain this value, she should...

divide the number of kcal by 4

________is physical activities that are usually planned and structured for a purpose.

exercise

In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into _____ molecules that can be absorbed.

glucose

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate converts to________

lactic acid

Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient dense? Whole-grain bread Strawberries Peanut butter Raw apples

peanut butter

People are likely to develop ___________ when they consume diets that are low in niacin and animal protein.

pellagra

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called _____.

peristalsis

_____ fat insulates the body and protects muscles and bones from bumps and bruises.

subcutaneous

___________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.

Glycogenolysis

_____________is a high-energy compound used to reform ATP under anaerobic conditions

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

Which of the following statements is true?

Fat cells produce leptin, a hormone that can reduce hunger.

Fat should supply ____ to_____ % of energy for most physically active people (AMDR)

20 to 35

3 to 4 hours before competing, athletes should eat a meal that supplies_____ to ______ g of carbohydrates.

200 to 300

According to national surveys, ____% of American adults are overweight or obese.

69

Which of the following foods is a high-quality protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal proteins? ½ cup of watermelon chunks 8 ounce glass of soy milk 6 whole-wheat crackers 1 ounce of baby carrots

8 ounce glass of soy milk

Every amino acid has _____ in its chemical structure.

nitrogen

Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?

alanine

Cuproenzymes are group of enzymes that contain _____.

copper

Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver?

cortisol

During prolonged physical activity, muscles lose some protein because they metabolize certain amino acids for ________.

energy

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been ____________.

enriched

The lining of the small intestine is covered with _____, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food.

villi

_____ fat is located deep within the abdominal region and protects digestive organs.

visceral

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

vitamin D

Muscle cells rely on three major systems to obtain energy:

PCr-ATP Lactic acid Oxygen systems

______is movement resulting from contraction of skeletal muscles.

Physical activity

Which of the following statements is true? Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children. Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation. Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults. Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

Which of the following is NOT related to a key nutrition concept?

The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.

__________ is a degenerative brain disorder associated with deficiency of thiamin and is most commonly caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Wendy is a 17-year-old world class gymnast who suffers from female athlete triad. Based on this information, she has _____.

abnormal menstrual cycles

Wilson's disease is characterized by the _____.

accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and eyes

The human body needs vitamin K to _____________.

active blood clotting factors

Darlene is a 5' 2", 23-year-old woman who weighs almost 250 pounds. To lose weight, she's tried calorie-restricted diets, fad diets, exercise programs, and appetite-suppressing pills without success. She would like to try a surgical weight-loss method that reduces the size of her stomach without the use of staples and is reversible. Her physician is likely to recommend _________.

adjustable gastric banding

An example of vigorous physical activity is:

aerobic dancing, bicycling (faster than 10 mph), digging, hiking uphill, jumping rope, tennis (singles)

Matt is having his body fat assessed by ____, a technique that requires a large device called the BOD POD.

air displacement

__________ is a diuretic because it inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland.

alcohol

Carey skips breakfast and eats only organic foods. Before exams, she avoids eating anything that is "alive" or "had a face" while it was alive. Her BMI is 21.6 and she seems to be healthy. Based on this information, Carey is at risk of developing _____.

an eating disorder

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) ______.

anecdote

Andrea, a 22-year old college student, has been rushed to the hospital after collapsing at the gym. After performing some clinical tests, the doctor determines Andrea's BMI is 16.8 and she has very low bone mineral density. Based on this information, Andrea probably has ____.

anorexia nervosa

Jamal wants to lower his risk of cancer. He should _____.

avoid drinking alcohol

____________ is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria.

beta-oxidation

The liver uses cholesterol to make _____.

bile

________ is an eating disorder that features recurrent episodes of overeating, but it is not followed by purging behaviors.

binge-eating disorder

Which of the following minerals enhances insulin action?

chromium

Jared has a high risk of cardiovascular disease, because he has _____.

chronic high blood pressure

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called __________

coenzymes

According to the observations of a nutrition scientist, laboratory mice are healthier when their diet contains physiological levels of vitamin D than when their diet lacks the micronutrient. The scientist hypothesizes that mice will be less likely to develop cancer when they consume a diet that supplies megadoses of vitamin D. Based on this information, the scientist is ready to ______.

conduct a controlled in vivo experiment to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice`

Jade is concerned about her risk of Kashin-Beck disease. To help reduce her risk of this condition, Jade should _____.

consume more selenium-rich foods

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid _____________.

consuming foods that contain gluten

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be _______.

converted to fat and stored

Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with _____.

cretinism

________ refers to a condition in which people with Type 1 diabetes manipulate their body weight by skipping insulin injections or using less insulin than prescribed.

diabulimia

Parathyroid hormone _________

enhances the body's ability to retain calcium

Which of the following foods is a good source of thiamin?

enriched bread

Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea?

epiglottis

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

exercising daily

walking, weight lifting, and running long distance utilize more ____

fat

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving? Soft margarine Iceberg lettuce Cheese nachos Fat-free milk

fat-free milk

Most Americans consume less than recommended amounts of ____.

fruits and vegetables

Compared to other people, a person who has a "thrifty metabolism" _________.

gains weight more easily

______________ is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach.

gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

A scientist wants to develop a medication that safely reduces hunger to help obese people lose weight. Based on this information, this researcher will explore ways to block the production, release, or action of _________.

ghrelin

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes _____ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

glucagon (why we don't die in our sleep)

During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways?

glycolysis

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are among the best sources of riboflavin?

grains

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

green leafy vegetables

Amanda is a three year old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she _____.

has difficulty digesting food

Having high blood levels of _____ may increase a person's risk of CVD.

homocysteine

Parietal cells secrete ions that form ______ in the stomach.

hydrochloric acid

In the stomach, _____ participate in the chemical digestion of protein.

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her?

ingesting large doses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage.

All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT ____________.

insulin (anabolic)

_______ refers to the level of exertion used to perform an activity.

intensity

Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his _____.

intestinal tract does not absorb much fat

We maintain the balance of intracellular and extracellular water by controlling concentrations of _______ in each compartment

ions

In the United States, _____ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency.

iron

Which of the following is a micronutrient? Iron Carbohydrate Fat Protein

iron

Vitamin C _____.

is needed to form strong collagen

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more _____ than normal.

ketone bodies

The _____ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme.

large intestine

Long-term consumption of high amounts of fluoride can _____.

lead to skeletal fluorosis

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?

lean meats

What percentage of U.S. adults meet the minimum physical activity recommendation?

less than half

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as _____________.

lipogenesis

Osteoporosis is characterized by _________.

loss of bone mass and structure

A group of registered dietitians is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will ______.

make observations

Which of the following measurement techniques is a convenient, practical, and inexpensive way to determine if a person has an unhealthy distribution of body fat?

measuring a person's waist circumference

You are planning a party for a group of college students. Some of the students follow the dietary practices of the Jewish, Islamic, and Mormon religions. Which of the following menu items would be acceptable to everyone at the party?

meatless bean dip

The process of digesting food begins in the ______.

mouth

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet

Eating disorders are associated with _____.

negative body image

Felicity's LDL cholesterol level is too high. To lower her cholesterol level, she took large doses of a certain vitamin supplement, but she experienced severe facial flushing and liver damage as a result. Based on this information, which vitamin did she take?

niacin

A symptom of vitamin A deficiency is _____________.

night blindness

The __________ functions during mild- to moderate-intensity exercise

oxygen energy system

Which vitamin is needed to make coenzyme A?

pantothenic acid

Vitamin D helps the body absorb _____________.

phosphorus and calcium

A built environment can often encourage more __________

physical activity

______is the ability to perform moderate- to vigorous-intensity activities without becoming excessively fatigued

physical fitness

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects, and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are ______.

placebos

__________ is A specialized organ that supplies nutrients and oxygen and eliminates wastes

placenta

Phytic acid and oxalic acid are substances in certain __________ foods that interfere with mineral absorption in the human intestinal tract.

plant foods

___________________ ________ refers to the time before pregnancy.

preconception period

______ is the time from conception until birth.

prenatal

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ____ study.

prospective

Jennifer has lost weight by following a well-balanced calorie-reduced weight-loss diet plan that includes daily exercise for several months. Recently, her rate of weight loss slowed, and this week, she lost no weight, even though she has continued to follow the weight-loss plan. Based on this information, Jennifer has _________.

reached a "plateau"

what is the third stage of increasing physical activity level

reached goals Start of the maintenance stage

Consuela is an overweight young woman who wants to lose 10 pounds. The most reliable and safe way for her to lose this weight is to _________.

reduce her usual daily energy intake

Conditions associated with the female athlete triad include _____.

reduced bone mineral density

The weight-loss medication orlistat (Xenical) ____________.

reduces the amount of fat absorbed by the digestive tract

Which of the following foods or beverages is a main source of added sugar in American diets?

regular soft drinks

Which of the following behaviors is typical of someone who has disordered eating but not an eating disorder?

skipping breakfast when late for an exam

Age-related maximum heart rate is calculated by

subtracting a person's age from 220

populations of concern for pregnancy are:

teenage girls and women over 35

________ is physical activities that involve sustained, rhythmic contractions of large muscle groups.

Aerobic exercise

Which of the following statements about calcium is false?

After bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.

What are the main ergogenic aids?

Anabolic steroids, creatine, and caffeine

Which of the following practices would help a total vegetarian increase his or her iron intake from plant foods?

Cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract?

Crohn's disease

______________ is an inherited respiratory disease that interferes with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Cystic fibrosis

A primary function of the digestive system is the ______.

breakdown of foods into nutrients

_____ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.

retinol

A group of 50 adult male humans were in a clinical study to determine how much niacin is toxic. During the first 2 weeks of the study, members of the group consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it contained 24 mg niacin, which is 1.5 times the RDA for niacin (males). At that point in the study, all members reported feeling fine, and they could function normally. During the next week, they were given a formula that contained 48 mg niacin. Within a few days of consuming this formula, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of having upset stomachs and reddened facial skin. At that point, researchers gave the subjects a formula that contain 16 mg niacin. After a week of consuming the new formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the_____

UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/day

Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare in the US, but a symptom of pantothenic acid deficiency is ____________.

burning feet syndrome

__________ is necessary for proper muscle contraction.

calcium

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _____ to be digested in the mouth.

carbohydrate

_______ involves manipulating dietary and physical activity patterns 3 to 7 days before an event to increase muscle glycogen stores well above the normal range

carbohydrate loading

These are major sources of ATP: Glucose Macronutrient?•Triglycerides Macronutrient?•Amino acids Macronutrient?

carbs lipids protein

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes, and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(n) _____ study.

case-control

________ is Physical activities, that develop muscle strength and muscle endurance.

resistance/strength training

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing _____.

scurvy

Christine loves to eat Brazil nuts and canned oysters. These food items are rich sources of _____.

selenium