Female Reproductive System (Q9)
15-25
internally, mammary glands consist of how many lobes?
fimbriae
"catching" the oocyte is accomplished by fingerlike extensions of the tube called ____________ that wrap around the ovary
meiosis II
The cells then proceed through the second round of division, ___________, during which the sister chromatids separate
vagina
a passage about 8-10 cm long that extends inferiorly form the cervical os and terminates at the vaginal orifice
broad ligament
a sheet of connective tissue called the _________________, which anchors the ovarian ligament to the lateral pelvic wall (the part of which it is attached to the ovary is called the mesovarium)
spermatogenesis
the group of hormones that regulates the ovarian cycle is the same basic set that regulates what in the male?
meiosis I
the homologous chromosomes have replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle to yield pairs of sister chromatids which then begins ___________
water balloon
the maturation of a follicle in the ovary is comparable to a what filling with water?
infundibulum; ampulla; isthmus
the next region of the uterine tube is the wide ________________, followed by the ___________, and finally the _________, where it joins the uterus
areola
the nipple is surrounded by darkly pigmented area called what?
oogonia
the number of oocytes is determined before birth; during the fetal period, stem cells called ____________ undergo mitosis, increasing their numbers to between five and seven million in each ovary; this is the total number of this a woman will ever produce
cervical os
the opening of the cervix is known as the ______________
follicles
the ova are produced in special chambers called _______________
oocytes
the ovaries are the female gonads, which produce ___________ that travel through the reproductive tract to be fertilized; are located within small sacs in the ovary called follicles that sit in the outer region of the ovary, the ovarian cortex
primordial follicle
the process begins when a hormone stimulates an immature follicle called a __________________ to begin to mature
menstruation
the sloughing off of the uterine wall's tissues and the associated blood is called what?
secondary oocyte
the specific name for this ovum that is released during ovulation is known as a what?
oogenesis
the specific process for developing an ovum is called what?
fornix
the superior end of the vagina forms a recess around the cervical os called the __________
germinal epithelium
the surface of the ovary is covered by a simple cuboidal epithelial layer called the __________________
vestibule
the thinner labia minora are folds of skin that enclose an area called the _____________; within it we find the urethral and vaginal orifices and the paraurethral glands
cortex; medulla
the two regional layers of the epithelium are the outer _________ and the inner ______________
uterus
the uterine tubes join the superolateral portion of the __________, which is the organ in which a fertilized ovum implants, and in which a conceptus develops; situated posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum
fundus; body; cervix
the uterus has three regions: the dome-shaped _________, the central _________, and the narrow _________
round and uterosacral
the uterus is held in place by the broad ligament which anchors it to the anterior and lateral pelvis, and what other two ligaments?
vaginal orifice
the vagina terminates at the __________________
mons pubis
the vulva begins with the ____________, the rounded area over the pubic symphysis that is covered in pubic hair after puberty
follicular fluid
the wall of the follicle thickens, and cells within it begin to produce a fluid called _______________
round ligaments
what anchors the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall
nipple
milk leaves through the what?
menstrual phase
(days 1-5) During this phase, blood flow to the endometrium is reduced, which starves the tissues in the functional zone of their oxygen and other nutrients. As a result, these tissues deteriorate. When they break away from the uterine lining, it causes some blood loss. The sloughing off of these tissues and the associated blood lasts one to seven days. During menstruation the basal zone remains intact.
secretory phase
(days 15-28) This last and longest phase covers about 14 days. The tissues within the functional zone thicken and increase in vascularization, while endometrial glands enlarge and produce more mucus. The combination of estrogen and progesterone working together are responsible for these changes. The purpose of this thickening of the endometrium is to prepare for possible implantation of a human embryo into the functional layer of the endometrium. The glycogen in the mucus from the endometrial glands will serve to nourish the developing embryo. If no implantation occurs, both the ovarian and uterine cycles begin once again with release of GnRH from the pituitary gland.
proliferative phase
(days 6-13) Estrogens induce all the changes throughout this phase. The major event is to reestablish the functional zone lost during menstruation. Epithelial tissues and blood vessels grow back into the functional zone. Endometrial glands appear.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Ovarian Cycle step 1: it all begins when the hypothalamus in the brain releases into the blood a peptide called what? -this then travels through the blood to target cells within the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland because they have receptors for this -unlike in the male, this is not released in regular pulses, but rather the amount released fluctuates in the female
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Ovarian Cycle step 2: the binding of GnRH induces a response in these cells to make what two gonadotropin hormones? -like any hormone, these chemical messengers are released into the bloodstream and travel to their respective targets, which contain receptors for these hormones. -in the female, the first hormone targets the follicles within the ovary; the binding of this induces these follicles to mature and increase in size as a result of the production of a fluid called follicular fluid -- as the fluid accumulates within a chamber called the antrum, it increases fluid pressure within the follicle -meanwhile the other hormone causes the follicles to produce estrogen
tertiary follicle
Ovarian Cycle step 4: as the ________________ is established, it produces more estrogen. -these higher levels have the opposite effect of the initial lower levels: they stimulate the anterior lobe to release its accumulated LH (and some FSH) in one big surge
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
Ovarian Cycle step 7: the LH surge also changes the damaged follicle into a corpus luteum, which functions as a temporary endocrine gland, producing what?
ovulation
an ovum is released in an event called what? --LH triggers rupturing of the tertiary follicle and release of the secondary oocyte in an event called what?
uterosacral ligaments
anchors the uterus posteriorly to the sacrum
clitoris
anterior to the urethral orifice is the ____________, which is composed of erectile tissue
labia majora
are outter fatty skin folds that are analogous to the scrotum in the male
estrogens
at puberty, rising levels of hormones, such as ___________, trigger the beginning of the ovarian cycle, during which some primary follicles enlarge to become secondary follicles.
suspensory ligament
attaches the ovary to the posterolateral pelvic wall and carries with them the ovaries' blood supply
ovarian artery; ovarian vein
blood is brought to the ovary by an _____________ and is drained by an ______________
basal zone
branches off of the endometrium and lies beneath it
functional zone
branches off of the endometrium and lines the lumen of the uterine cavity
ovaries
the female reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity, with the exception of the almond-shaped _____________, which are found in the peritoneal cavity
synapsis
during the middle to late prophase I, homologous chromosomes line up very tightly next to each other--a phenomenon called ____________
lactiferous sinuses
each lobe in the mammary glands have storage areas called what?
ovarian ligament
each ovary is held in place by several ligaments, including the _____________________, which attaches the ovary to the uterus
tetrad
each synapse has two pairs of sister chromatids, and therefore the entire structure is called a _______
ovum
egg cell
greater vestibular glands
flanking the vaginal orifice are the _________________________, which secrete mucus to lubricate the vaginal canal during coitus
meiosis
gametes proceed through two rounds of cell division, and each gamete ends up with only one set of chromosomes, or a haploid cell
corpus albicans
gradually the corpus luteum shrinks and degrades into a small mass of scar tissue called the what?
antrum
the follicular fluid fills a spaced called the what?
mammary glands
not true reproductive organs--indeed, they are modified sweat glands and part of the integumentary system--but do have an associated reproductive function in milk production; mammary glands are present in both males and females, but their anatomy is most appropriately discussed with female anatomy
tertiary follicle
once a ________________ has been formed, a hormonal surge causes it to rupture
endometrium
one of the three layers to the uterine wall (the innermost lining of the uterus); the inner epithelial and connective tissue lining in which a fertilized ovum implants
myometrium
one of the three layers to the uterine wall; middle, muscular
perimetrium
one of the three layers to the uterine wall; outermost which is composed of a serous membrane on the posterior uterus and connective tissue on the anterior uterus
labia majora and labia minora
posterior to the mons pubis are the what?
endometrial glands
produce mucus containing glycogen
cortex
production of gametes occurs where?
uterine cycle
refers to changes within the endometrium
ovarian cycle
refers to the regular, monthly events that occur within the ovary of a sexually active female
polar body
small bundle of nuclear material
mitosis
somatic cells divide by a process called __________; during this, a cell replicates its 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes and divides its DNA and organelles into two identical daughter cells
corpus luteum
the broken tissue within the tertiary follicle thickens and becomes a temporary endocrine gland called a _______________ that produces a mixture of estrogens and progestins
progesterone
the corpus luteum secretes hormones, mostly ________________ as well as some estrogen, that maintain the endometrial lining in case fertilization takes place
uterine tube
the duct system of the female reproductive system begins with the _______________; is not directly connected to the ovary and, for this reason, when an oocyte is released from the ovary, it is actually released into the pelvic cavity and the uterine tube must "catch" it and bring it into the tube
vulva
the external genitilia of the female are collectively called the __________, although it is quite often incorrectly called the vagina
estrogens and progestins
what are the hormone mixtures that the corpus luteum produces?
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
what are the three layers to the uterine wall?
produce gametes and manufacture and release hormones
what are the two basic functions of the ovaries?
LH
what hormone causes the follicles to produce estrogen?
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
what three phases is the uterine cycle divided into?
functional and basal
what two zones does the endometrium divide into?
moment of ovulation
when the pressure becomes too great, the follicle ruptures at the ______________________ just like the bursting of the water balloon
chiasma
within the tetrad, the homologous chromosomes overlap at points called ____________, or crossover